SPACE SEGMENTS OF REMOTE SENSING

GROUP MEMBERS : 1. SALAHUDIN AL AYUBBI BIN SALEH 2. NAZRIN BIN MOHD YUSOF

SPACE STATION?

Spacecraft that capable to support crew that has been designed to be placed in the space for extended time. Totally different from human spaceflight in terms of operating system and landing facilities. Used to :
i. ii. Study the effect of long term space flight in human body. Provide platforms for higher number and length of scientific studies.

Also being used in military and civilian purposes.

can perform a variety of special tasks that take time These include time-extended scientific experiments, manufacturing items in near-zero gravity, and repeated observations of Earth or astronomical phenomena also design to serve as an intermediate stop and jumping-off point for space vehicles (manned or unmanned) that go to higher earthorbits, the Moon, and the planets

RELATIONSHIP RS AND SPACE STATION

Space station allows Remote Sensing of the Earth to within six meter. Yielding significant data returns by adopting the successful photographic methods used in earlier Earth imaging programs from the Space Shuttle and Mir Space Station. Early results have revolutionized our understanding of the ability of humans to compensate for the relative motion of the Earth and achieve high remote sensing spatial resolution in handheld images.

For example, a total of 4385 images of Earth were captured by the first resident Space Station crew, using digital still cameras. Similar cameras have been used successfully on the Space Shuttle and Mir to photograph Earth, with a >30-year database of nearly 400,000 photographs collected to date. The photographs are routinely digitized for use in scientific analysis, and can be used as 3-band (red, green, blue) digital data. The ISS provides great potential as a remotesensing platform capable of providing highresolution imagery of the Earths surface.

LIST OF SPACE STATIONS

Salyut (1971-1986,USSR) Skylab ( 1973-1974,USA) Mir (1986-2000,USSR/Russia) International Space Station , ISS (2000 - ongoing) Tiangong-1(2011-ongoing,China)

SALYUT AND ALMAZ

Salyut 1 :
i. ii. The first space station launched by USSR in 19 April 1971. Launched and constructed in one piece and manned by a crew later. Military Known as Almaz (Salyut 2, Salyut 3, Salyut 5). Civilian Built with two docking doors. Doors enable the crews to visit and bring along new spacecraft. Salyut 6 & Salyut 7.

Two types of Salyut :

i. ii.

Salyut Space Station

Salyut 1 (1971) DOS-2 (1972,launch failure) Salyut 2 / Almaz (1973,failed shortly after launch) Cosmos 557 (1973, reentered 11 days after launch) Salyut 3 / Almaz (1974) Salyut 4 (1975) Salyut 5 / Almaz (1976-1977) Salyut 6 (1977-1981) Salyut 7 (1982-1986)

SKYLAB
Space station launched and operated by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), USA. Operated from the year of 1973-1979 by orbiting the Earth. It has been equipped with workshops, solar observatory and other system. Saturn V is used to launch Skylab in 1973 with the mass of 169 950 pounds. Included an Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) besides Multiple Docking Adapter and Airlock Module. Power come from Sun and fuel cells.

Three manned mission to Skylab SL-2, SL-3, SL-4. Stations underwent extensive repair during spacewalk by the SL-2 crew that was launched on 25 May 1973. The failure to repair Skylab in time will lead to the melting of the plastic insulation inside it. The crew stayed in orbit with Skylab for 28 days. Skylab 3 was launched on 28 July 1973 and Skylab 4 on 16 November 1973. Both of these missions took about 59 and 84 days respectively. The last Skylab crew return to Earth on 8 February 1974.

Orbited the Earth for 2476 times during 171 days and 13 hours. The crews have spent total of 42 hours and 16 minutes for the spacewalk. It had logged :
i. ii. iii. 2000 hours of scientific or medical experiments. 12700 frames of solar film. 46000 of Earths frame.

The solar experiment lead to the photograph of eight solar flares. The coronal holes of the Sun were confirmed as Skylabs X-ray telescope recorded them.

MISSION

EMBLEM

COMMAND ER

PILOT

SCIENCE PILOT

LAUNCH DATE

LANDING TIME

SKYLAB 1

unmanned launch of space station 14/5/1973

11/7/197 9

SKYLAB 2

Pete Conrad Alan Bean Gerald Carr

Paul Weitz Jack Lousma William Pogue

Joseph Kerwin Owen Garriot Edward Gibson

25/5/1973

22/6/197 3 25/9/197 3

SKYLAB 3

28/7/1973

SKYLAB 4

16/11/1973 8/2/1974

MIR
Owned by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Russia. Bring the meaning of history and feeling. Operated in low Earth orbit. The first modular space station. Launched on 19 February 1986 and deorbit Earth 23 March 2001. Orbited the Earth in 5519 days and did 86331 orbits. Maintained in orbit between 296km and 421km. The average speed is 7700 m/s. Thus enable complete orbit of Earth in 91.9 minutes and 15.7 orbits per day.

To maintain a long-term research outpost in space. International collaborations with astronauts from North America, Europe and Japan. Holds the record for:
i. ii.
iii.

Largest artificial satellite orbiting the Earth (broke by ISS). Longest uninterrupted human presence in space (3644 days). Longest single human spaceflight (437 days and 18 hours).

Served as a microgravity research laboratory to conduct biology, astronomy experiments. Controlled from the Russian control center in Korolyov.

TIANGONG 1
The first Chinese space laboratory module. Intended as test bed to develop the rendezvous and docking capabilities. These capabilities needed to support a larger space station complex. It is part of Tiangong program or Project 921-2. Tiangong 1 will deorbit by 2013 and will be replaced by Tiangong 2 and Tiangong 3 for another decade. Successfully launched aboard a Long March 2F/G rocket on September 29, 2011.

According to CNSA, Tiangong-1 is capable of docking with manned and autonomous spacecraft. Tiangong-1 is divided into two primary sections- a resource module and habitable module. A resource module is where solar panels and propulsion systems exists. Interior walls of the spacecraft have a two color paint scheme- one color representative of the ground and the other representative of the sky. Help the astronauts maintain their orientation in zero gravity High-resolution camera will allow manned missions to be closely overseen from the ground.

Future applications of Tiangong-1

Tiangong-1 intended as a testbed for key technologies that will be used fin Chinas future modular space station. Modified version of Tiangong-1 will be used as robotic cargo spacecraft to resupply this station.

Tiangong-2
Will be a Chinese space lab. Expected to be launched in 2013 To replace the prototype module Tiangong-1

Tiangong-3
Will be a Chinese space station module Expected to launch around 2015 Tiangong-3s design will form the basis of a full size, multi-module space station Which expected to launch in the early 2020s Will have a design lifetime up to 10 years

Expected to provide
i. Unaided 40-day habitability for three astronauts ii. Testing for regenerative life-support technology, and verification of methods of orbital replenishment of propellant and air

INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS)

combines the Japanese Kibo laboratory with three space station projects, the Soviet/Russian Mir-2, the American Freedom, and the European Columbus the 11th space station launched Habitable, artificial satellite in low Earth orbit. Serves as a research laboratory that has a microgravity environment. Has a unique environment for the testing of the spacecraft systems that will be required for missions to the Moon and Mars. Expected to remain in operation until at least 2020, and potentially to 2028. Can be seen from Earth with naked eyes with like other artificial satellites. Operated by Expedition crews, and has been continuously staffed since 2 November 2000.

RISK OF THE ISS CREW

ISS is partially protected from the space environment by the Earth's magnetic field. Magnetosphere begins to deflect solar wind around the Earth and ISS. The crews could facing solar flares that may receive only a few minutes warning. Astronauts are exposed to higher levels of radiation from a steady flux of cosmic rays. Subatomic charged particles, primarily protons from solar wind, penetrate living tissue and damage DNA.

Exposed to about 1 millisievert of radiation each day. Results in a higher risk of astronauts' developing cancer. High levels of radiation can cause damage to the chromosomes of lymphocytes. Lowered immunity results in the spread of infection between crew members, especially in such confined areas. Radiation has also been linked to a higher incidence of cataracts in astronauts.

Advantages of ISS
opportunities for studying the surface of the unsubmerged earth between 51.6 degrees N and S latitude those areas that can be observed will benefit from the much lower altitude of ISS (380-390km) compared to 700-850 km altitude of most remote sensing satellites means that similar passive imaging technologies can result in much better spatial or spectral resolution

Earth observations should include both astronaut photography from the U.S. Laboratory Window Observational Research Facility (WORF) Include instrument packages such as multispectral- and hyperspectralscanners sensitive to reflected visible and near infrared (VNIR) energy and thermal infrared energy ability of trained astronauts on a suitably-equipped platform to respond rapidly to unexpected changes on the earth's surface

to study the impact of microgravity and other space effects on several aspects of our daily lives ISS astronauts conduct science daily including human life sciences, biological science, human physiology, astronomy, meteorology, physical and materials science, and Earth and space science. Over 400 experiments have been conducted on the ISS as so far