Dr. Shafiq R.

Qureshi PhD ( University of Manchester) Engineering Sciences Department ME-831: Instrumentations, Measurement & DAQ Systems

Course Overview

Basic theory of Instrumentation and Experimentation Computer based Data Acquisition - theoretical concepts LABVIEW Programming and data acquisition Process instrumentation Assignments based on self study and presentations LABVIEW Project Quiz Assignment and Tests as per NUST Statue

Books Figliola, R.S. & Beasley, D.E., Theory & Design for Mechanical Measurements,J. Wiley & Sons, Inc. Available in Library Patrick F. Dunn, Measurement and Data analysis for engineering and science Available in Library EBook Available Fundamentals of Instrumentation and Measurement edited by Dominique Placko

INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENTS Instrumentation comprises scientific activities and technologies that are related to measurement. It is a link between physical, chemical and biological phenomena and their perception by humans. Measurement is the basis of scientific and industrial research. It allows us to understand the phenomena we observe in our environment by means of experimental deduction and verification Measurement therefore brings together knowledge and technological progress. Universal and essential to many disciplines, it is, in fact, fundamental to most human activity.

Terminologies Measurement, Instrumentation and Metrology The expression of measurement needs or tests are an everyday occurrence in science and industry. All existing tools that help us carry out measurement are part of instrumentation. Rules for using and guaranteeing measurement created metrology. It is important to point out that definitions of these related terms are sometimes confused, as with measure and metrology. The word measurement has many meanings. The International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM), using International Organization for Standardization (ISO) norms, has defined measurement as: a set of operations having the object of determining the value of a quantity In other words, a measurement is the evaluation of a quantity made after comparing it to a quantity of the same type which we use as a unit.

Instrumentation The term instrumentation refers to a group of permanent systems which help us measure objects and maintain retroactive control of a process. In this sense, instruments and systems of measurement constitute the tools of measurement and metrology. For our purposes, the following terms can be singled out: measurement systems: these are instruments used to establish the size of objects being scientifically tested. This kind of situation occurs in scientific experiments and industrial test trials to acquire information and data concerning the tested object. This data can be processed in real time or in batch mode. control systems: in addition to measuring objects, these instruments are also used to exert control over the feedback process. Figure on next slide shows the conventional diagram of a measurement and control system.

Fig 1 Control and measurement system

Metrology

Metrology, the science and grammar of measurement is defined as the field of knowledge concerned with measurement. It guarantees the meaning and validity of measurement by strict accordance to established units. These units are standardized on national and international levels. Metrology plays a role in international agreements joining national systems of measurement to those used in other countries, making conversion between systems possible. Standardized measurement units mean that scientific and economic figures can be understood, reproduced, and converted with a high degree of certitude. Example : The International Bureau of Weights and Measures based in France is an international authority in charge of establishing international metrological rules.

In scientific research, interactions between experiments and theories are permanent. Therefore, establishing a comparative relation between a quantity to be evaluated and a reference quantity or standard by means of an instrument of measurement is an interaction between instrumentation and metrology that guarantees the reliability of obtained results.

Experiments
Need - Why do we need Experiments ? Some quotes Experiments are basis of all theoretical predictions, without experiments there would be no results, and without any tangible data, there is no basis for any scientists or engineer to formulate a theory. The advancements of culture, civilization depend upon experiments which bring about new technology. Making predictions can serve as a guide to what we expect, but to really learn and know what happens in reality, experiment must be done.

Experiments
Role: Experiments play several role but three most important are: Inductivism: A process where law and theory of nature are arrived at, based on the facts gained from the experiments. Fallibilism: Experiments are performed to test the validity of a conjecture, The conjecture is rejected if experiments fail it. Conventionalism: Role of experiment in this approach is illustrative. These experiment do not induce any laws or disprove hypotheses but rather show us a more useful or illuminating description of nature.

In scientific method experiments are done in a systematic and rigorous manner, with the goal of arriving at a broader theoretical understanding. Using the approach the results of positive experiments and observations are gathered and considered. A preliminary hypothesis is formed. All rival hypotheses are tested for possible validity. Hopefully, only one correct hypothesis remains

The interplay between experiment and theory.

Science and Experiment

There are two goals of science: Explanation and understanding, Prediction and control. Its modern basis is the experimental method of proof. Explanation and understanding encompass statements that make causal connections. One example statement is that an increase in the temperature of a perfect gas under constant volume causes an increase in its pressure. These usually lead to an algorithm or law that relates the variables involved in the process under investigation. Prediction and control establish correlations between variables. For aboves example, these would result in the correlation between pressure and temperature.

Experiments
An Experiment is an act in which one physically intervenes with the process under investigation and records the results. Traditionally theory explains existing results and predicts new results; experiments validate existing theory and gather results for refining theory Some terminologies Variables: Independent, Dependent and extraneous An experiment manipulates record effect on. Variable which cannot be controlled Controlled Experiment : in which all variable are identified and Inability controlled to precisely control every variable is the primary In source of a experimental uncertainty. reality all experiments have some extraneous variable and

Parameter: A variable that is either actively or passively fixed through out the experiment is called a parameter. i.e. Re in flow measurement Classification of Experiments: Variational : between imperfect Validational :

Establishes the mathematical relationship experiments variable. Ideal & To validate a specific hypothesis Galilean experiment To teach the novice or demonstrate to explore the idea or possibility

Pedagogical : Explorational: Discovery

: discovery of bacterial repression by penicillin

Experimental Test Plan Parameter Design Plan: Test objective and identification of process variables and a mean for their control. System and Tolerance Design Plan: This is selection a selection of a measurement technique, equipment and test procedure based on some preconceived tolerance limit for error. Data reduction Design plan: Plan ahead how to analyze, present and use the anticipated data

Review different unit system at your own Identify and understand seven fundamental dimension in SI and Technical English System Conversion between both system A quiz will follow next week What is Significant Figure ? It has something to do with precision of result ? Most Significant, Least significant

Definitions of Common Terms

1. Readability of an Instrument
Closeness with which the scale of an instrument could be read An instrument with a 12-in scale would have a higher readability than an instrument with a 6-in scale and the same range.

2. Least Count 3. Sensitivity Analog Instrument

Smallest difference between two indications that can be detected on the instrument scale. Ratio of linear/angular movement of the pointer to the change in the measured variable causing this movement. e.g., a 1mV recorder might have a 25cm scale length. Its sensitivity would be 25cm/mV

Definitions of Common Terms

4. Hysteresis
An instrument is said to exhibit hysteresis when there is a difference in readings depending on whether the value of the measured quantity is approached from above or below. be the result of mechanical friction, magnetic effects, elastic Hysteresis may deformation, or thermal effects

5. Accuracy
Indicates the deviation of the reading from a known input.

6. Precision
Indicates the ability of an instrument to reproduce a certain reading with a given accuracy.

It is very important to reduce the errors in accuracy

Calibration

Calibration Methods
Calibration procedures involve a comparison of the particular instrument with either: 1. A primary standard 2. A secondary standard with a higher accuracy than the instrument to calibrated 3. A known input source

Standards

NIST maintains the standards in US M: Defined in terms of a platinum-iridium mass maintained at Int. Bureau of Weights and Measures L: 1982 definition: 1m is the distance light travels in 1/299,792,458ths of a second T: 1967 definition: The Thirteenth General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted a definition of the second as the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the fundamental state of the atom of cesium-133. The estimated accuracy of this standard is 2 parts in 109. V: 1990 definition: Related to Josephson effect which occurs at liquid helium temperatures : Based on Quantum Hall Effect Temperature: An absolute temperature scale was proposed by Lord Kelvin in 1854

Standards

Standards

Standards

Standards

Assignment
Book: Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements Chapter 8 Temperature measurement Chapter 9 Pressure and velocity Measurement Chapter 10 Flow Measurement Chapter 11 Strain Measurement Chapter 12 Metrology, Motion Force and Power Measurement

Fluid Mechanical Variables Measurement

Pressure Measurement Barometers and barographs Bourdon tubes, Vidie capsules, MEMS diaphragms Sound Pressure/Level Measurement Human ear response Microphones Moving coil Quartz Piezoelectric Electret Capacitance

Flow Measurement
Differential Pressure Flow meters Variable Area Flow meters Positive Displacement Flow meters Turbine and Vane Flow meters Impeller Flow meters Electromagnetic Flow meters Ultrasonic Flow meters Vortex Shedding Flow meters Thermal Mass Flow meters Carioles Effect Mass Flow meters Drag Force Flow meters

Point Velocity Measurement

Pitot Probe Anemometry Thermal Anemometry Laser Anemometry Viscosity Measurement Surface Tension Measurement

Thermal Conductivity Measurement Heat Flux Measurement Calorimetry (e.g. differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)) Thermal Imaging

Thermal Variables Measurement

Temperature Measurement Solid differential thermal expansion (e.g. bimetallic strips) Liquid expansion (e.g. glass bulbcapillary) Gas/vapor expansion (e.g. refrigerator sensor) Resistivity change (e.g. platinum resistance (RDT)) Thermocouples (e.g. Type K and J) Thermistors Semiconductor diodes Infrared sensors Pyroelectric sensors Temperature indicating materials (e.g. battery tester strip) Resonating crystal sensors (e.g. quartz