Implementation of Adaptive Channel Equalizers

using variants of LMS

Under the Guidance of
Ms.K.Anusha
Asst Professor, Dept of ECE,
Sankethika Vidhya Parishat. Ch.Sridevi
M.Tech ,II year, III sem
Communication Systems,
Sankethika Vidhya Parishat.

Introduction
In communication system, problems like ISI, signal distortion etc
are encountered and they are reduced by using adaptive filters. Adaptive
filters have so many applications include
system identification,
noise reduction,
echo cancellation during telephone conversation communication system,
inverse system modeling,
interference cancelling,
channel equalization,
spectrum estimation and prediction.
Adaptive Channel Equalization
Adaptive
Digital Filter
Adaptive Algorithm

y(n)
x(n)

e(n)
d(n)
Output
signal
Error
signal
+
Training
sequences
Input
signal
Channel
s(n)

Adaptive filter iteratively self adjusts its transfer function coefficients according to
an optimization algorithm which is driven by an error signal to compensate for the
signal distortion in Training mode.
After determining the appropriate coefficients of the adaptive filter, switch the
adaptive channel equalization system to Decision-Directed mode. In this mode, the
adaptive channel equalization system decodes the desired input signal.

Adaptive Algorithms

Draw back in Using Recursive Algorithm are:

High round of errors
High computational complexity and
Gives poor performance at high SNR which is not applicable in real environment.

An adaptive algorithm is an algorithm changes its behaviour based on the
resources available.
Now we are discussing the variants of LMS. They are
Standard LMS,
Normalized LMS,
Complex NLMS, and
NLMSSIGN.


Standard LMS Algorithm:

The Input signal x(n) =sin(2*n)+sin(3*n)+sin(4*n) in shown Fig.2.The output of the
LMS filter



is shown in Fig.5, Error between filter output y(n) and desired signal x(n) is given as




Learning curve of LMS algorithm is calculated as J=e.^2. Change the filter parameters
according to


The Updating equation of NLMS algorithm is

=
=
1 - M
0 k
k
k) - x(n ) n ( w y(n)
T
w(n)x(n) - x(n)
y(n) - x(n) e(n)
=
=
x(n)e(n) w(n) 1) w(n + = +
x1 * e(n) * ) x1' * x1 /( w w + + = c
The updating equation of the Complex NLMS algorithm is given as
w1=w+(mubar/(c+conj(x1)*x1'))*conj(e(n))*x1.

In NLMSSIGN a spectral matrix structure containing the result The estimation
parameters structure with the values default settings. so, taken ep=sm value
as100.The updating equation of this algorithm is
w=w+2*mu*sign (e(n))*x1/(ep+x1*x1')


Fig.2 Input signal
Fig.4 Equalizer Output of LMS
LMS (M=10)
RMSE SNR
0.0018 -0.0017
0.0016 0.0139
0.0020 -0.0017
0.0155 -0.0036
NLMS (M=10)
RMSE SNR
0.0044 6.8527
0.0233 4.9515
0.0349 1.9534
0.0161 0.9149
Complex NLMS (M=10)
RMSE SNR
0.0176 7.5581
0.0245 3.6645
0.0207 1.4413
0.0190 0.9081
NLMSSIGN (M=10)
RMSE SNR
0.0180 15.5460
0.0136 8.7283
0.0144 6.6943
0.0133 3.7148
LMS
NLMS
Comp NLMS
NLMSSIGN
SNR vs RMSE Plot
Conclusion: The NLMS algorithm changes the step-size according to the energy of input
signals hence it is suitable for both stationary as well as non-stationary environment and its
performance lie between LMS and RLS. Hence it provides a trade-off in convergence speed
and computational complexity.
Future Scope: Need to calculate the bit error rate and to draw the SNR vs. BER plots.
This channel equalization has be applied to MIMO systems.

=
.
N
2
) n ( x - x(n)
N
1
RMSE
(
(
(
(

.
N
2
N
2
) n ( x - x(n)
) n ( x
log 10 SNR
Thank you