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NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
financed by EU co-operation of suppliers and operators specification of European telecommunications standards
GSM900 / GSM1800 ETSI- standards : DECT cellular ERMES cordless TETRA paging trunked radio
Technologies
Why Digital?
q Analog signal q Digital signal
Digital signals can be...

reconstructed packetised compressed stored identically reproduced (economic factor!) encrypted
FDMA
Conventional radio systems FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access Allocate a radio resource continuously in time to a specific user The resource is available only to one user for the time of transaction Each radio resource (radio channel) is identified with the carrier frequency and the relative bandwidth
Bandwid th
200
100 50
TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access The resource is available only to a user for the time of transaction. TDMA systems operate with time slots, short periods of time. Within a specific radio channel several users are served. They share the A channel sequentially in time. Perception of a continuous speech stream. TDMA is the choice mainly in digital systems.
6 NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP
Slot for user 1 Slot for user 2 Slot for user 8 Slot for user 7
T = Allocated time
Slot for user 3 Slot for user 4
Slot for user 6 Slot for user 5
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access technological alternative for GSM
Ti user information 01001x 01110010 Tc
W ~ d i = 1 / Ti
1 chip
x=0: 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 each data bit is coded with a chips code sequence x=1: 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 = 1/n * Ti ==> B ~ 1/ Tc ~ n*W Tc W : modulation bandwidth before expansion B : modulation bandwidth after expansion B >> W : ==> spread spectrum G : processing gain = bandwidth expansion factor n = B / W
Channel Types
Simplex, half-duplex, duplex
FDMA : e.g. walkie-talkie f1 f2 f3 f4
A to B B to A
TDMA/TDD : e.g. DECT
FDMA/TDD : e.g. CT2-system f1 A to B B to A A to B B to A f2 X to Y Y to X X to Y Y to X f3 C to D D to C C to D D to C f4 M to N N to M N to M M to N FDMA/ TDMA: e.g. GSM f1 .. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ... 1 2 3 4 5 f2 f3 3 4 5 6 ... 1 2 3 4 5 6 .. 1 f4
f1 f2 1 2 3 4 5 6 ... 1 2 3 4 5 6 f3 f4
GSM
GSM System Architecture
other MSC
VLR
HLR EIR AuC
OMC
other BTSs
10
GSM Architecture
Air Interface
Abis Interface BSC
Ater Interface A Interface TC MSC/VLR TCSM HLR/ AC/ EIR
BTS
Ater Interface
11
What is the Difference ...
between a: BTS site cell BS sector TRX BCF
12
GSM Bandwidth
GSM 900 :
890 915 935 960
GSM 1800 :
1710
duplex distance : 45 MHz
1785
1805
1880
Channel spacing 200kHz Usual bandwidth values (GSM900):

not allocatedOperator A
5 ..8 MHz per operator in one or more sub-bands

Operator B
Op. A
Op. B
USA : GSM 1900

GSM 1900 :
1850 1910 1930 1990
2 x 60 MHz at channel spacing 200kHz = ~300 channels Band subdivided by FCC into subbands A..F sub-bands A, B, C : 2 x 15 MHz spectrum sub-bands D, E, F : 2 x 5 MHz
Operator A Op. B Operator C Operator D Op. E Op. F
14
System Parameters GSM 900/1800

GSM 900 and GSM 1800 are twins
GSM 900
Frequency band
GSM 1800
1710...1880 372 200 kHz TDMA/FDMA 0,25 /
MHz
890...960 MHz 124
Number of channels Channel spacing
200 kHz
Access technique TDMA/FDMA Mobile power
1W
0,8 / 2 / 5 W There are no major differences There are no major differences between between GSM 900 and GSM 1800 GSM 900 and GSM 1800
15
Mobile Phone
Terminal voice and data transmission long battery life-time low weight, easy handling SIM card personal identity number access permissions phone number memory security algorithms PIN-codes
Speech Processing Flow
Speech
Digitising and Source Coding
Channel Coding
Interleaving
Modulation
Ciphering
Burst Formatting
17
Tasks of BTS
18
Base station transceiver maintain synchronisation to MS GMSK modulation RF signal processing (combining, filtering, coupling...) diversity reception radio interface timing typ. 1..4 TRX typ. 1..4 TRX 1..3 sectors 1..3 sectors detect access attempts of 7,5 traffic channels per TRX avg. 7,5 traffic channels per TR avg. mobiles supports typ. 300 users supports typ. 300 users de-/ encryption on radio path channel de-/ coding & interleaving on radio path perform frequency hopping forward measurement data to BSC
Nokia BTSs
Dense urban environments: Nokia FlexiTalk/MetroSite for microcell applications Nokia CityTalk for macrocell rooftop installation Nokia IntraTalk for macrocell inside installation Nokia InSite for indoor solutions Nokia UltraSite for HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE and WCDMA Sparsely populated rural areas:
Nokia CityTalk tri-sector (and omni)
Talk-Family Products
Flexitalk 2 TRX Flexitalk+ 2 TRX Intratalk 6 TRX Citytalk 6 TRX Extratalk, Site Support System
20
MetroSite Concept
MetroSite Base Station MetroHub Transmission Node MetroSite Battery Backup
MetroSite Antennas
MetroHopper Radio
FlexiHopper Microwave Radio
Connected to FXC RRI or FC RRI indoor unit.
Connected to FXC RRI or FC RRI indoor unit.
21
Nokia Base Stations

Coverage
Nokia CityTalk Nokia CityTalk Nokia IntraTalk Nokia IntraTalk 16 TRX 16 TRX Nokia FlexiTalk Nokia FlexiTalk 12 TRX 12 TRX Nokia Nokia PrimeSite PrimeSite 1 TRX 1 TRX Nokia MetroSite Nokia MetroSite 1...4 TRX 1...4 TRX
Capacity
22
Summary of Base Station Equipment

RF Characteristics Max. TRXs Max. TRXs Special Cabinet Max. Sectors Max TX Power (dBm) Dynamic sensitivity (dBm) single branch, RBER2<2% 4 30 -106.0 1 38 -106.0 1 42 -102/-108 Metrosite 4 PrimeSite 1 Flexitalk 2 Intratalk 6 12 4+4+4 42 -102/-108 Citytalk 6 12 4+4+4 42 -102/-108
23
Filters and Combiners, AFE

AFE (Antenna Filter Extension)
wide band combiner / receiver multicoupler unit For transmitter combining: 3 dB hybrid combiner 1 TRX/sector (combiner bypassed) 2 TRX/sector 4 outputs for the main branch (dual duplex use)
Dual Duplexed AFE

(different TRXs are connected two 2 antennas via two duplexer filters) 2 TRXs bypassing the hybrid coupler
3 or 4 TRXs with 3 dB losses
AFE with X-pol div 2+2+2
CABINET 1
TRX1
TX1 RX1 RXdiv1 TX2 RX2 RXdiv2
TRX2
TX1 A TX2 F RX1 RX2 E RXdiv1 RXdiv2
TX1,T X2 RX1,RX2 RXdiv1,RXdiv 2
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AFE with X pol and Space div 4+4+4

CABINET 1 2,5 m
TX1 TRX1 RX1 RXdiv1 TX2 TRX2 RX2 RXdiv2 TX3 TRX3 RX3 RXdiv3 TX4 TRX4 RX4 RXdiv4 CABINET 2
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TX1 A TX2 RX1 F RX2 E RX3 RX4
TX1,TX2,RX1,R X2,RX3,RX4 TX1,TX2,RX1,RX2,RX3,RX4
TX3 A TX4 F RXdiv1 RXdiv2 E RXdiv3 RXdiv4
TX3,TX4,RXdiv1,RXdi v2,RXdiv3,RXdiv4
TX3,TX4,RXdiv1,RXd iv2,RXdiv3,RXdiv4
Filters and Combiners, AFT

AFT (Antenna Filter Twin) single unit supports dual duplexing 2 TRX/sector no 3 dB hybrid coupler should be used with masthead LNAs 2+2+2 configuration possible with low transmit path loss
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AFT with Space div 2+2+2

2,5 m
CABINET 1 TX1 RX1 RXdiv1 TX2 RX2 RXdiv2
TRX1
TRX2
TX1 A TX2 F RX1 RX2 T RXdiv1 RXdiv2
TX1,RX1, RX2 TX2, RXdiv1, RXdiv2
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AFT with X pol div 4+4+4

0.4 m CABINE T1 TX1 TRX1 RX1 RXdiv1 TX2 TRX2 RX2 RXdiv2 TX3 TRX3 RX3 RXdiv3 TX4 TRX4 RX4 RXdiv4 CABINE T2
TX1 A TX2 RX1 F RX2 T RX3 RX4
TX1,RX1,RX2, RX3,RX4 TX 2
TX3 A TX4 F RXdiv1 RXdiv2 T RXdiv3 RXdiv4
TX3 TX4,Rxdiv1,Rxdiv2, RXdiv3,RXdiv4
Filters and Combiners, RTC

RTC (Remote Tuned Combiner) narrowband separate Receiver Multicoupler Unit (RMU) is always needed RTC/RMU combination supports up to 6 TRX/sector combining loss with RTC is lower than with AFE synthesised frequency hopping is not supported
30
RTC with X pol div 6+6+6 CABINET 1

TRX1 TX1 RX1 RXdiv1 TX2 RX2 RXdiv2 TX3 RX3 RXdiv3 TX4 RX4 RXdiv4 TX5 RX5 RXdiv5 TX1 TX2 TX3 TX4 TX5 TX6 R T C
TRX2
TRX3
TX1,TX2,TX3,TX4,T X5,TX6 RX1,RX2,RX3,RX4,RX5 ,RX6
TRX4
TRX5
TX6 TRX6 RX6 RXdiv6

RX1 R RX2 RX3 M RX4 RX5 U RX6 RXdiv1 RXdiv2 RXdiv3 RXdiv4 RXdiv5 RXdiv6
RXdiv1,RXdiv2,RXdiv3,RXdiv4 ,RXdiv5,RXdiv6
Masthead Preamplifier (MHA)

Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) Offers better coverage Eliminates the antenna cable loss Received RX-signal amplified near the antenna in the top of the mast Increased receiver sensitivity of Figure 2.0 dB (typical) Noise RX Gain: Up to 12 dB the BTS and cell size Increased network quality
Dimensions : 266 x 130 x 123 mm Weight : 5.6 kg (duplexed) Volume : 4.2 l IP 65 Enclosure Protection Power Feeding Through Antenna Coax Alarms handled in BTS
32
Booster Configuration
AFH TBU TRX
Nokia Booster Configuration Booster (PA) Unit (TBU) Booster Filtering Unit (AFH) Masthead Preamplifier equipment (MHA) Output power before combining can be up to 49 dBm Isolator + combiner + filter (AFH) give roughly 2.5 dB losses Booster BTS is suitable for all the environments where enhanced coverage or high output power is needed
Theoretically, cell radius is enhanced up to 60% and the coverage area is roughly the
BSC Functions
Base Station Controller Measurement + observation handling basic for most of the other functions Handover control Power control
typ. 80..512 TRX typ. 80..512 TRX typ. 50..80 base stations typ. Frequency hopping management50..80base stations typ. 3..5 PCM links to MSC typ. 3..5 PCM links to MSC Signalling management supports typ. 10,000 users supports typ. 10,000 users
Radio resource management
34
Block Diagram of the BSC (DX200)

MSC (TC) ET GSW ET BTS
Maximum Capacity:
(BSSS7 Software Release) Basic + Extension Rack
CLS
256 TRXs, 128 cells

(BSSS8 Software Release) Basic + Extension Rack
BCSU MCMU MB OMU
I/O
512 TRXs
35
ET Exchange Terminal Unit GSW Group Switch BCSU BSC Signalling Unit Management Unit NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP
CLS SMUX
Clock and Syncronization
Submultiplexer MCMU Marker and Cellular
Transcoder Submultiplexer (TCSM2E) Functions

Transcoding Performs speech coding Bit rate changes from 64 kbps to 16 kbps TRAU Frame formatting Speech bit rate after speech coding is 13 kbit/s, 3 kbit/s is used for inband signalling Submultiplexing Combines traffic and signalling from three PCMs into one PCM
Mobile Switching Center

MSC (mobile switching center) typically for 150,000 subs at least one gateway to other networks performs all routing, call control functions ...
37
OMC / NMS
OMC (Operation and Maintenance Center) NMS (Network Management System) fault monitoring alarm handling performance measurements OMC is connected to GSM network e.g. via X.25 link supervises all network elements collects measurement data necessary tool for remote handling of network elements network optimisation
38
Logical Channels
39
Logical Channels
Same in GSM900 and GSM1800
Logical Channels
Dedicated Channels (DCH)
Common Channels (CCH)
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Control Channels
Traffic Channels (TCH)
FCH
SCH
BCCH (Sys Info)
PCH
AGCH
RACH
SDCCH SACCH
FACCH/ Bm FACCH/ Lm
TCH/F
TCH/H
TCH/9.6F TCH/ 4.8F, H TCH/ 2.4F, H
40
Broadcast Channels (BCH)

Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH) Like a flag for the MS which enables them to find the TRX among several TRXs. Synchronisation Channel (SCH) Contains the Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) and a reduced TDMA frame number. Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) - Important Contains detailed network and cell specific information as: Frequencies, Frequency hopping sequence, Channel combination, Paging groups, Information on neighbour cells. Careful frequency plan needed to make BCCH TRX clean. BCCH is not allowed to involve in FH, PC
Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Paging Channel (PCH) It is broadcast by all the BTSs of a Location Area in the case of a mobile terminated call. Random Access Channel (RACH) It is used by the mobile station in order to initiate a transaction, or as a response to a PCH. Access Grant Channel (AGCH) Answer to the RACH. Used to assign a mobile a SDCCH.
42
Dedicated Channels (DCH)

Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) System signalling: call set-up, authentication, location update, assignment of traffic channels and transmission of short messages. Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) Transmits measurement reports Power control, time alignment, short messages. Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) When a handover is required, it is mapped onto a TCH and replaces 20 ms of speech. Traffic Channels (TCH) Transfer user speech or data, which can be either in the form of Half rate traffic (6.5Kbits/s) or Full rate traffic (13Kbits/s).
Downlink Channels
BCCH Common ChannelsPCH CCCH
FCCH SCH BCCH AGCH
DCCH
Dedicated Channels TCH/F TCH
SDCCH SACCH FACCH TCH/H
44
Uplink Channels
RACH
CCCH
Com Cha
SDCCH SACCH FACCH TCH/F TCH/H
DCCH
TCH
De Ch
45
Use of Logical Channels

'off' state
Search for frequency correction burst Search for synchronisation sequence
FCCH SCH BCCH PCH RACH AGCH SDCCH FACCH TCH FACCH
idle mode
Read system informations Listen for paging Send access burst Wait for signalling channel allocation Call setup Traffic channel is assigned Conversation Call release
dedicated mode
idle mode
46
Mapping of Logical Channels

Logical channels are mapped to physical channels Signalling : sequences of 51 frames Traffic : sequences of 26 BCCH + CCCH (downlink) frames F S B B B BC C C C F SC C C C C C C C F SC C C C C C C C F SC C C C C C C C F SC C C C C C C C
BCCH + CCCH (uplink) 51 TDMA frames ~ 235,4 msec
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
"Combined BCCH" case

CCCH blocks can be either PCH or AGCH some blocks may be configured as SDCCH Beware of "home-made" bottlenecks
Modulation
48
Modulation Types
Where is the information? Amplitude modulation
Frequency modulation
equidistant sampling points
Phase modulation
Complex Signals
Two-dimensional signals phase angle is decisive amplitude is unimportant pie pieces- principle Q
Q Multi-level signals : QAM used e.g. on microwave links here : 64-QAM, 64 = 26 signal points ==> 6 bit Information per symbol
50
Fourier Transformation
Duality of time and frequency rapid phase shifts cause high instantaneous
frequency high data rates need high bandwidth bandwidth is limited ==> inter-symbol interference 1 jk x
W (k x ) =
w(x)
2
k/a
w( x ) e
dx
W(kx)
kx/a
-3
-2
-1
-4 -3 -2
2 3
w(x)
k/a -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -4 -3 -2 0
W(kx)
kx/a 2 3 4
51
Modulation in GSM
Compromise : GMSK-Modulation with B*T = 0,3 rapid modulation at acceptable bandwidth Constant envelope class-C amplifiers possible low power consumption, saves battery life-time Continuous phase limited bandwidth
52
GMSK Spectrum
53
TETRA
54
Basic Technology of TETRA

TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio) is a digital radio system is a trunking system uses 4:1 TDMA uses ACELP speech codec uses 25 kHz carrier spacing Mainly used frequency bandwidth 380 - 400; 410 - 430 MHz
55
Nokia TETRA Network

NMC
DXT
DSC
DWS
DSC
DST
CCS Interface PSTN/PABX Interface Data Network Interface Inter-System Interface (ISI) Other Interfaces
THR 400
TBS
TBS TMR 400
56
TETRA Services
Teleservices: Individual Call Group Call Direct Mode Operation Broadcast Call Bearer Services (data communication) Status Messages Short Data Service Packet Data Communication Circuit Switched Data Communication Supplementary Services: Enhances tele- or bearer service Cannot be used alone
57
New Systems
58
HSCSD
59
High Speed Circuit Switched Data 14,4 kbit/s Data Services

Uncompressed data rate up to 57.6 kbit/s Multiple set of basic resources is reserved for one high speed data call Data rate and number of reserved timeslots can be defined by the user application BSS7 implementation of the feature is for up to 4 channels (each channel corresponds 9.6/14.4 kbit/s data; 4x9.6/14.4 kbit/s)
... BSC/TRAU I W F BTS
PSTN ISDN PDN
MSC
HSCSD Supported Data Services

Asynchronous and synchronous bearer services Transparent and non-transparent transfer modes Symmetric or asymmetric data transfer in Air interface e.g. three use d 9,6 Kbit/s 14,4 Kbit/s RTS Ls downlink and one uplink
1 2 3 4
9,6 K bit/s 14,4 19,2 K bit/s 28,8 28,8 K bit/s 43,2 38,4 K bit/s 57,6
K bit/s K bit/s K bit/s K bit/s
GPRS
62
General Packet Radio Service

End User: (compared to 9.6 data & HSCSD) Service differentiation opportunities Always connected Pay per bit transferred New Applications & Uses Feasible Lower price per bit Higher speeds Faster session set up Operator: Service differentiation opportunities Catch Corporate business (including speech) Additional revenue for content Get more use out of network investment Path to 3rd Generation
Circuit Switched vs. Packet Switched
Circuit Switched
Packet Switched
64
GPRS Network - Overview
MSC
PSTN
BTS
Host 155.222.33.55
BSC
GPRS Core
155.222.33.xxx
SGSN
GPRS Backbone IP Network
GGSN
Internet
131.44.15.xxx Corporate SubNetwork Host 131.44.15.3
65
GPRS and GSM Resource Sharing

TRX 1 TRX 2
CCCH TS TS TS TS TS TS TS
Circuit Switched Territory Packet Switched Territory
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
Circ ui
t Sw it not a ched cap by in trod ffected acity ucin g GP RS
Dedicated GPRS Capacity
Territory border moves Dynamically based on Circuit Switched traffic load
Circuit Switched traffic has priority In each cell Circuit Switched & Packet Switched territories are defined Territories consist of consecutive timeslots
66
GPRS Coding Schemes

Coding Scheme Nokia GPRS Release 1
CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4
Data Rate per TSL (kbit/s)

Error Correction Data
9.05 13.4 15.6 21.4
More Data = Less Error Correction
CS1 & CS2 Implemented in ALL Nokia BTS without HW change CS3 & CS4 Future release.
67
GSM Intranet Office, GIO
68
Third Generation Systems
69

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EXPLAIN

EXtended PLAnning INtroduction

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP

Digital signals can be...

reconstructed packetised compressed stored identically reproduced (economic factor!) encrypted

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP

Slot for user 3 Slot for user 4

Slot for user 6 Slot for user 5

FDMA/TDD : e.g. CT2-system f1 A to B B to A A to B B to A f2 X to Y Y to X X to Y Y to X f3 C to D D to C C to D D to C f4 M to N N to M N to M M to N FDMA/ TDMA: e.g. GSM f1 .. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ... 1 2 3 4 5 f2 f3 3 4 5 6 ... 1 2 3 4 5 6 .. 1 f4

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP

GSM System Architecture

HLR EIR AuC

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP

Abis Interface BSC

Ater Interface A Interface TC MSC/VLR TCSM HLR/ AC/ EIR

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP

What is the Difference ...

between a: BTS site cell BS sector TRX BCF

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP

duplex distance : 45 MHz

duplex distance : 95 MHz

Channel spacing 200kHz Usual bandwidth values (GSM900):

5 ..8 MHz per operator in one or more sub-bands

USA : GSM 1900

duplex distance : 80 MHz

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP

System Parameters GSM 900/1800

890...960 MHz 124

Number of channels Channel spacing

Access technique TDMA/FDMA Mobile power

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP

Speech Processing Flow

Digitising and Source Coding

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP

Nokia CityTalk tri-sector (and omni)

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP

FlexiHopper Microwave Radio

Connected to FXC RRI or FC RRI indoor unit.

Connected to FXC RRI or FC RRI indoor unit.

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP

Nokia Base Stations

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP

Summary of Base Station Equipment

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP

Filters and Combiners, AFE

Dual Duplexed AFE

3 or 4 TRXs with 3 dB losses

AFE with X-pol div 2+2+2

TX1 RX1 RXdiv1 TX2 RX2 RXdiv2

TX1 A TX2 F RX1 RX2 E RXdiv1 RXdiv2

TX1,T X2 RX1,RX2 RXdiv1,RXdiv 2

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP

AFE with X pol and Space div 4+4+4

TX1 A TX2 RX1 F RX2 E RX3 RX4

TX1,TX2,RX1,R X2,RX3,RX4 TX1,TX2,RX1,RX2,RX3,RX4

TX3 A TX4 F RXdiv1 RXdiv2 E RXdiv3 RXdiv4

NOKIA 1999 EXPLAIN_1.PPT/ 24.8.99 / WORKSHOP