Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Presentation Plan
Electrostatic Precipitator-Basics Working Principle Design and Performance requirements Process variables Components and functions Performance Improvements Disposal of Fly ash Flue gas conditioning Disposal of fly ash system
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPATATOR
It is a device which captures the dust particles from the flue gas thereby reducing the chimney emission.
Precipitators function by electrostatically charging the dust particles in the gas stream. The charged particles are then attracted to and deposited on plates or other collection devices. When enough dust has accumulated, the collectors are shaken to dislodge the dust, causing it to fall with the force of gravity to hoppers below. The dust is then removed by a conveyor system for disposal or recycling
24 May 2012 PMI Revision 00 3
LOCATION OF ESP
ECO
APH
24 May 2012
ESP
CHIMNEY
PMI Revision 00 4
EFFICIENCY
PRESSURE DROP mmWC
99.9%
20
312.7
136 0.839 m/sec 32.18 SEC
5
PMI Revision 00
THEORY OF PRECIPITATION
Electrostatic precipitation removes particles from the exhaust gas stream of Boiler combustion process. Six activities typically take place:
Ionization - Charging of particles Migration - Transporting the charged particles to the collecting surfaces Collection - Precipitation of the charged particles onto the collecting surfaces Charge Dissipation - Neutralizing the charged particles on the collecting surfaces Particle Dislodging - Removing the particles from the collecting surface to the hopper Particle Removal - Conveying the particles from the hopper to a disposal point 24 May 2012 PMI Revision 00 6
ESP
Collector plate Emitter coil
Flue gas
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
1.Electron emission
1
3.Migration
5.Rapping 4 4.dust collection 5
Rapping mechanism
9
Components of ESP
Discharge Electrodes Power Components Precipitator Controls Rapping Systems Purge Air Systems Flue Gas Conditioning Emitting Electrodes Collecting Electrodes High Voltage Equipment Rapping Mechanism Hoppers Heaters ALI Gas Distribution Screen Segregating Gates
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
10
EMITTING SYSTEM
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
11
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
12
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
13
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
14
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
15
EMITTING ELECTRODE
TYPE SIZE TOTAL NO OF ELECTRODE PLATE / WIRE SPACING SPIRAL WITH HOOKS DIA 2.7 mm 29808 150mm
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
16
ARRANGEMENT
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
17
COLLECTING ELECTRODE
24
6
3456 214.48 Sq.M/Cu.M/sec
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
18
Rapping Mechanism
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
19
Collecting electrodes
Emitting electrodes
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
20
Rapping Mechanism
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
21
Rectifier Transformer
Rapping Motors
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
22
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
23
ESP HOPPER
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
24
Working Principle
Emitting electrode
collecting electrode
Weakest field
Weakest field
Strongest field
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
25
Voltage in KV
SPARK
Time in msec
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
26
24 May 2012
Process Variables
Gas flow rate: Decided by coal quality, boiler load, excess air rate and boiler design. Operates best with a gas velocity of 1-2 m/sec. At higher velocity, particle re-entrainment increases rapidly. If velocity is too low, performance may suffer from poor gas flow distribution or from particle dropout in the ductwork. Particle size and size distribution: Decided by coal quality, the coal mill settings and burner design. A precipitator collects particles most easily when the particle size is coarse. The generation of the charging corona in the inlet field may be suppressed if the gas stream has too many small particles (less than 1 m). Very small particles (0.2 - 0.4m) are the most difficult to collect because the fundamental field-charging mechanism is overwhelmed by diffusion charging due to random collisions with free ions.
24 May 2012 PMI Revision 00 33
Process Variables
Particle resistivity: Influenced by the chemical composition and the gas temperature. Resistivity is resistance to electrical conduction. The higher the resistivity, the harder it is for a particle to transfer its electrical charge. Resistivity is influenced by the chemical composition of the gas stream, particle temperature and gas temperature. Resistivity should be kept in the range of 108 1010 ohm-cm. High resistivity can reduce precipitator performance. For example, burning reduced-sulfur coal increases resistivity and reduces the collecting efficiency of the precipitator. Sodium and iron oxides in the fly ash can reduce resistivity and improve performance, especially at higher operating temperatures. On the other hand, low resistivity can also be a problem. For example unburned carbon reduces precipitator performance because it is so conductive and loses its electrical charge so quickly that it is easily reentrained from the collecting plate.
Gas Temperature:The effect of gas temperature on precipitator collecting efficiency, given its influence on particle resistivity, can be significant
24 May 2012 PMI Revision 00 34
Corona Power
The separation of particles from the gas flow in an electrostatic precipitator depends on the applied corona power. Corona power is the product of corona current and voltage. Current is needed to charge the particles. Voltage is needed to support an electrical field, which in turn transports the particles to the collecting plates. In the lower range of collecting efficiencies, relatively small increases in corona power result in substantial increases in collecting efficiency. On the other hand, in the upper ranges, even large increases in corona power will result in only small efficiency increases. Optimum conditions depend upon optimizing the following: Uniformity of Gas velocity Fly Ash: Particle size & Resistivity Voltage Controls: Spark rate setting, Current & voltage limits Plate spacing, Collecting plate & discharge electrode design 24 May 2012 Frequency & intensity of Rapping PMI Revision 00
35
Performance Improvements
Improvement or optimization of precipitator operation can result in significant savings Combustion process conditions mainly affect the corona power level. The primary contributors to combustion process conditions and their effects include:
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
36
Performance Improvements
Coal Mills The setting of the coal mills and classifiers defines the coal particle size which in turn impacts the fly ash particle size. Larger coal particles are more difficult to combust, but larger fly ash particles are easier to collect in the precipitator. Furnace Base-load operation of the boiler is usually better for precipitator operation than swing-load operation due to more stable operating conditions Furnace : Base-load operation of the boiler is usually better for precipitator operation than swing-load operation due to more stable operating conditions. Boiler operation at low loads may be as problematic for the precipitator as operating the boiler at its maximum load level, due to fallout of fly ash in the ductwork, low gas temperatures, and deterioration of the quality of the gas velocity distribution. If low load operation cannot be avoided, the installation of additional gas flow control devices in the inlet and outlet of the precipitator may prove beneficial
24 May 2012 PMI Revision 00 37
Performance Improvements
Coal Burner The operation of coal burners, together with the setting of the coal mills and their classifiers, affects the percentage of unburned carbon (UBC) in the fly ash. The use of Lo-NOx burners increases this percentage, and causes re-entrainment and increased sparking in the precipitator. Further, the UBC tends to absorb SO3, which in turn increases the fly ash resistivity. Over-fire air optimization or coal-reburn systems may reduce UBC in the fly ash. Air Pre-heater Regenerative air pre-heaters cause temperature and SO3 stratification in the downstream gas flow. Flue gas conditioning systems may be used to equalize the gas flow characteristics. Air Pre-heater Regenerative air pre-heaters cause temperature and SO3 stratification in the downstream gas flow. Flow mixing devices may be installed in the ductwork to the precipitator, or flue gas conditioning systems may be 24 May 2012 PMI characteristics 38 used to equalize the gas flow Revision 00
DUST REMOVAL
Rapping Mechanism BY Mechanical Impulses OR By vibration of plates Periodicity philosophy
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
39
ESP EFFICIENCY
DEUTSCH - ANDERSON EQUATION
Collection Efficiency = 1 - e - w. SCA
where, w = SCA =
Migration Velocity
The velocity which the dust particle travel towards the collecting electrode under the influence of electric field. Specific collecting area Amount of collecting area required to be provided to collect dust in gas flow rate of 1 m3/s.
24 May 2012 PMI Revision 00
40
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS:-
Aspect ratio
Treatment time, sec = Effective length of ESP in m Flue gas velocity in m/s
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
41
PROCESS PARAMETERS
Excess Air FG Temperature Coal Fineness ECO/APH Hoppers CO Monitors
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
42
REGULAR CHECKS
CRM/ERM checking Hopper Heaters ALI Air Ingress Transformer Inspection BABCON Tuning ALI to CRM trip Protection
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
43
44
Dust particles carried in suspension are charged electrically and deposited on a collecting surface
The first component of collection takes place on a horizontal plane It results in a layer of dust on the collecting surfaces Much research has been done on this component
24 May 2012 PMI Revision 00 46
SECOND COMPONENT
TWO COMPONENTS
1 2
While in the treatment zone of a typical precipitator, most of the dust travels further in the vertical direction than the horizontal direction Vertical movement has a substantial effect on performance
24 May 2012 PMI Revision 00 48
2 agglomerates 2 agglomerates
Agglomerates fall and disperse to become particles again Much of the dust is deposited on collecting surfaces more than once before it reaches the hopper Large agglomerates, which would fall further than small ones, result in clouds of heavy concentration These clouds are difficult to collect, penetrate downstream fields, and result in rapping puffs
24 May 2012 PMI Revision 00 49
Fine particles (<10 microns) tend to be the most difficult to collect due to reintrainment Reintrainment causes the dust concentration at the outlet face to be higher at the bottom than at the top
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
50
Skewed Gas Flow optimizes performance by increasing the treatment time in the lower outlet portion of the Unit This improves the collection of the reintrained fine particles thereby reducing emissions and opacity
24 May 2012 PMI Revision 00 51
General Layout
Gas Flow
Chamber 11 (Typical)
Chamber 12 (Typical)
Flow in from Secondary Air Heater
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
52
Elevation View
Inlet Screens
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
53
SV
WET MODE
PMI Revision 00
SILOS
54
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
55
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
56
significant.
PMI Revision 00
58
ADVANTAGES
Easy layout. System can be installed with available resources. SPM level can be reduced between 25% ~ 50% in existing ESP. It mainly depends upon the percentage of
Simple to operate.
PMI Revision 00 59
PASS-D
PASS-C
PASS-B
PASS-A
WATER SPRAY
AMMONIA CYLINDER
ZERO METER
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
60
Water Injection
The injection of water upstream of the precipitator lowers the gas temperature and adds moisture to the flue gas. Both are beneficial in cold-side precipitator applications. However, care must be taken that all of the water is evaporated and that the walls in the ductwork or gas distribution devices do not get wet.
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
61
THANK YOU
24 May 2012
PMI Revision 00
62