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A second will tell you if your second independent variable has a significant main effect on the DV
The third will tell you if the interaction of the two independent variables has a significant effect on the DV
What is the combined effect of gender and ethnicity on income that could not be detected by considering the two IVs separately? (e.g., what is the interaction of gender and ethnicity with respect to income; is the effect of gender different for different categories of ethnicity?
AfricanAmerican
Estimates in Anova
The estimate or mean square for the interaction effect of gender and ethnicity is based on the deviation of the cell means (mean on the DV from each of these combinations: Hispanic/female; Hispanic/male; African-American/female; African-American/male) from the grand mean, after differences due to the two factors (gender, ethnicity) acting independently and the error variance (individual variability within the cells) have been accounted for or removed
48
46
44
48
42
40
46 44
other
38 w hite black
Racew of Respondent
Respondent's Sex
Male Female
45.5
45.0
Racew of Respondent
44.5
44.0
Respondent's Sex
Plot of interaction effect: Note that the lines for males (red) and females (green) are very similar although there is a tiny bit of an interaction effect in the Other category where women are actually higher than men
Main effects may be interpreted in a straightforward way (treated as independent of one another and interpreted individually) only if there is no significant interaction present; otherwise the interpretation of the main effects must take the interaction into account
SPSS Output, Two-Way ANOVA: Tests of Main Effects of Marital Status and Educational Level and Their Interaction on Time Spent on the Net
Tests of Hypotheses: (1) There is no significant main effect for education level (F(2, 58) = 1.685, p = .194, partial eta squared = .055) (2) There is no significant main effect for marital status (F (1, 58) = .441, p = .509, partial eta squared = .008) (3) There is a significant interaction effect of marital status and education level (F (2, 58) = 3.586, p = .034, partial eta squared = .110)
4.5
4.2
4.0
3.5
4.0
3.8 Married/Partner
MarriedorNot
CollegeorNot
Generally, although the results are not significant, it would appear that unmarried or non-partnered people spend more time on the net, and net use peaks with the post-high school group and declines for college grads
Plots of Interaction Effect of Education Level and Marital Status on Time Spent on the Net
Estimated Marginal Means of TIMENET
9 8
MarriedorNot
Married/Partner NotMarried/Partner SomePostHigh CollegeorMore
3 2 HighSchool
CollegeorNot
Education Level is plotted along the horizontal axis and hours spent on the net is plotted along the vertical axis. The red and green lines show how marital status interacts with education level. If marital status had the same effect on time spent on the net across all levels of education, the lines would be more or less parallel. In an interaction effect, they cross or diverge from parallel in some way. Here we note that the general trend for single people to spend more time on the net is very strong for the post-high school group but is reversed for high school grads and college grads, where married people spend more time What do you think might explain this?
1. Sex of respondent has a significant main effect on hours per day spent watching TV 2. Home ownership has a significant main effect on hours per day spent watching TV 3. Sex of respondent and home ownership have a significant interaction effect on hours per day spent watching TV Now write a paragraph in which you report the results of the significance tests! Remember that the interpretation of the main effects in a straightforward way is complicated by the significant interaction We also need to be a bit skeptical since the partial eta squares are very low and as you will see on the next slide there is a very large SD in one of the conditions
Female
Total
Although the interaction effect is not extremely strong, there is a trend for the relationship between homeownership and hours spent watching TV to be different for men than women; women who dont own homes are much more likely to spend more time watching tv than owners, compared to men, for whom homeownership makes less of a difference