Академический Документы
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Outline
Objectives DFD symbols Leveled sets of DFDs
System boundary
DFD design conventions Comparison with flowcharts Database design
6-2
Objectives
When you finish this chapter, you should be able to:
Explain the symbols and design considerations associated with DFDs Compare and contrast flowcharts and DFDs with regard to purpose, content, structure and use in AIS Discuss ways DFDs are used in AIS work Construct a leveled set of DFDs Design normalized database tables from a DFD
6-3
DFD symbols
Processes are labeled with verb phrases, like prepare sales invoice
6-4
DFD symbols
Data flows are labeled with noun phrases like remittance advice
Data stores are labeled with noun phrases, like accounts payable master file
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6-6
Salesperson
Sales pitch
Car information
Negotiation data
Financing information
Financing
Credit application
Bank
6-7
Salesperson
Car information 1.0 Research new cars Desired car information 2.0 Visit dealership Bank Credit application Financing needs Negotiation data Sales pitch
3.0
Financing information Arrange financing Financing
This is a Level Zero diagram. Notice how it is balanced with the context diagram.
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6-9
System boundary
Establishing a clear boundary is critical in creating DFDs. Without a clear boundary, the leveled set of DFDs can grow out of control quickly. Determining the boundary is a matter of judgment.
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6-13
Organization
DFDs are in leveled sets, each depicting more detail than the previous level Flowcharts are organized in columns which depict areas of responsibility, such as departments
6-14
Focus
DFDs focus on data and how it moves between elements of an information system Flowcharts are concerned with data, but also with documents and processing tools
6-15
6-16
Database design
Fundamental design element: the table
Rows are records Columns are fields A record usually comprises many fields A field captures a single information item, like a date, last name or invoice number
Keys
Each record is uniquely identified by its primary key.
Student ID number Textbook ISBN
If a single field alone wont suffice, a table can have a compound primary key.
Last name and first name Department, course code and section
6-17
Database design
Other design elements
Queries: sets of instructions for retrieving data, performing calculations and other tasks
Display all sales invoice numbers from January 1 to January 15 Calculate the total amount due from customers whose last names start with C
Database design
Data normalization
The set of rules used to ensure that databases are as efficient and effective as possible Minimize database size, optimize table design and access data more quickly and efficiently Six normal forms exist; the first three are usually enough for business applications
Normal forms
1st normal form (1NF): eliminate repeating groups 2nd normal form (2NF): eliminate repeating groups AND eliminate redundant data 3rd normal form (3NF): eliminate repeating groups, redundant data AND columns not dependent on primary key
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