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5/27/12
Outline
What, where, who, when and why are Taiwan? Reality Puzzles Research question Theoretical Framework Methodology
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Two Chinas?
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A Hegemonic Struggle?
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replaced by another?
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a special
Taiwan has always been a sovereign state. In short, Taiwan and China standing on opposite sides of the Strait, there is one country on each side.
(Chen Shui-bian. ROC President 2002)
There is only one China in the world and Taiwan has been a part of China's territory since antiquity. This is a reality widely recognized by the international community.
(Wang Guangya, PRC Ambassador to the UN, 2007)
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"The ROC government we have today is no longer a government that has come in outside. It's the government of the Taiwan of today." (Tsai Ing-wen, DPP presidential candidate, 2011)
from the
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we will extend them (the Koreans) our enthusiastic help in their struggle for independence. The same thing applies for Taiwan"
Mao Zedong (1936)
"No matter who comes into power in Taiwan, Taiwan will never be allowed to be independent. This is our bottom line and the will of 1.25 billion Chinese people. The Chinese people are ready to shed blood and sacrifice their lives to defend the sovereignty and 5/27/12 territorial integrity of the motherland."
Who is Taiwan?
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Who is Taiwan?
Sino-centric narratives remain valid because migrants from the Chinese Mainland were the first to develop an island-wide consciousness that transcended and incorporated local identities.
Dawley (2009)
The sinicisation of Taiwan was a function of Sino-European co-colonisation throughout East and South East Asia in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Andrade (2005)
Taiwanese national consciousness emerged and was reconstructed under the Japanese and Chinese Nationalist rule between 1920 and 1955.
Tzeng (2009)
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Who is Taiwan?
It doesnt matter whether you came 400 or 500 years ago or 40 or 50 years ago from the mainland, or if you are an aboriginal, we are all Taiwanese. So as long as we all work hard for Taiwan and the ROC, then we are New Taiwanese
(Lee Teng-hui, 1998)
5/27/12 Ma Ying-jeou: I am a New Taiwanese who grew up drinking Taiwan water and eating Taiwan rice,
Who is Taiwan?
I am a Taiwanese
(Tsai Ing-wen, DPP presidential candidate, 2011)
I am a descendant of the Yellow Emperor in blood and I identify with Taiwan in terms of my identity. I fight for Taiwan and I am Taiwanese. In nationality, I am an ROC citizen and I am the president of the ROC.
(Ma Ying-jeou, KMT presidential candidate, 2011)
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Why is Taiwan?
?
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The Reality
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The Reality
The Chinese side reaffirmed its position: []the Government of the Peoples Republic of China is the sole legal government of China; Taiwan is a province of China []The Chinese Government firmly opposes any activities which aim at the creation of "one China, one Taiwan" "one China two governments", "two Chinas", an "independent Taiwan" or advocate that "the status of Taiwan remains to be determined". The U.S. side declared: The United States acknowledges that all Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China and that Taiwan is a part of China. The United States Government does not challenge that position. It reaffirms its interest in a peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question by the Chinese 5/27/12 themselves.
The Reality
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A Puzzle
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A Puzzle
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A Puzzle
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A Puzzle
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Three Puzzles
Taiwanese political identity increasing, despite material realities. Security dilemma persists, despite increased economic, social and cultural integration. Increased Taiwanese national identity
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Research Question
Despite the rapid expansion of cross-Strait economic and social ties and the material reality of the islands political and legal status, why does the electorate in Taiwan consistently reject unification with China when this might remove the security dilemma?
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Hypotheses
ROC/Taiwan state identity reconstruction. Taiwanese national identity reconstruction. ROC elite construction v. PRC elite construction. Evidence for PRC elite construction of Taiwan through cross-Strait dialogue.
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Theoretical Framework
Constructivism
Neoclassical Realism
Power
Relative, social, relational, interactional and contingent power. Elite agency affects relative power distribution. Interactive v constitutive power. Compulsory, institutional, structural and productive power.
National Identity
Anarchy through state interaction. Social, normative, ideational phenomena influence agency. Human agency affects foreign policy. Norms and discourses define interests. Co-constituted and intersubjective identities.
States prone to conflict. Elite perceptions inform policy decisions. Anarchic world order of relative power distribution. Aggression comes from domestic politics not the international system. Perceptions of relative power, prestige and state structures. Tribalism and group identity make nationstate dominant actor.
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Theoretical Framework
Constructivism
Identities are the basis of interests. Actors do not have a portfolio of interests that they carry around independent of social context; instead, they define their interests in the process of defining situations. (Wendt, 1992: 398)
The identity of a state (national identity), more than anything else, provides a cognitive framework for shaping its interests, worldview, and consequent foreign policy actions. An understanding of this identity will therefore contribute to more accurate accounts of state behaviors. (Kim, 2003)
State interests do not exist to be discovered by self-interested, rational actors[but are]constructed through a process 5/27/12 of social interaction. (Katzenstein, 1996)
Theoretical Framework
Neoclassical Realism
a countrys foreign policy is drivenby the countrys relative material power. Yet, systemic pressures [are filtered through] decision-makers perceptions and state structure. (Rose, 1998)
[Tribalism] as the analytical link between individual identity and collectives and makes a link with constructivism regarding collective identity formation. (Sterling-Folker, 2006: 42).
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Theoretical Framework
Power
A has power over B to the extent that he can get B to do something that B would not otherwise do (Dahl, 1957, 20203)
Power may comprise anything that establishes and maintains the control of man over manits content and manner of its use are determined by the political and cultural environment. (Morgenthau, 1978: 9)
the production, in and through social relations, of effects that shape the capacities of actors to determine their own circumstances and fate.
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Theoretical Framework
National Identity
Modernism
Invented traditions [are] part of a process of formalisation and ritualisation, characterised by reference to the past. (Hobsbawm and Ranger, 1999)
Imagined Communities
Official historical narrations reconstruct national consciousness through remembering or forgetting. (Anderson, 1991: 46)
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Methodology
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