Written Communication

Topic 5 Tackling Writing --Bibliographies ( References & In Text Citation) -- Plagiarism

Where Do I Find APA Format?

APA Style Home: http://www.apastyle.org/ UF Online Writing Lab: http://www.cwoc.ufl.edu/owl/ UF College of Nursing: http://www.nursing.ufl.edu/research/research_faculty_resources_writer s.shtml?ID=40#3 Purdue Online website: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ University of WisconsinMadison: http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html Research Haven (APA Formatting): http://www.researchhaven.com/Style/APAFormatting.htm Bedford/St. Martins Citation Styles: http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite6.html Cuddy, M. (2002). Demystifying APA style. Orthopaedic Nursing, 21(5), 35-42. Hallas, D. & Feldman, H. R. (2006). A guide to scholarly writing in nursing. Imprint, 53(4), 80-83.
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Citations in the Text

Text Citations: Authors

One author:
(Simpson, 2007).

Two authors:
Cite both names every time (Yoon & Schaffer, 2006). (Note ampersand.)

Three, four or five authors:

Cite all authors the first time; in subsequent citations, include only surname of first author, followed by et al. and the year. Example of first citation: (Elder, Kneipp, Lutz, Rowe, & Thomas, 2004). Example of second time cited: (Elder et al., 2004) or Elder et al. (2004) found that. If two references with three or more authors shorten to the same form, cite surnames of first authors and as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish the two. Example: One citation includes Elder, Kneipp, Lutz, & Yoon, 2004; another includes Elder, Kneipp, Stechmiller, & Rowe, 2004. You would cite them thus: (Elder, Kneipp, Lutz et al., 2004) and (Elder, Kneipp, Stechmiller et al., 2004).
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Text Citations: Authors (contd)

Six or more authors:
Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. Example: (Roberts et al., 2005).

Authors with same surname:

If there are two or more primary authors with the same surname, include first authors initials in all citations, even if the year of publication differs. Example: You have three different first authors with a surname of Jones: Daryl Jones, H. P Jones, and Indiana Jones. Cite as follows: In studies on disturbed archeological tombs, D. Jones (2000) and I. Jones (2001) found that. Recently, new evidence was uncovered in a study(H. P. Jones, 2006).

Different authors in the same parentheses:

List them alphabetically. Example: (Anderson, 1990; Baldwin et al., 2001; Rodriguez & Campbell, 2001).

Text Citations: Authors (contd)

More than one work by the same author with same publication date:
Distinguish between works by using suffix a, b, c and so forth after the year. (Suffixes are also assigned in the reference list, ordered alphabetically by title). Example: Several studies have documented the effects of(Miles, 2007a, 2007b)

No author listed or anonymous author:

If a work has no author listed, cite the first word(s) of the reference list entry, usually the title, followed by the year. Use quotation marks around titles of articles or chapters. Italicize titles of journals, books, brochures, or reports. If the reference list entry is an article titled: Conceptual Framework for Nurses in Hospice, the in-text entry would look like this: (Conceptual, 2006)
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Text Citations: Authors (contd)

Group authors:
Spell out names of organizations, corporations, agencies and study groups every time they are used unless they are very cumbersome and/or very familiar to your readers. In that case, spell them out the first time and abbreviate in brackets. In subsequent citations use the abbreviated form. Example: (National Institutes of Health [NIH], 2007). Subsequent: (NIH, 2007). Example: (University of Florida, 2007). Do not abbreviate in subsequent in-text citations.

Personal Communication:
This category includes letters, memos, emails, electronic bulletin boards, personal interviews, and phone callscommunication that is typically not retrievable. As such, they are cited in the text only. Example: (D. Doolittle, personal communication, August 20, 2007).

Text Citations: Authors (contd)

Works by different authors in the same citation are alphabetized and separated by a semicolon: (Earle, Linden, & Weinberg, 1999; Goldstein et al., 1999; Luecken et al., 1997).

Two or more works by the same author can be included in the citation: (Goldstein et al., 1999, 2000). If you include a quotation, give the exact page number: (Goldstein, 1999, p. 22).
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Text Citations: General Information

Citations usually appear at ends of sentences:
In middle-class men, distress as reflected by mood states was associated with higher cortisol levels (Van Eck, Berkhof, Nicolson, & Sulon, 1996).

You may refer directly to an author in the sentence:

Steptoe and Berger (2000) found that teachers who reported high levels of job strain had higher morning elevations of cortisol than those who did not.
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Sample of APA Citations in Text

Retrieved (and revised) June 18, 2007, from: http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~awc/files/apa.doc
Citations usually appear at the end of the sentence. Works by different authors in the same citation are alphabetized and separated by a semicolon. In the late 1970s, Japan began to fix ODA commitment levels in its medium-term plans (Martinussen, 2003). By the early 1990s, Japan was disbursing aid at a faster pace than other donors (Kobayashi, 1999; Petersen, 1997; Stone et al., 2006). Sunaga (2004) argues that throughout this period, ODA functioned as a key instrument of Japans foreign policy. However, others have pointed out that Japan has been very selective in using aid to directly influence or punish another countrys behavior (Soderberg, 1996, 2003). One example was in 1995 when, under pressure from public opinion at home, Japan cut aid to China to protest its testing of nuclear weapons (Soderberg, 1996, p. 22). Although Japan is no longer the leading ODA donor, foreign aid is still a key foreign policy instrument. Two or more works by the same author can be included in the same citation. You may refer directly to the author in your sentence. If you include a quotation, give the exact page number.

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APA Reference List

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Reference List (contd)

period after authors initial comma before ampersand

Horgas, A., Yoon, S., Roberts, B., & Stechmiller, J. (2007). Insisting on correct citation style in student research papers: An indicator of future thoroughness and attention to detail. Educational Research, 76, 143-168.
capital after colon in title italicized volume number and comma

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Reference List
References are arranged alphabetically by the surname of the first author.
Several works by the same author (one author):
Arrange by year of publication, earliest first: Example: Long, K. (2004). Long, K. (2006).

Several references with the same first author and different second or third authors:
Arrange alphabetically by surname of second author (if second author is the same, use third author): Example: Rowe, M. A., Poe, A., Weber, B., & Welch, D. (2007). Rowe, M. A., Poe, A., Yoon. S. J. (2004). Rowe, M. A., Yoon, S. J. (2001).

More than 1 reference with the same authors in same order:

Arrange by publication date, earliest first. Example: Krueger, C., & Snyder, J. (2000). Krueger, C., & Snyder, J. (2002).

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Reference List (contd)

Same author(s), same order, same publication date: arrange by title (alphabetically), excluding A or The:
Example:
Seiger, S., & Smith, S. (2005). Comparable differences in womens perceptions of health. Womens Health, 23, 114-119. Seiger, S., & Smith, S. (2005). A new look at an old paradigm: Womens health in a technological age. Womens Health, 20, 115-200.

Exception: If references are identified as items in a series (e.g., Part 1 & 2), arrange in the series order, not alphabetically by title. Example:
Horgas, A. (2006a). Pain tolerance in nursing home residents Horgas, A. (2006b). Assessing pain tolerance in elderly community residents

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Reference List (cond)

Report from a private organization with no author listed:
Example: National League for Nursing. (1990). Bolstering community resources. (Pub. No. 21-2329). New York: Author.

Chapter in an edited book:

Example: Tenwick, D. J. III. (2005). Time management and the single parent graduate student. In H. L. Moby and A. Pope (Eds.), The art of graduate scholarship. (pp. 158-171). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Abstract:
Example: Ball. M. P., Buchanan R. W., & Conley, R. (2003). Distribution of weight gain in patients taking new generation psychotics [Abstract]. Schizophrenia Research, 60(1), 351.

Paper presented at a state conference:

Example: Selby, P.C., & Gerber, S. T. (1991, April). Couples counseling: A new paradigm for treating communication deficits. Paper presented at the 3rd annual meeting of the Washington Association for Marriage and Family Counseling Conference, Leavenworth, WA.
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Reference List (contd)

Local poster presentation:
Example:

Depp, J., & Hook, C. (2006, April). Age differences in self-reported sobriety among pirates of the Caribbean. Poster presented at the 3rd Annual University of Florida College of Nursing Research Day, Gainesville, FL.

State poster presentation:

Example: McLennon, S. H., & Horgas, A. L. (2003, February). The association of pain and symptoms with behavior disturbances in nursing home residents. Poster session presented at the 17th annual meeting of the Southern Nursing Research Society Annual Scientific Meeting, Orlando, FL.

National poster presentation:

Example:

Hamilton, D. L., Marston, M., & Allen, F. (1998, November). Attrition in a largescale longitudinal survey of elderly community residents: Effect of health status variables. Poster presented at the 51st Annual Scientific Meeting of the Nursing Society of America, San Francisco, CA.
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Reference List (contd)

Published grants:
Examples: (Generally, you will not need to cite full name of well known organizations like US
Department of Health and Health Services unless publisher requires it.)

National Institute of Mental Health. 2003 [cited 2004 February 24]. Childhood-onset schizophrenia: An update from the National Institute of Mental Health. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services; (NIH Publication Number: NIH 5124). 4 pages. Available from: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/schizkids.cfm (If available from the Government Printing Office, name GPO as the publisher.) National Institute of Nursing Research. (1998). Multidisciplinary research: A collaboration model. (NIH Publication No. 90-1286). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

Entry from an Online Encyclopedia or Dictionary:

Example: Subatomic particles: Quarks and antiquarks. (n.d.). Retrieved September 8, 2004, from Britannica Online. (Note: (n.d.)= no date.)

CD Rom:
Example: Willet, M. (2003). Interactive Grammar (Version 4.0) [CD-Rom]. Pasadena, CA: WriteWare, Inc.
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Reference List (contd)

Retrieved on August 21, 2007, from: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/hypertext/apa/faq.html

How do I cite PowerPoint presentation slides? (unpublished paper or presentation) Use the format given for conference handouts. If the slides are
from a class, be sure to indicate the date, class, and university. When making reference to a particular slide in the text of your work, refer to the slide's number in place of the page number so that readers can quickly find the relevant information.
Example: Smith, A. B. (2003, March 4). Abnormal Behaviors. Presented at a PSY 235 lecture at Purdue University.

How do I cite my lecture notes? (personal communication)

Consider it as a personal communication because it includes unrecoverable data. Personal communications are only cited within the text and are not included in the reference list. Example: In a lecture on November 16, 2002, to a PSY 235 class, Professor Smith said (A. B. Smith, PSY 235 lecture, November 16, 2002).
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Reference List (contd)

retrieved on August 21, 2007, from: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/hypertext/apa/faq.html

How do I cite a class handout? (unpublished paper or presentation) Since a handout could be requested by a reader from the professor of the class, unpublished paper or presentation seems like the most similar type of reference. Your professor should be considered the author. Be sure to provide information about the class and university. Example: Smith, A. B. (2003, Spring). Abnormal Behavior in Children. PSY 235: Purdue University. How do I cite an article from a course packet? Referencing information from a course packet really depends on the type of source within the course packet. The reference should be based on the specific source. If you are using information from a handout in the course packet, use the format suggested for Class Handout. If it is a journal article, it should be cited as a journal article. Dont focus on the packet as a whole; focus on the individual source. Include as much information in the citation as you can, and leave out what you don't know.

How do I cite laws or court decisions in APA style? The best source we've found to explain these citations is Westfield State College's "Citing Legal Materials in APA style, which can be found at http://www.lib.wsc.ma.edu/legalapa.htm
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Review Checklist: Reference Bugaboos

Definition: Bugaboo: A recurring or persistent problem:
Many professors consider certain APA citation rules bugaboos in some of their best students writing. The following list is a compilation of the more prevalent of these, taken from graduate students who initially perceived themselves experts in APA style.

Spaces between author initials - Boyd, I. M. Place & before last author - Li, S., & Davis, M. Insert comma before & - Hall, M. C., & Livingston, R. W. Authors name includes Jr. - Smith, J. T., Jr., & Jones, I. (Note comma before Jr.) Capitalize first word following colon - Spiritual healing: Themes in a new era
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Reference Bugaboos (contd)

Journal Supplements Behavior, 24(Suppl. 2), 14-22. In-text citation format - Jones and colleagues (2006) found that Italicize journal name and volume number Pediatrics, 17 Issue number or not? Pediatrics, 17(2),12-15.
In the past, APA guidelines required inclusion of the issue number only if each issue began with page 1. New electronic guidelines request that both issue and volume number be included. The rule is to provide whatever the reader needs to find the article (see handout: On APA Style: Electronic Media and URL Updates. Examples: Whisman, M. A., Sheldon, C. T., & Goering, P. (1981). Psychiatric disorders and dissatisfaction with social relationships: Does type of relationship matter? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 575-585. (continuous pagination) Chaplin, C. & Fields, W. C. (2000). Encouraging the student with comic timing: Accommodation strategies. Classroom, 25(3), 54-61. (pagination by issue)
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Quick Guide: APA 5th Edition

(in alphabetical order)

Abbreviation rules (pp. 103-111) APA headings (pp. 111-116, 289-290) Running head (pp. 12, 296) Appendix rules (pp. 205-207) Converting the dissertation into a journal article (pp. 326-330) Defects in design and reporting of research (pp. 4-6) Difference between bibliography and reference list (p. 215) et al. (p. 209)
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Plagiarism

Plagiarising is considered a serious crime since it is actually stealing someone elses ideas or words and claiming them to be your own.

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to "plagiarise" means:

to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own to use (another's production) without crediting the source to commit literary theft to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source.

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Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided, however, by citing sources. Students, should avoid taking paragraphs or passages from other sources, and inserting them into their own essay or research paper, and claiming all these to be their own.

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Examples of Plagiarism

Copying and pasting text from online encyclopedias Copying and pasting text from any web site Using photographs, video or audio without permission or acknowledgement Using another students or your parents work and claiming it as your own even with permission Using your own work without properly citing it!
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Written Communication
Topic 6 Persuasive Writing

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INTRODUCTION

a type of writing that sets out to influence or change the readers thoughts or actions to agree with those of the writer. often found in advertisements in the real world and in argumentation essays in the academic world. It uses logic and reason to show that one idea is more legitimate and true compared to another. persuade a reader to adopt a certain point of view or to take a particular course of action. uses sound reasoning and gives evidence by stating facts, giving logical reasons, citing examples and quoting experts. 29 effort to avoid the logical fallacies

THE REASONING PROCESS

All arguments have two basic elements: statements (Premise) and inferences (Conclusion).

Statements are true or false.

(the one we are trying to get others to accept)

Inferences have to do with what follows from a given set of statements.

(the supporting claims that are intended to give reasons for accepting the conclusion)
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Component of Argumentative Reasoning

Johan has two sisters. (Statement/Premise) Therefore, Johan is not an only child. (Inference/Conclusion)

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Helping someone to commit suicide is the same as murder. (Statement/Premise 1) Murder is wrong. (Statement/Premise 2) Therefore, helping someone to commit suicide is wrong. (Inference/Conclusion)
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Identify Premise and Conclusion

1. Due to the fact steam is rising from the water, the water must be hot. 2. On the grounds that it smells like burnt chicken, I conclude that mom is cooking dinner. 3. He fell asleep behind the wheel, which allows us to infer that he is sleep deprived. 4. People who punished their friends lost money, as was shown by a computer-based experiment using human subjects, so people who are kind are more likely to win. 5. Since it has been shown that the MD5 hash function is insecure, it is necessary to re-analyze the security of hash-based protocols. 33

Types of Reasoning Processes

induction Deduction
All arguments have two basic elements: statements and inferences Deduction and Induction are characteristics of inferences.

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Deductive reasoning

introduces a general principle or premise and draws a specific conclusion from it. The example below portrays this type of reasoning: All people who drink liquor endanger their health (Major premise) My good friend, John, drinks. Therefore, my friend is endangering his health. (Conclusion)
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In a good deductive argument, the conclusion follows with certainty. Tokyo Tower is in Minato City. I am at Tokyo Therefore, I am in Minato City.

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Inductive reasoning,

supports a general conclusion by looking at specific facts or evidence. My friend, John, drinks. When John drinks, he becomes violent, angry and loses his temper. He quarrels and fights with his wife and breaks things in the house. He spends lots of money on liquor and is running into debt. Therefore, my friend is endangering his health. (Conclusion)

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In a good inductive argument, the conclusion follows with probability. In a good inductive argument, the conclusion follows with probability.

All businessmen wear suits. That man is wearing a suit. Therefore, he is a businessman.

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Source of Info and Relating to Arguments and Evidence

Ask yourself the following questions:

Do you have enough evidence to present your case? Is the evidence trustworthy? Does it come from reliable, informed, valid sources? Is the evidence verifiable? (Can you corroborate it through sources other than your own?)

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All good arguments must have both true premises and good reasoning. The standards for good reasoning differ for deductive and inductive reasoning.

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Problematic Reasoning

The following argument has a reasoning problem:

P1: All cats are animals

P2: All dogs are animals

Con: All cats are dogs.

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Another point to remember is that it is possible for a valid argument to have a true conclusion even when all its premises are false. All pigs are purple in colour. Anything that is purple is an animal. So all pigs are animals.

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How to..

Adam loves Beth. Beth loves Cathy. So Adam loves Cathy This argument is not valid, for it is possible that the premises are true and yet the conclusion is false. You can give counter examples to invalidate an argument Perhaps Adam loves Beth but does not want Beth to love anyone else. So Adam actually hates Cathy.
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Exercise (Past Year MEI 2011)

Explain Deductive & Inductive Reasoning Identify Deductive or Inductive?

All apples are fruit. Some apples are red. Therefore some fruits are red. Today I left for work at 8 oclock, and was on time. Therefore, everyday that leave my house at 8 oclock, I will be on time.

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