Content

The Basic Knowledge of Ethernet

Types of MW Links
ADAPTIVE MODULATION(AM) Ethernet over PDH(EOP) Ethernet over SDH(EOS) Cards supporting Ethernet in Ericsson Equipment(ETU2,ETU2B,ETU3,NPU3B,NPU 1C, MMU2D,MMU2H) PDH-IME(Protocol for PDH) RL-IME(Protocol for packet links) Configuration of Ethernet on Ericsson MW equipments IP DCN concepts

CSMA/CD
Key of media sharing: CSMA/CD
The terminal equipment continuously detects the status of the shared line and transmits data only when the line is free. If the line is busy, the terminal equipment waits until the line is free. If other equipment transmits data while the terminal equipment is transmitting data, the data then collides and the signals in the line are instable. When detecting the signals instability, the terminal equipment stops transmitting data and wait a while until the line is free.

OUT IN

OUT

OUT

OUT

Solution
Full duplex mode of the Ethernet port

MAC address self-learning

The network connected by a HUB is a collision domain.

Working Mode of the Ethernet Port

Full duplex
Type Optical/Elec Compliant with Supported or Not

trical
10/100M 100M 1000M 1000M 10G Electrical Optical Electrical Electrical Optical IEEE 802.3u IEEE 802.3u IEEE 802.3z Y Y Y N N

The configuration to each equipment in the access network brings too much work. The configuration is also hard to maintain. What is the solution?

Auto Negotiation
The system detects the auto negotiation flag upon power-on. If auto negotiation is allowed, the system reads the support Running rate duplex mode Flow control mode flag from the configuration register, codes it and then sends it out via an idle pulse. The sent coding format is called the

base page.
The system receives the base page from
101001010111000101001101010101...

the peer and compares it with the base page it has sent, so as to find out the intersection of the support capabilities and select the optimal combination for running.

Standard Ethernet Frame Structure

64 1518 byte

PRE: Guide byte 710101010 SFD: Frame starting flag 10101011

Ethernet MAC Address

00.e0.fc.39.80.34
MAC address includes 48 bits and it is shown as 12 dotted hexadecimal notations
MAC address is exclusive globally which is allotted and managed by IEEE. Every MAC address is composed of two parts. The first 24 bits part is the vendor code and the other 24 bits part is serial number

If 48 bits are all 1, it means the address is used for broadcast

If the 8th bit is 1, it means the address is used for multicast

Do you know why IP address is not fixed as MAC?

00000001 10111011 00111010 10111010 10111110 10101000

It means this is a multicast address.

MAC Learning Function

Port-1

Port-2

Port-3

PCA-1234.ABCD.0001

PCB-1234.ABCD.0002 PCC-1234.ABCD.0003

The switch maintains a CAM table which decides the forwarding. Contentaddressable memory MAC 1234.ABCD.0001 1234.ABCD.0002 1234.ADCB.0003
. .

Egress set {port1} {port2} {port3}

. .

Working Procedure of the Switch --Forwarding

MAC 1234.ABCD.0001 1234.ABCD.0002 1234.ADCB.0005
. .

Egress set {1} {2} {3}

. .

After receiving a data frame, the switch queries the CAM table by the destination address to find the egress and then send the data packet out of this egress set.

There is only one element in the egress set in the case of uncast but may be more than one element in the case of multicast.

MAC Address Forwarding (Switching) per the Sink P

Port-1 Port-2 Port-3

PCA-1234.ABCD.0001

PCB-1234.ABCD.0002 PCC-1234.ABCD.0003

Known unicast: The MAC address is forwarde

the port. MAC 1234.ABCD.0001 1234.ABCD.0002 1234.ADCB.0003

Unknown unicast: The MAC address is broadc Egress set at the forwarding port. {port1} {port2} {port3}

Broadcast: The MAC address is broadcast at th

forwarding port. Multicast: The MAC address is forwarded at partial ports according to the dynamic or static

multicast table.

CAM Table Aging Time

CAM table aging time Each CAM item provides a timer, which decreases from a initial value. Once this CAM item is used (the CAM table is searched for the item, which is used for forwarding the received data frames.), the timer is re-set. If the forwarding item is not used for a long time, the timer decreases to zero and the CAM item is deleted. The time of the timer is the aging time.

Ethernet frame forwarding scheme

Storage forwarding (currently used) The received data frames are stored in the buffer. The CRC check and the check of the length of the packets are performed. After that, the CRC table is searched for forwarding the data frames. Straight through After the headers of the data frames are received, the CAM table is searched. According to the searching result, the data frames are forwarded.

VLAN

technology
10.110.20.0 10.110.30.0

10.110.10.0

Engineering Department

Marketing Department

Financial Department

S ITCH W

MAC 1234.ABCD.0001 1234.ABCD.0002 1234.ADCB.0003

Egress set
{port1} {port2} {port3}

VLAN 1 2 2

802.1Q Frame format

D_Addr

S_Addr

802.1q

L/T

DATA

TYPE

PRI/CFI/VID
Such frames are transmitted on the Trunk link. The peer switch identify t the correct VLAN by the VLAN ID in the

NAME TYPE PRI CFI VID

VLUE 8100 Priority

802.1q frame and then forwards the frame to the ports in the VLAN.

Used for the ring network VLAN ID

Prevent Broadcast Storm via VLAN

VLAN technology resolves the
Port-1 Port-2 Port-3 Port-4

broadcast problem and

enhances the
communication security.
PC-A PC-B PC-C PC-D

Application of VLAN
Two switching devices transmit the VLAN ID information to each other to distinguish and isolate the
information of different sources. The VLAN ID of the equipment that communicates should be the same.

Switch two VLAN ID

Equipment B of Equipment B of department A Equipment A of department A

Equipment A of department B

Key Concepts About VLAN

VLAN ID
The VLAN ID is carried by the Ethernet frame and identifies the VLAN for the Ethernet frame.

PVID
For a specific Ethernet port, the VLAN for it should be specified. The Ethernet switching is performed in the same VLAN.

VLAN filter table

For a specific Ethernet port, the VLANs allowed to pass the port should be specified. These VLANs are specified in the VLAN filter table. If a specific Ethernet port belongs to the VLAN, the Ethernet packets carrying the VLAN ID are allowed to pass the Ethernet port.

Dealing with VLAN ID

Packet Port Tag aware (In) Tag aware (Out) Access (In) Access (Out) Hybrid (In) Tag Untag

Transmit transparently Transmit transparently Discard Delete VLAN ID Transmit transparently If VLAN ID is the same, delete

Discard Attach default VLAN ID Attach default VLAN ID

Hybrid (Out)

the Tag flag, otherwise transmit transparently

TYPES OF MW LINKS
TDM HYBRID PACKET RADIO

Advent of the IP Age

Mobile Evolution Mobile Backhaul
BTS

2000 1X DL:153.6k UL:153.6k

EV-DO(R0) DL:2.4M UL:153.6k

EV-DO(RA) DL:3.1M UL:1.8M

EV-DO(RB) DL:6.2-73.5M UL:3.6-27M

LTE DL:100M UL:50M

2 Gbit/s
R99/R4 DL:384k UL:384k HSDPA(R5) DL:14.4M UL:384k

CDMA2000
HSUPA(R6) DL:14.4M UL:5.76M HSPA+(R7) DL:43M UL:11.5M LTE(R8) DL:100M UL:50M

WCDMA

BSC

RNC

aGW

TDM/ATM

TDM/ATM/Eth.

ALL IP
X2

X2

BTS

BTS

NodeB

NodeB

NodeB

eNodeB

eNodeB

eNodeB

2G -> 3G -> 3G+ ->LTE, the backhaul of mobile base stations evolves from TDM to IP. Microwave transport networks evolve from the traditional TDM microwave network to the packet microwave network.

Three Microwave Forms

IDU
Real-time
TDM
ETH Native EOS
TDM based

Real-time Real-time Real-time

TDM Microwave: PDH microwave is used for access; SDH microwave is used for convergence. Ethernet services are transmitted in the space through the EOS technology. It supports the fixed modulation scheme from QPSK to 128QAM, and features small capacity. It is used in 2G and early stages of 3G networks. Hybrid Microwave: Native TDM + Native Ethernet It supports the modulation scheme from QPSK to 256QAM and the AM function, and features high bandwidth. It is used in scenarios where TDM and IP networks coexist at the initial stage of the transition from 2G networks to 3G networks. At this stage, voice services are primary and data services are secondary among mobile services. Adding the packet switching capability to the original TDM microwave equipment is undoubtedly the preferred solution at the transition stage of the mobile transport network evolution. In this way, investment in original equipment can be protected and existing voice services can be transported.

TDM in air
IDU
Real-time
TDM Native ETH Native
TDM Packet

Real-time

Hybrid in air

IDU
TDM PW ETH
Packet based

Packet Radio: It is pure packet microwave. It supports the modulation scheme from QPSK to 256QAM and the AM function, and features high bandwidth. It is used at the All-IP stage of 3G networks. The pure packet microwave is the best choice for a carrier who needs to build a new mobile IP transport network.

Packet in air

Evolution of Microwave Transmission Network

When microwave transport networks evolve towards packet transport networks inevitably, it is a most cost-effective solution for carriers to evolve microwave transport networks from traditional TDM microwave networks to hybrid microwave networks, and then to pure packet microwave networks. This solution combines strengths such as protecting investment in existing networks, flexible upgrade, and compatibility. If carriers need to build new mobile IP transport networks, the best choice is to use advanced pure packet microwave equipment to transport future All IP services.

TDM Microwave

The PDH microwave refers to the microwave that transmits only the PDH services (mainly, the E1 services). During the transmission, the PDH microwave does not change the features of the PDH services. Unlike the conventional PDH microwave equipment, the RTN 900 V1R2 has a built-in MADM. The MADM grooms the E1 services to the microwave port for further transmission. Thus, the services can be groomed flexibly and seamless convergence between the optical network and the microwave network is achieved. The SDH microwave refers to the microwave that transmits SDH services. During the transmission, the SDH microwave does not change the features of the SDH services. Unlike the conventional SDH microwave equipment, the RTN 900 V1R2 has a built-in MADM. The MADM grooms services to the microwave port through cross-connections, maps the services into the STM-1-based microwave frames, and then transmits the STM-1-based microwave frames. Thus, the services can be groomed flexibly and seamless convergence between the optical network and the microwave network is achieved.

Hybrid Microwave

The Hybrid microwave refers to the microwave that transmits native E1 services and native Ethernet services in hybrid mode. The Hybrid microwave supports the AM function. During the transmission, the Hybrid microwave does not change the features of the E1 services and Ethernet services.

The RTN 900 V1R2 has a built-in MADM and a packet processing platform. The MADM transmits E1 services that are accessed locally or extracted from the SDH to the microwave port. After processing the accessed Ethernet services in the unified manner, the packet processing platform transmits the Ethernet services to the microwave port. The microwave port maps the E1 services and the Ethernet services into Hybrid microwave frames and then transmits the Hybrid microwave frames.

Ericsson proprietary protocol used to carry Ethernet traffic on radio link

Modulation Modes
The TDM microwave only supports fixed modulation. The Hybrid microwave supports fixed modulation and adaptive modulation (AM). The fixed modulation refers to a modulation scheme wherein a modulation scheme is adopted invariably when the radio link is running. When the fixed modulation is adopted, the modulation scheme can be configured through software. A modulation scheme can range from QPSK to 256QAM. The AM is a technology through which the modulation scheme can be adjusted automatically according to the channel quality. When the AM is adopted, the lowest modulation mode (also called reference mode) and highest modulation scheme (also called nominal mode) can be configured through software. Fixed Modulation Adaptive Modulation

Capacity
QPSK

Capacity

256QAM 128QAM 64QAM

99.9%
HSPA

16QAM 64QAM 32QAM Outage: 525.60min QPSK

128QAM

256QAM

Voice

99.95% 99.99%

Outage: 262.80min Outage: 52.56min Outage: 26.28min Outage: 10.51min Outage: 5.25min

HSPA

Fixed Bandwidth
99.999% Outage: 5.25min

99.995% 99.998% 99.999%

GSM

TDM radio

Time

GSM

Packet radio

Time

AM Technology
Through the AM technology, the Hybrid microwave uses a high-efficiency modulation scheme when the channel is of better quality. Hence, more user services can be transmitted and thus the transmission efficiency and spectrum utilization are improved. When the quality of the channel is degraded, the Hybrid microwave uses the low-efficiency modulation scheme, in which only the services of a high priority are transmitted. Hence, the anti-interference capability of links is enhanced and availability of the links on which the high-priority services are transmitted is ensured. E1 services are of the highest priority in the AM-based Hybrid microwave transmission. Ethernet services are classified into flows of different priorities based on the CoS technology. When the Hybrid microwave uses the lowest-efficiency modulation scheme, the equipment transmits E1 services only (if the service bandwidth is higher than the total bandwidth of the E1 services, the Ethernet services of a high priority can be transmitted). When the Hybrid microwave uses other modulation schemes, the increased bandwidth can be used to transmit Ethernet services. In this case, availability of the links on which the E1 services and Ethernet services of a high priority are transmitted can be ensured and the capacity for transmitting Ethernet services increases.

AM Features

Prepare to Switch to 64QAM 32QAM

64QAM 32QAM

32QAM Massage 64QAM Message

Detected Detected SNR SNR Increased decreased

Modulation
32QAM 64QAM

Bandwidth
28MHz 28MHz

Capacity
100 M 150 M

The AM technology can use the QPSK, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM, 128QAM, and 256QAM modulation schemes. The lowest modulation scheme (also called reference mode) and highest modulation scheme (also called nominal mode) can be configured. When the modulation schemes of the AM are switched, the transmit frequency, receive frequency, and channel spacing do not change. When the AM modulation scheme is switched, the step by step mode is adopted. When the AM switches the modulation scheme, the services with a low priority are discarded but no bit errors or slips occur in the services with a high priority. The speed of switching the modulation scheme meets the requirement for no bit error in the case of 100 dB/s fast fading.

AMIncreasing the Bandwidth by Four Times

256QAM

Voice 99.999% Data Voice Data

Encapsulation Element in Network Planning

128QAM
64QAM 32QAM 16QAM QPSK

EOS 7G 30.6 km 28 Mbit/s QPSK 40 Mbit/s

Packet 7G 30.6 km 28 Mbit/s 128QAM 200 Mbit/s

99.99%

99.9%

Voice Data
Real-time service Non-real-time service

Modulation scheme

Band Distance Bandwidth Modulation scheme Transmission capacity

AM

Important feature of the packet microwave: The modulation scheme can be automatically changed according to the transmission conditions of the air interface, thus ensuring high-level service transmission. Increasing the bandwidth by four times on sunny days: Under the same conditions, the OptiX RTN equipment can support the 200 Mbit/s capacity but the EOS of the TMD can support only the 40 Mbit/s capacity. Eight QoS levels on rainy days: The monitoring mechanism ensures the fine and hierarchical service transmission.

Ethernet over PDH

This section describes Ethernet over PDH, including HW configuration examples and required HW.

Required HW NPU3, NPU3 B, NPU1 B, or NPU1 C MMU2 B/C/D/H

Requires a License

No

The Ethernet traffic is transported between NEs in multiple E1s, over a single hop, or through a network. Figure 16 shows an example of how the different units can be used in a network.

Cards supporting Ethernet functionality

ETHERNET INTERFACE UNIT(ETU) NODE PROCESSOR UNIT(NPU) MODEM UNIT(MMU)