HP 18 Win

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Circuits and Circuit Elements
Chapter 18
Table of Contents
Section 1 Schematic Diagrams and Circuits

Section 2 Resistors in Series or in Parallel

Section 3 Complex Resistor Combination
Section 1 Schematic Diagrams
and Circuits Chapter 18
Objectives
Interpret and construct circuit diagrams.

Identify circuits as open or closed.

Deduce the potential difference across the circuit
load, given the potential difference across the
batterys terminals.
Schematic Diagrams
A schematic diagram
is a representation of a
circuit that uses lines to
represent wires and
different symbols to
represent components.

Some symbols used in
schematic diagrams are
shown at right.
Chapter 18
Schematic Diagram and Common Symbols
and Circuits
Electric Circuits
An electric circuit is a set of electrical components
connected such that they provide one or more
complete paths for the movement of charges.

A schematic diagram for a circuit is sometimes called
a circuit diagram.

Any element or group of elements in a circuit that
dissipates energy is called a load.
Electric Circuits, continued
A circuit which contains a complete path for electrons
to follow is called a closed circuit.

Without a complete path, there is no charge flow and
therefore no current. This situation is called an open
circuit.

A short circuit is a closed circuit that does not contain
a load. Short circuits can be hazardous.
The source of potential difference and electrical
energy is the circuits emf.

Any device that transforms nonelectrical energy into
electrical energy, such as a battery or a generator, is
a source of emf.

If the internal resistance of a battery is neglected, the
emf equals the potential difference across the
sources two terminals.
Chapter 18
and Circuits
Internal Resistance, emf, and Terminal Voltage
The terminal voltage is the potential difference across
a batterys positive and negative terminals.

For conventional current, the terminal voltage is less
than the emf.

The potential difference across a load equals the
terminal voltage.
Chapter 18
Light Bulb
and Circuits
Section 2 Resistors in Series or
in Parallel Chapter 18
Objectives
Calculate the equivalent resistance for a circuit of
resistors in series, and find the current in and
potential difference across each resistor in the circuit.

Calculate the equivalent resistance for a circuit of
resistors in parallel, and find the current in and
potential difference across each resistor in the circuit.
Resistors in Series
A series circuit describes two or more components of
a circuit that provide a single path for current.

Resistors in series carry the same current.

The equivalent resistance can be used to find the
current in a circuit.

The equivalent resistance in a series circuit is the
sum of the circuits resistances.
R
eq
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3

Chapter 18
in Parallel
Resistors in Series
Resistors in Series, continued
Two or more resistors in
the actual circuit have the
same effect on the current
as one equivalent resistor.

The total current in a
series circuit equals the
potential difference divided
by the equivalent
resistance.
A
=
eq
V
I
R
Chapter 18
Sample Problem
Resistors in Series
A 9.0 V battery is
connected to four light
bulbs, as shown at
right. Find the
equivalent resistance
for the circuit and the
current in the circuit.
in Parallel
Chapter 18
Sample Problem, continued
Resistors in Series
1. Define
Given:
V = 9.0 V
R
1
= 2.0
R
2
= 4.0
R
3
= 5.0
R
4
= 7.0

in Parallel
Unknown:
R
eq
= ?
I = ?
Diagram:
Chapter 18
Resistors in Series
2. Plan
Choose an equation or situation: Because the
resistors are connected end to end, they are in
series. Thus, the equivalent resistance can be
calculated with the equation for resistors in series.
R
eq
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3

The following equation can be used to calculate the
current.
V = IR
eq

in Parallel
Chapter 18
Resistors in Series
2. Plan, continued
Rearrange the equation to isolate the unknown:
No rearrangement is necessary to calculate R
eq
, but
V = IR
eq
must be rearranged to calculate the
current.
A
=
eq
V
I
R
in Parallel
Chapter 18
Resistors in Series
3. Calculate
Substitute the values into the equation and solve:
A
= = =
9.0 V
0.50 A
18.0
eq
V
I
R
Substitute the equivalent resistance value into the
equation for current.
eq
eq
R = 2.0 + 4.0 + 5.0 + 7.0
R = 18.0
in Parallel
Chapter 18
Resistors in Series
4. Evaluate
For resistors connected in series, the equivalent
resistance should be greater than the largest
resistance in the circuit.
18.0 > 7.0
in Parallel
Resistors in Series, continued
Series circuits require all elements to conduct
electricity

As seen below, a burned out filament in a string of
bulbs has the same effect as an open switch. Because
the circuit is no longer complete, there is no current.
Chapter 18
Comparing Resistors in Series and in Parallel
in Parallel
Resistors in Parallel
A parallel arrangement describes two or more com-
ponents of a circuit that provide separate conducting
paths for current because the components are
connected across common points or junctions

Lights wired in parallel have more than one path for
current. Parallel circuits do not require all elements to
conduct.
Chapter 18
in Parallel
Resistors in Parallel, continued
Resistors in parallel have the same potential
differences across them.

The sum of currents in parallel resistors equals the
total current.

The equivalent resistance of resistors in parallel can
be calculated using a reciprocal relationship

1
R
eq
=
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
...
Chapter 18
Sample Problem
A 9.0 V battery is
connected to four
resistors, as shown at
right. Find the
equivalent resistance
for the circuit and the
total current in the
circuit.
in Parallel
Chapter 18
1. Define
Given:
V = 9.0 V
R
1
= 2.0
R
2
= 4.0
R
3
= 5.0
R
4
= 7.0

in Parallel
Unknown:
R
eq
= ?
I = ?
Diagram:

Chapter 18
2. Plan
Choose an equation or situation: Because both
sides of each resistor are connected to common
points, they are in parallel. Thus, the equivalent
resistance can be calculated with the equation for
resistors in parallel.

in Parallel
The following equation can be used to calculate
the current. V = IR
eq

1
R
eq
=
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
...
Chapter 18
2. Plan, continued
Rearrange the equation to isolate the unknown:
No rearrangement is necessary to calculate R
eq
;
rearrange V = IR
eq
to calculate the total current
delivered by the battery.
A
=
eq
V
I
R
in Parallel
Chapter 18
3. Calculate
Substitute the values into the equation and solve:
=
eq
eq
eq
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
R 2.0 4.0 5.0 7.0
1 0.50 0.25 0.20 0.14 1.09
= + + +
R
1
R = = 0.917
1.09
in Parallel
Chapter 18
3. Calculate, continued
Substitute the equivalent resistance value into the
equation for current.
A
= =
=
9.0 V
0.917
9.8 A
eq
V
I
R
I
in Parallel
Chapter 18
4. Evaluate
For resistors connected in parallel, the equivalent
resistance should be less than the smallest
resistance in the circuit.
0.917 < 2.0
in Parallel
Chapter 18
in Parallel
Resistors in Series or in Parallel
Section 3 Complex Resistor
Combinations Chapter 18
Objectives
Calculate the equivalent resistance for a complex
circuit involving both series and parallel portions.

Calculate the current in and potential difference
across individual elements within a complex circuit.
Resistors Combined Both in Parallel and in
Series
Many complex circuits can be understood by isolating
segments that are in series or in parallel and
simplifying them to their equivalent resistances.

Work backward to find the current in and potential
difference across a part of a circuit.
Chapter 18
Analysis of Complex Circuits
Combinations
Sample Problem
Equivalent Resistance
Determine the equivalent resistance of the complex
circuit shown below.
Reasoning
The best approach is to divide the circuit into groups
of series and parallel resistors. This way, the
methods presented in Sample Problems A and B can
be used to calculate the equivalent resistance for
each group.
1. Redraw the circuit as a group of resistors along
one side of the circuit.
Because bends in a wire do not affect the circuit, they
do not need to be represented in a schematic
diagram. Redraw the circuit without the corners,
keeping the arrangement of the circuit elements the
same.
TIP: For now,
disregard the
emf source,
and work only
with the
resistances.

2. Identify components
in series, and calcu-
late their equivalent
resistance.

Resistors in group (a) and
(b) are in series.
For group (a):
R
eq
= 3.0 + 6.0 = 9.0
For group (b):
R
eq
= 6.0 + 2.0 = 8.0
3. Identify components in
parallel, and calculate
their equivalent resis-
tance.
Resistors in group (c) are in
parallel.

= + = + =
=
1 1 1 0.12 0.25 0.37
8.0 4.0 1 1 1
2.7
eq
eq
R
R
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until
the resistors in the circuit
are reduced to a single
equivalent resistance.The
remainder of the resistors,
group (d), are in series.

= + +
=
9.0 2.7
For group (d
1.0
):
12.7
eq
eq
R
R
Sample Problem
Current in and Potential Difference Across a Resistor
Determine the current in and potential difference
across the 2.0 resistor highlighted in the figure
below.
Reasoning
First determine the total circuit current by reducing the
resistors to a single equivalent resistance. Then rebuild
the circuit in steps, calculating the current and potential
difference for the equivalent resistance of each group
until the current in and potential difference across the
2.0 resistor are known.
1. Determine the equivalent resistance of the circuit.
The equivalent resistance of the circuit is 12.7 , as
calculated in the previous Sample Problem.
2. Calculate the total current in the circuit.
Substitute the potential difference and equivalent
resistance in V = IR, and rearrange the equation to
find the current delivered by the battery.
A
= = =
9.0 V
0.71 A
12.7
eq
V
I
R
3. Determine a path from the
equivalent resistance found in
step 1 to the 2.0 resistor.
Review the path taken to find the
equivalent resistance in the figure at
right, and work backward through this
path. The equivalent resistance for
the entire circuit is the same as the
equivalent resistance for group (d).
The center resistor in group (d) in turn
is the equivalent resistance for group
(c). The top resistor in group (c) is the
equivalent resistance for group (b),
and the right resistor in group (b) is
the 2.0 resistor.
4. Follow the path determined in step 3, and calculate
the current in and potential difference across each
equivalent resistance. Repeat this process until the
desired values are found.
4. A. Regroup, evaluate, and calculate.
Replace the circuits equivalent resistance with group
(d). The resistors in group (d) are in series; therefore,
the current in each resistor is the same as the current
in the equivalent resistance, which equals 0.71 A.
The potential difference across the 2.7 resistor in
group (d) can be calculated using V = IR.

Given: I = 0.71 A R = 2.7
Unknown: V = ?

V = IR = (0.71 A)(2.7 ) = 1.9 V
4. B. Regroup, evaluate, and calculate.
Replace the center resistor with group (c).
The resistors in group (c) are in parallel; therefore,
the potential difference across each resistor is the
same as the potential difference across the 2.7
equivalent resistance, which equals 1.9 V. The
current in the 8.0 resistor in group (c) can be
calculated using V = IR.

Given: V = 1.9 V R = 8.0
Unknown: I = ?
A
= = =
1.9 V
0.24 A
8.0
V
I
R
4. C. Regroup, evaluate, and calculate.
Replace the 8.0 resistor with group (b).
The resistors in group (b) are in series; therefore, the
current in each resistor is the same as the current in
the 8.0 equivalent resistance, which equals 0.24 A.

The potential difference
across the 2.0 resistor can
be calculated using V = IR.
Given: I = 0.24 A R = 2.0
Unknown: V = ?
A = =
A =
(0.24 A)(2.0 )
0.48 V
V IR
V

I = 0.24 A
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is the correct term for a circuit
that does not have a closed-loop path for electron
flow?
A. closed circuit
B. dead circuit
C. open circuit
D. short circuit
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 18
Multiple Choice, continued
that does not have a closed-loop path for electron
flow?
A. closed circuit
B. dead circuit
C. open circuit
D. short circuit
Chapter 18
in which the load has been unintentionally bypassed?
F. closed circuit
G. dead circuit
H. open circuit
J. short circuit
Chapter 18
in which the load has been unintentionally bypassed?
F. closed circuit
G. dead circuit
H. open circuit
J. short circuit
Chapter 18
Use the diagram below to
answer questions 35.
Chapter 18
3. Which of the circuit
elements contribute to
the load of the circuit?
A. Only A
B. A and B, but not C
C. Only C
D. A, B, and C
Chapter 18
3. Which of the circuit
elements contribute to
the load of the circuit?
A. Only A
B. A and B, but not C
C. Only C
D. A, B, and C
Chapter 18
4. Which of the following is
the correct equation for
the equivalent resis-
tance of the circuit?
= +
= +
= A
= + +
.
1 1 1
.
.
1 1 1 1
.
eq A B
eq A B
eq
eq A B C
R R R
R R R
R I V
R R R R
F
G
H
J
Chapter 18
= +
= A
= +
= +
+
1 1 1
.
.
.

1 1 1 1
.
e
eq A B
eq
q A B
eq A B C
R R R
R I V
R R
R R R
R R
G
F
H
J
Chapter 18
the current in the
resistor?
= + +
A
=
= +
A
=

A B C
B
eq
B total A
B
B
I I I I
V
I
R
I I I
V
I
R
A.
B.
C.
D.
Chapter 18
the current in the
resistor?
=
=
A
+
A
=
=
+
+

A B C
B
B
eq
total A
B
B
V
I
R
I I I I
I I I
V
I
R
A.
C.
D.
B.
Chapter 18
= + +
= + +
= A
| |
= + +
|
\ .
1
.
1 1 1 1
.
.
1 1
.
eq A B C
eq A B C
eq
eq A
B C
R R R R
R R R R
R I V
R R
R R
F
G
H
J
Chapter 18
|
= + +
= + +
=
|
= + +
|
\ .
A
1
1 1
.
.
1 1 1 1
.

.
eq A B C
eq A B C
B C
eq
eq A
R R
R
R R R R
R R R R
R I V
R
F
G
H
J
Chapter 18
the current in resistor B?
= + +
A
=
= +
A
=

A B C
B
eq
B total A
B
B
B
I I I I
V
I
R
I I I
V
I
R
A.
B.
C.
D.
Chapter 18
the current in resistor B?
= + +
A
=
= +
A
=

A B C
B
eq
B total
B
B
B
A
I I I I
V
I
R
V
I
R
I I I
A.
B.
C.
D.
8. Three 2.0 resistors are connected in series to a 12
V battery. What is the potential difference across
each resistor?
F. 2.0 V
G. 4.0 V
H. 12 V
J. 36 V
Chapter 18
8. Three 2.0 resistors are connected in series to a 12
V battery. What is the potential difference across
each resistor?
F. 2.0 V
G. 4.0 V
H. 12 V
J. 36 V
Chapter 18
Use the following passage
to answer questions 911.

Six light bulbs are
connected in parallel to a
9.0 V battery. Each bulb
has a resistance of 3.0 .
Chapter 18
9. What is the potential
difference across each
bulb?
A. 1.5 V
B. 3.0 V
C. 9.0 V
D. 27 V

Six light bulbs are
Chapter 18
9. What is the potential
difference across each
bulb?
A. 1.5 V
B. 3.0 V
C. 9.0 V
D. 27 V

Six light bulbs are
Chapter 18
10. What is the current in
each bulb?
F. 0.5 A
G. 3.0 A
H. 4.5 A
J. 18 A

Six light bulbs are
Chapter 18
10. What is the current in
each bulb?
F. 0.5 A
G. 3.0 A
H. 4.5 A
J. 18 A

Six light bulbs are
Chapter 18
11. What is the total current
in the circuit?
A. 0.5 A
B. 3.0 A
C. 4.5 A
D. 18 A

Six light bulbs are
Chapter 18
11. What is the total current
in the circuit?
A. 0.5 A
B. 3.0 A
C. 4.5 A
D. 18 A
Short Response
12. Which is greater, a batterys terminal voltage or the
same batterys emf? Explain why these two quantities
are not equal.
Chapter 18
Short Response, continued
12. Which is greater, a batterys terminal voltage or the
same batterys emf? Explain why these two quantities
are not equal.

Answer: A batterys emf is slightly greater than its
terminal voltage. The difference is due to the
batterys internal resistance.
Chapter 18
13. Describe how a short circuit could lead to a fire.
Chapter 18
13. Describe how a short circuit could lead to a fire.

Answer: In a short circuit, the equivalent resistance of
the circuit drops very low, causing the current to be
very high. The higher current can cause wires still in
the circuit to overheat, which may in turn cause a fire
in materials contacting the wires.
Chapter 18
14. Explain the advantage of wiring the bulbs in a string
of decorative lights in parallel rather than in series.
Chapter 18
14. Explain the advantage of wiring the bulbs in a string
of decorative lights in parallel rather than in series.

Answer: If one bulb is removed, the other bulbs will still
carry current.
Chapter 18
Extended Response
15. Using standard symbols for circuit elements, draw a
diagram of a circuit that contains a battery, an open
switch, and a light bulb in parallel with a resistor. Add
an arrow to indicate the direction of current if the
switch were closed.
Chapter 18
Extended Response, continued
15. Using standard symbols for circuit elements, draw a
diagram of a circuit that contains a battery, an open
switch, and a light bulb in parallel with a resistor. Add
an arrow to indicate the direction of current if the
switch were closed.

Answer:
Chapter 18

Chapter 18
16. For the circuit shown,
calculate the following:
a. the equivalent
resistance of the circuit
b. the current in the light
bulb.
Show all your work for
both calculations.

Chapter 18
16. For the circuit shown,
calculate the following:
a. the equivalent
b. the current in the light
bulb.
Show all your work for
both calculations.
Answer: a. 4.2 b. 2.9 A

Chapter 18
17. After a period of time,
the 6.0 resistor fails
and breaks. Describe
what happens to the
brightness of the bulb.
Support your answer.

Chapter 18
17. Answer: The bulb will
grow dim. The loss of
the 6.0 resistor
causes the equivalent
to increase to 4.5 . As
a result, the current in
the bulb drops to 2.7 A,
and the brightness of
the bulb decreases.
Chapter 18
18. Find the current in and potential difference across
each of the resistors in the following circuits:
a. a 4.0 and a 12.0 resistor wired in series with a
4.0 V source.
b. a 4.0 and a 12.0 resistor wired in parallel with a
4.0 V source.
Show all your work for each calculation.

a. a 4.0 and a 12.0 resistor wired in series with a
4.0 V source.
b. a 4.0 and a 12.0 resistor wired in parallel with a
4.0 V source.
Answers: a. 4.0 : 0.25 A, 1.0 V
12.0 : 0.25 A, 3.0 V
b. 4.0 : 1.0 A, 4.0 V
12.0 : 0.33 A, 4.0 V
Chapter 18
Chapter 18
a. a 150 and a 180 resistor wired in series with a
12 V source.
b. a 150 and a 180 resistor wired in parallel with a
12 V source.
Chapter 18
Answer: a.150 : 0.036 A, 5.4 V
180 : 0.036 A, 6.5 V
b. 150 : 0.080 A, 12 V
180 : 0.067 A, 12 V
a. a 150 and a 180 resistor wired in series with a
12 V source.
b. a 150 and a 180 resistor wired in parallel with a
12 V source.
Diagram Symbols

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