BMM4924 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2 EFFECTS OF ALIGNMENT OF REINFORCEMENT MATERIAL TO THE PROPERTIES OF POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITE(PMC)

AEYZARQ MUHAMMAD HADZREEL BIN MOHD RAZALI ME08049 SUPERVISOR: DR. SITI RABIATULL AISHA BINTI IDRIS
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Scopes of Works 2.0 Literature Review 3.0 Methodology 4.0 Result and discussion 5.0 Conclusion 6.0recomendation 7.0 References

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Composite materials are the well known material that has been used in manufacturing industry such as aircraft engineering and marine engineering. Composite material is one which is composed of at least two elements working together to produce material properties that are different to the properties of those elements on their own.

Application of PMC in AIRBUS A380 fabrication

Source : P.K. Mallick,2007

1.1 OBJECTIVES

To study the effect of different alignment of reinforced material to the properties of Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC).
To distinguish the effect of various thickness on mechanical and physical properties of PMC. To evaluate the water resistance using different alignment towards seawater

1.2 Scopes Of Works

Matrix : Unsaturated Polyester resin (Thermoset)

Reinforcement
Reinforcement alignment

:
:

i. ii.
i. ii.

E-glass fiber woven roving 5 layer and 7 layer thickness

Bidirectional (0 and 90 ) Multidirectional ( 0, 30, 60 and 90, 120,150)

Specimen fabrication Mechanical testing

Water absorption

: :
:

Hand lay-up process i. ii. Tensile testing (ASTM D3039-M) Water absorption test (ASTM D570)

seawater

2.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND : COMPOSITE

The term composite could mean almost anything if taken at face value, since all materials are composed of dissimilar subunits if examined at close enough detail. But in

modern materials engineering, the term usually refers to a matrix material that is
reinforced with reinforced material.(R. David, 2000) Composite material is a materials system composed of a suitably arranged mixture or combination of two or more substituent with an interface separating them that differ in form and chemical composition and are insoluble in each other. (Smith,2005) It consists of two major components which is matrix that surround the fiber and reinforced that embedded in the composite.

Generally, composite material can be divided into three types which are Metal Matrix
Composite (MMC), Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC), and Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC).

Classifications Of Composite Material (Reinforce)

Source : S. L. Kakani, 2006

Illustration of composite material

Matrix material ( primary phase that usually more ductile and less hard that hold the reinforce and shares a load with it ) Reinforcement Material (a constituent material with relatively high stiffness or very high strength material embedded in the matrix composition )

Advantages & Disadvantages Of Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC)

Advantages Light weight comparing to Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) and Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) High strength-to-weight ratio comparing to Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) and Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) Lower fabrication cost comparing to Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) and Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) Disadvantages Low thermal resistance comparing to Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) and Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) High coefficient of thermal expansion comparing to Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) and Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC)

Material S-glass/epoxy Boron fiber/ Aluminum

Density, g/cm3 1.85 2.35

Modulus, GPa 39.3 220

Tensile Strength, MPa 965 1109

Tensile properties of some composite material

Application of Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC)

Glass fiber-reinforced polyesters have been used in different types of boat (e.g., sail boats fishing boats, dinghies, life boats and yacht. Today, among 90% of all recreational boats are constructed of either glass fiber-reinforced polyester or glass fiber-reinforced vinyl ester. Among the applications are hulls, decks and various interior components.

3.0 Methodology Flowchart

30 cm

30cm

Cut the fiberglass to 30cm X 30cm

Mix the catalyst with the polyester

Cover the second laminar onto the first laminar

Roll the polyester uniformly onto the laminar

Pour the polyester onto the fiberglass laminar

Tensile test ASTM D3039M Testing Water absorption test ASTM D570

Fiberglass

Classification Of Orientation
Fiberglass

30

60

Bidirectional orientation

Multidirectional orientation

5 layer multidirectional orientation

Specimen being prepared for tensile test

25 cm
2.5cm

Specimen being cut

Specimen ready for tensile test

Specimen

Instron Universal Testing Machine Model 3369

Specimen Being Prepared For Water Absorption Test

2.5cm

7.5cm

Specimen dimension

Specimens being heated in furnace for 8 hours at 50C

Specimens weight being measured using electronic balance

Specimens weight being measured again

Specimens being immerse in the seawater for 24 hours

4.0 Result and discussion

200 195 190 185 180 175 170 165 160 155 150 145 140 0.02569

Tensile strength for 5 layer laminates

Tensile stress [Mpa]

5 layer multidirectional 5 layer bidirectional

0.02314

0.02333

0.02686

0.02392

Tensile strain [mm/mm]

From the graph above, we can see that 5 layer bidirectional orientation have higher ultimate tensile strength than the 5 layer multidirectional orientation. The highest tensile strength for 5 layer bidirectional is around 195 MPa while the highest tensile strength for 5 layer multidirectional is 160 MPa. We can conclude that bidirectional alignment will give a better mechanical properties such as strength than the multidirectional alignment.

Tensile Strength for 7 layer laminates

260

Tensile strength [MPa]

240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 0.02294 0.03216 0.02078 0.03118 0.0349 7 layer multidirectional 7 layer bidirectional

Tensile strain [mm/mm]

From the above graph, we can see that 7 layer bidirectional orientation has a greater ultimate tensile strength comparing with to the 7 layer multi directional. The highest tensile strength for 7 layer bidirectional orientation is 243 MPa while the highest tensile strength for 7 layer multidirectional orientation is 219 MPa. We can conclude that bidirectional alignment will give a better mechanical properties such as strength than the multidirectional alignment.

Youngs Modulus For Each Type Of Alignment And Thickness

9000 8000 7000 Young Modulus (MPa) Young Modulus (MPa) 6000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000

5000
4000 3000 2000 1000 0

3000
2000 1000 0

5 layer multidirectional

5 layer bidirectional

7 layer multidirectional Types of alignment

Types of alignment

7 layer bidirectional

From the two graphs above, we can observe that Youngs Modulus is greater for bidirectional alignment. It is because the properties such as stress and strain is greater for bidirectional alignment. The graphs above proved that bidirectional alignment will make the Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC) more stiffness than the multidirectional alignment

Water Absorption Test (ASTM D570)

1.2 0.9 0.8 1

0.7
water absorption (%) 0.8 water absorption (%) 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0 0

0.6

0.4

7 layer multidirectional

7 layer bidirectional

5 layer multidirectional

5 layer bidirectional

Types of alignment

Types of alignment

From the 2 graphs above, it can be observed that multidirectional alignment will absorbed more quantity of water comparing to bidirectional alignment. Seawater degradation can cause swelling and plasticisation of the polyester matrix and debonding at the fiber/matrix interface that may reduce the mechanical properties.

5.0 Conclusion
Variety of angle of orientation will reduce the mechanical properties of

Polymer Matrix Composite(PMC).

Tensile test and water absorption test proved that mechanical properties and physical properties of Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC) is highly

depended on the thickness of the laminates.

The multidirectional orientation absorbed more quantity of water than the bidirectional orientation.

6.0 Recommendation

The thickness of Polymer Matrix Composite(PMC) should be varied in order to find the optimum thickness for the PMC The study should be conducted with different type of reinforced material in order to optimized the effect of alignment of reinforced material Orientation of angle should be varied in order to find the optimum orientation of laminates which could enables to increase its mechanical properties.

i. ii. iii. iv. v.

vi.

vii.
viii. ix.

Smith, W. F., Foundations of Materials Science 4th edition. McGraw Hill., 2005 David, R., INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITE MATERIALS. Department of Materials Science and Engineering., 2000 Kakani, S.L., MATERIAL SCIENCE. NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS,. 2006 R. Bruce., AN INTRODUCTION TO THERMOSETS. Academic Press, San Diego,. 1997 K. G. Satish et al., Characterization of In-Plane Mechanical Properties of Laminated Hybrid Composites. Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 9, No.2, pp.105-114,. 2010 D.K. Patel et al., A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EFFECTS ON CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF FRP COMPOSITES WHEN EXPOSED TO DISTILLED WATER, NaCl- WATER SOLUTION AND SEA WATER SEPARATELY. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology., 2008 R.David., INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITE MATERIALS. Department of Materials Science and Engineering. 2000 P.K. Mallick., Fiber-Reinforced Composites Materials, Manufacturing, and Design. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.. 2007 C.H. Shen et al., Moisture Absorption and Desorption of Composite Materials. Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Michigan., 1975

7.0 References

The end..
Q&A Session

Discussion
From the experiment, we can conclude that bidirectional alignment will give a better mechanical properties such as strength than the multidirectional alignment. this is because the external tensile load is equally distributed on all the fibers and transmitted along the axis of the fibers. Whereas in case of other fiber orientations, fiber axes is non-parallel to load axis, resulting in off axis pulling of fibers and increased stress concentration causing the earlier failure of laminates.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Numerous applications have been proposed and demonstrated for

producing align-fiber composite. Several processes have been patented to

produce align-fiber composite. Usually, the primary driving force for using composite materials is a combination of features such as reduced weight,

improved mechanical properties, and resistance to chemical attack. At

first, their special properties led aligned-fiber composite materials to be considered primarily for specialty applications. However, the uses that have been found for these materials have broadened to include many kinds of structural application

Young Modulus for each type of thickness and orientation Young Modulus
9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0

5 layer multi directional

5 layer bidirectional

7 layer multi directional

7 layer bidirectional

From the bar chart above, the highest Young Modulus value is the 7 layer bidirectional followed by 5 layer bidirectional. The lowest Young Modulus value is 5 layer multidirectional. As a conclusion, variety of angle of orientation will reduce the mechanical properties of the Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC)

Water Absorption For Each Types Of Thickness And Orientation In Term Of Percentage
1.2
1 Water aborbtion (%) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

7 layer multidirectional

7 layer bidirectional

5 layer multidirectional

5 layer bidirectional

From the chart above, it can be observed that the highest water absorption percentage is 7 layer multidirectional laminate followed by 7 layer bidirectional laminates and the lowest is 5 layer

A composite is combination of two materials in which one of the materials, called the reinforcing phase, is in the form of fibers, sheets, or particles, and is embedded in the other materials called the matrix phase. The reinforcing material and the matrix material can be metal, ceramic, or polymer. Composites are used because overall properties of the composites are superior to those of the individual components. For example: polymer/ceramic composites have a greater modulus than the polymer component, but aren't as brittle as ceramics. The following are some of the reasons why composites are selected for certain applications: High strength to weight ratio (low density high tensile strength) High creep resistance High tensile strength at elevated temperatures High toughness Typically, reinforcing materials are strong with low densities while the matrix is usually a ductile, or tough, material. If the composite is designed and fabricated correctly, it combines the strength of the reinforcement with the toughness of the matrix to achieve a combination of desirable properties not available in any single conventional material. The downside is that such composites are often more expensive than conventional materials. Examples of some current application of composites include the diesel piston, brakeshoes and pads, tires and the Beech craft aircraft in which 100% of the structural 16 components are composites. The strength of the composite depends primarily on the amount, arrangement and type of fiber (or particle) reinforcement in the resin. Typically, the higher is the reinforcement content, the greater is the strength. In some cases, glass fibers are combined with other fibers, such as carbon or aramid (Kevlar29 and Kevlar49), to create a "hybrid" composite that combines the properties of more than one reinforcing material.

Thermoplastic Resins: The different types of resins mentioned above for thermoplastic resins are more prevalent in the aerospace industry. They have higher viscosity than thermosetting resins and they may be crystalline in nature. These resins are tough, less brittle and are used mostly with discontinuous fibers. Thermoset materials are generally stronger than thermoplastic materials due to this three dimensional network of bonds (cross-linking), and are also better suited to hightemperature applications up to the decomposition temperature. However, they are more brittle. Many thermosetting polymers are difficult to recycle.