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Topics
Eucaryotes External structures Internal structures Fungi Protists Helminths
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Eucaryotes
External and internal structures are more complex than procaryotes Examples of eucaryotes
Yeast Protozoa Algae Helminths Animal cells
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External Structures
Appendages
Flagella e.g. Euglena spp. Cilia e.g. Paramecium spp.
Glycocalyx
Complex outer layer of polysaccharides and fibers Functions:
Protection, adhesion and reception of signals
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Cell wall
Cell membrane*
Embedded transport proteins Various sterols
Rigidity Stability
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Internal Structures
Nucleus
Chromatin- chromosomal DNA Nucleolus- site for RNA synthesis Histones-proteins that associate with DNA during mitosis
Eucaryotic cell division involves mitosis, in which the cell and nucleus undergo several stages of change.
Two types
Mitochondria
Site of energy generation
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Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis
Thylakoids- membrane containing the green pigment chlorophyll
Transformation of solar energy to chemical energy
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The thylakoid is the site for the transformation of solar energy to chemical energy, which is then used to synthesize carbohydrates in the stroma.
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Microfilaments allow movement of molecules in the cytoplasm, and microtubules maintain shape of the cell and enable movement of molecules within the cell.
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Fungi
Present in nature (ex. mushrooms) Medically important (ex. athletes foot) Industrially important (ex. fermentation) Classification
Morphology Reproduction (asexual and sexual)
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Yeast cells
Single cells Pseudohypha
Reproduction
Asexual and sexual process
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A scanning electron micrograph of yeast cells, and the budding reproductive process .
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Sexual spore formation involves the fusion of two parental nuclei followed by meiosis.
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Subkingdoms of Fungi
Amastigomycota
Inhabitants of terrestrial habitats Several are human pathogens
Perfect
Produce sexual and asexual spores
Imperfect
Produce only asexual spores
Mastigomycota
Primitive filamentous fungi Aquatic
Cause disease in potatoes and grapes (plants)
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Algae
Unicellular, colonial and filamentous Photosynthetic Inhabitants of fresh and marine waters Most are not considered human pathogens Pathogens produce toxins (red tide)
A type of food poisoning Toxin released by algae and eaten by intertidal animals Human affected through ingestion of infected 26 fish etc
Algae contain green chlorophyll as well as other pigments which include yellow, red and brown.
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Protozoa
Single celled animals, Heterotrophs Few species cause many human diseases Complex structure and function
Ectoplasm (clear) and Endoplasm (granular; contains organelles Pseudopods, flagella, cilia
Encystment
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An example of the complex structure associated with the protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis.
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Flagellated protozoa
Giardiasis
Apicomplexan protozoa
Malaria
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Sarcodinians (Amoebas) a. Entamoeba a pathogen b. Radiolarians (form chalk deposits in the ocean)
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Cycle of transmission in Chagas disease (Trypanosome (Protozoan) Vector (kissing bug) Man (Host)
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The stages of development and transmission of amoebic dysentery in the human host.
Helminths
All multi cellular with organ systems
Cause infections and eggs etc studied by microscope
Tapeworms: 25m long, flat Flukes (Trematodes, in blood) Roundworms < 1mm (nematodes) Unique structural morphology 38 enables identification
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Humans serve as a host for the life cycle of many different parasitic helminths.
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