HEAT & ENERGY TRANSFER

Learning Outcome: Demonstrate an understanding of heat energy and transfer, temperature and humidity of air. Indicative Content: Temperature: simple Temperature sensors and sources of errors in measurement Conductive, Convective & Radiant heat energy Thermal mass and thermal conductivity Latent heat of vaporisation Latent heat of freezing
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HEAT & ENERGY TRANSFER

Heat
Heat is the total potential and kinetic energies of the molecules
inside a body excluding energies associated with the atomic nuclei. Heat is therefore a form of energy, and is measured in joules( J). If there is no temperature difference there is no heat transfer. Heat energy is given the symbol Q The temperature of a body is a measurement of the average kinetic energies of its molecules. The SI unit for temperature is the kelvin (K ),
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Work & Power

Work: Is a result of moving a force through a distance Units of work is the Newton-metre (N m) 1 N m = 1 J ( one Newton-metre =one joule) Area under a Pressure-Volume diagram is equal to Work done Work done (W) = Pressure (P) x change in volume( V2 V1) W = P x (V2 V1) Work done per unit time, = work done/ unit time Power: Power is the rate of doing work= Work done/ time taken Or Power = Heat Energy (Q)/time Units of power = watt = joule/second (j/s)
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HEAT & ENERGY TRANSFER

TEMPERATURE SCALES
In the SI system two scales are used: 1. Celcius (formerly known as Centigrade) 2. Kelvin Scale The imperial system uses the Fahrenheit Scale 3. Fahrenheit Scale based on the freezing and boiling point of water at normal atmospheric pressure ~ 32 F - freezing pt. and 212F boiling pt.

HEAT & ENERGY TRANSFER

TEMPERATURE SCALES
Fahrenheit Scale based on the freezing and boiling point of water at normal atmospheric pressure ~ 32 F - freezing pt. and 212F boiling pt. Celsius Scale based on the freezing and boiling point of water at normal atmospheric pressure ~ 0 C - freezing pt. and 100C boiling pt. Kelvin Scale does not use a relative scale but an Absolute temperature scale . 0 = Absolute Zero ~ lowest temperature possible, occurring when all random motion of molecules has ceased. In this scale: 273K freezing pt. of water; 373K boiling pt. Temperature conversations
From F to C From C to F From C to K From F to K = = = = (F -32)5/9 (C 9/5) + 32 C + 273 (F-32)5/9 + 273
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HEAT & ENERGY TRANSFER

TEMPERATURE SCALES
Fahrenheit Scale based on the freezing and boiling point of water at normal atmospheric pressure ~ 32 F - freezing pt. and 212F boiling pt. Celsius Scale based on the freezing and boiling point of water at normal atmospheric pressure ~ 0 C - freezing pt. and 100C boiling pt. Kelvin Scale does not use a relative scale but an Absolute temperature scale . 0 = Absolute Zero ~ lowest temperature possible, occurring when all random motion of molecules has ceased. In this scale: 273K freezing pt. of water; 373K boiling pt. Temperature conversations
From F to C = From C to F = (F -32)5/9 (C 9/5) + 32

From C to K =
From F to K =

C + 273
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(F-32)5/9 + 273

HEAT & ENERGY TRANSFER

Specific Heat Capacity: By how much will the temperature of an object increase or decrease by the gain or loss of heat energy? The answer is given by the specific heat capacity of the object.
Specific heat capacity (c) is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram (1 kg) of a substance by one C (1C) or one Kelvin (1 K). It is expressed in terms of Joules per kilogram-Kelvin (J/kgK) or Joules per kilogram degree Celsius (J/kgC) or calorie per gram degree Celcius (cal/gC) in which 1 cal = 4.186 J.

HEAT & ENERGY TRANSFER

Specific Heat Capacity: The energy input = mass x specific heat capacity x the change in temperature.
Q = mC T Wherein, Q is the heat or energy transfered in J m is the mass of the substance in kg C is the specific heat in J/kgK T is the change in heat in K

HEAT & ENERGY TRANSFER

Example 1 (Heat lost = Heat gained calculations) A 20g copper slug is heated to 120C and then placed in 100g of water contained in a foam calorimeter of negligible heat capacity. The water is stirred. The initial temperature of the water is 22C. To what temperature does the water rise? (Take C for copper = 385 J/kgK, water = 4181 J/kgK Answer: Heat lost by copper slug = Heat gained by water (mC T) copper = (mC T) water (0.02)(385)(120 T) = (0.1)(4181)(T-22) 924 -7.7T = 418.1T-9198.2 10122.2 = 425.8T T = 23.6 C

HEAT & ENERGY TRANSFER

Phase changes Material under normal conditions of temperature and pressure, occurs in one or more of the three phases: SOLID LIQUID GAS

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