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Paul University Philippines Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North SCHOOL OF HEALTH SCIENCES College of Medical Technology

DAY 1

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BASIC PHARMACOLOGY RN, BRYIANE P. MEDINA,

MAN Instructor
6/5/12

Learning Objectives
At the end of the session, the

students will be able to:

Discuss the scope of the science of

pharmacology Identify drug sources and provide an example of each Compare the significance of the drug nomenclature Identify controlled substances and pregnancy classifications 6/5/12 Describe the physical and chemical

What is Pharmacology ???

It is the science that deals with the

mechanism of action, uses, adverse effects and fate of drugs in animals and humans. It is concerned with the effects of drugs on living systems or their constituent components such as cells, cell membranes, cell organelles, enzymes and even 6/5/12 DNA.

Medical Pharmacology
is the science dealing with substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat diseases i.e. studying their nature, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic uses, adverse reactions, preparations and administration.
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Clinical Pharmacology
Study of drugs in humans This discipline includes study of drugs in patients as well as in healthy volunteers.

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Pharmacogenetics
This is the study of genetic influences on responses to drugs e.g. Familial idiosyncratic drug reactions ( affected individuals show an abnormal adverse response to a class of drug.) How each individual will respond to specific drugs
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Pharmacogenomics
It is the use of genetic information to guide the choice of drug therapy on an individual basis. On this principle, discovering which specific gene variations are associated with a good or poor therapeutic response to a particular drug should enable individual tailoring of therapeutic choices on the basis of an individuals genotype.
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Pharmacoepidemiol ogy
This is the study of drug effects at the

population level. It is concerned with the variability of drug effects between individuals in a population and between populations. Variability between individuals or populations has an adverse effect on the utility of a drug, even though its mean effect level may be satisfactory.
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Pharmacoeconomic s
This branch of health economics aims to

quantify in economic terms the cost and benefit of drugs used therapeutically. As with the pharmacoepidemiology, regulatory authorities are increasingly requiring economic analysis, as well as evidence of individual benefit, when making decisions on licensing.
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Pharmacodynamics
Study of the biochemical and

physiological effects of drugs Study of drugs mechanisms of action

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Pharmacokinetics
Study of the fate of a drug
absorption, distribution, biotransformation (metabolism) and excretion of drugs

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Pharmacotherapy
It is the use of drug treatment to cure a disease, delay a disease progression, alleviate the sign and / or symptoms of a disease, or facilitate non-pharmacologic therapeutic intervention as the use of general anesthesia prior and during major surgery.

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Pharmacognosy
Study of drugs derived from herbal and other natural sources

Toxicology
study of poisons and poisonings Deals with the toxic effects of substances on the living organisms
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Drugs
Any chemical substance that affects living systems by changing their structure or function.

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History
Early Civilizations
Disease was viewed with great superstition Prevention and treatment often directed to

driving away evil spirits and invoking magical powers Primitive cultures began to experiment plants Discovery of the first medicinal agents (alcohol and opium) Poisons to coat the tips of arrows and spears of ancient warriors (CURARE)
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History
Ancient Egypt
Cradle of pharmacology EBES PAPYRUS (written more than 3,000

years ago) listed more than 700 different remedies used to treat specific ailments HIPPOCRATES declared in Greece that knowledge about health and disease could only come through the study of natural laws leading to first systematic dissections of the human body.
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History
First Century
DIOSCORIDES prepared De Materica Medica

which scientifically described 600 different plants and classified them

16th Century
PARACELSUS Swiss scientist who first

advocated the use of single drugs rather than mixtures All things are poisons, for there is nothing without poisonous qualities. It is only the dose which makes a thing a poison. FATHER OF PHARMACOLOGY 6/5/12

History
17th Century
WILLIAM HARVEY English Physiologist first

began to explain how drugs exert their beneficial or harmful effects First demonstrated the circulation of blood in the body and introduced a new way of administration - INTRAVENOUS

19th Century Francois Magendie and Claude

Bernard (French Physiologists) demonstrated that certain drugs work at specific sites of action within the body
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History
Golden Age of Pharmacolog
Ehrlichs Discovery of Antibiotics Banting and Bests Discovery of

Insulin
THOUSANDS OF DRUGS

Developed in the 20th Century and to the present

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Major Uses of Drugs

1Symptomatic:
Relieve disease symptoms e.g. Aspirin...

2Preventative:

vaccine, Flu vaccine. 3Diagnostic: Help determine disease presence e.g. Radioactive dyes. 4Curative: Eliminate the cause of the disease e.g. antibiotics. 5Health Maintenance: Drugs for weight control. 6Contraceptive: 6/5/12

To avoid getting a disease e.g. Hepatitis B

Rational use of drugs

we usually consider the following* Effectiveness
Indications Action
nAll

members of health care team must exercise care to promote therapeutic effects and minimize drug induced harm

Safety
Contraindications Adverse drug reactions interactions with other drugs & food Route & dosage Other Cost availability of the drug Patient compliance Risk-benefit ratio 6/5/12

Concept no 1

Almost ALL DRUGS ARE POISONS The only thing that determines if a drug provides a benefit or kills a patient is how we administer it
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Concept II : Our Therapeutic Goal

To achieve drug concentrations at the site of action (target tissue)that are sufficiently high enoughto produce the intended effect without producing adverse drug

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Classification of Drugs
Therapeutic Classification

Is based on what the drug does clinically For example: Anticoagulants Antidepressants Antineoplastics

Pharmacologic Classification
More specific than therapeutic classification Requires understanding of biochemistry and physiology Based on how the drug produces its effect at molecular, tissue, or body-systems level e.g. Calcium-channel blockers Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs). 6/5/12

Further Classification of drugs

Therapeutic action
sub class. in view of e.g: Antibiotics Cell - wall inhibitors

Mechanism
B-lactam antibiotics

Chemistry Spectrum

o Pencillins o Cephalosporins Cephalosporin's are 6/5/12 classified as

Sources of Drugs
I-Natural: either

A- Organic:
Plants: alkaloids, glycosides, oils

(fixed or volatile),.. Animals: e.g. hormones, vitamins, vaccines and heparin. Micro-organisms: e.g. antibiotics as penicillin.

B-Inorganic:
minerals as iron, calcium &

antacids.

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Sources of Drugs
II- Synthetic:
A-Chemical synthesis: e.g. salicylates. B-Biological synthesis: by recombinant

DNA technology; insertion of the desired DNA into another DNA of a living cell to form recombinant DNA e.g. human insulin.

III- Semisynthetic:
As morphine derivatives, and some penicillin preparations.

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Some drug characteristics

Physicochemical characteristics: -Dosage form: Solid ; Liquid & Gaseous drugs
-Solubility: Hydrophilic , lipophilic

-Chemical structure: most are weak acids or bases. -Drug Size & Mol. Wt: Some are small simple molecules, others complex structures , Most drugs have molecular weights between 100 and 1,000 some drugs are chairal: L or D isomers.
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Drug Nomenclature
Chemical Name - describe chemical

structure (rarely seen in medical literature) Code Name - short letter-number combination used for experimental drugs Generic Name - a name assigned to drug that can be used by anyone (not proprietary) Trade Name - Proprietary name
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Example: Chemical name: 3-(10,11dihydro-5H-dibenz[b.f]-azepin-5yl) propyldimethylamine. Generic name: imipramine. Brand name: tofranil.

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Drug Nomenclature (Names)

Chemical Name
7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1methyl-5 phenyl 2H-1, 4benzodiazepin 2-one Ethyl 1-methyl 4-pheylisonipecotate hydrochloride

Generic Name Trade Name diazepam meperidine Valium Demerol

acetylsalicyclic aspirin

Ecotrin

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Schedules of Controlled Substances

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Schedules of Controlled Substances (cont.)

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Pregnancy Classifications
ANo risk demonstrated to the fetus in any

trimester BNo adverse effects in animalsno human studies C-Only given after risks to the fetus are consideredanimal studies show adverse reactions DDefinite fetal risks. Only given in life threatening situations XAbsolute fetal abnormalities
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Drug Administration Routes

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Drug Administration Routes (cont.)

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Parenteral Administration

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Others

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Others

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Properties of an Ideal Drug

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Properties of an Ideal Drug

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Properties of an Ideal Drug

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