The

Movement

Born: February 21,1940 The leader of The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) He joined the SNCC in 1961 in the freedom rides. Riders we people who traveled the South challenging segregation at interstate bus terminals. Due to all the death threats towards and beatings of the Riders, chairman Chuck McDew stepped down which then was when John Lewis was elected chairman. (1963-1966) Was arrested 24 times due to his protest. Helped plan and took part in the March on Washington. Bloody Sunday- led 525 marchers across the Pettus Bridge in Selma Alabama. State troopers attacked the marchers and the day went onto be known as Bloody Sunday. (March 7,1965) Awarded 2010 Medal of Freedom Currently serving 13th term as a Georgia congressman.

Was a educator as well as a huge influence as well as influence on southern race relations and a dominant figure in black public affairs from 1895 to his death. Was born a slave in Virginia. In 1881 founded Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute on the Hampton model in the Black Belt of Alabama. His autobiography Up From Slavery (1901), the founding of the National Negro Business League in 1900, Had a celebrated dinner at the White House in 1901, and control of patronage politics as chief black advisor to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. Faced growing black and white liberal opposition in the Niagara Movement (1905-9) and the NAACP (1909-). These were groups demanding civil rights and encouraging protest in response to white aggressions such as lynchings and other horrible things.

Born: July 2 , 1925 Served the military from 1935-1945 Set up local chapters of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Set up boycotts against gas stations that didnt let Blacks use their restrooms. Worked as a insurance agent until 1954 which was the year that segregation was declared unconstitutional. Applied to University of Mississippi Law School and was rejected. (Thought discrimination was the reason why) In 1962 he tried to get his friend admitted to the University of Mississippi. Was reject later got help from the government to help his friend get in. People of the University caused a riot and four people died. Evers was then not liked as a person he was then assassinated in front of his home. People of all colors and place went to his funeral. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. There is a Medgar Evers College in New York City. (1970)

Mary McLeod Bethune was the 15ht out of 17 children in her family and was the first of those children to be born free. (1863) She was awarded the Spingarn Medal in 1935. Awarded to the highest achieving American Negro of the previous year. The Little Rock Nine are the first black teenagers to attend all-white central high school in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957. Were escorted by the national guard after many failed attempts to attend due to safety reasons. One of the students, fifteen-year-old Elizabeth Eckford, said "I tried to see a friendly face somewhere in the mob. . . . I looked into the face of an old woman, and it seemed a kind face, but when I looked at her again, she spat at me.

African Americans struggled to get Civil Rights for years. From fighting for freedom from slavery to fighting for desegregation all around the country, African Americans fought for their civil rights. During WWII the US military was still segregated. It wasnt until 1948 that President Truman issued an executive order to desegregate the military. The segregation versus desegregation fight began. There were many white people that were for desegregation and many that wanted no part of it. The Jim Crow Laws that were originally created in 1876 were continuing to cause segregation around the country. The laws caused discriminated against African Americans with concern of public schools, use of facilities like restaurants, theaters, cinemas, hotels, and public bathrooms. Buses and trains were also segregated.

In 1896 the Jim Crow Laws were tested in the Plessey vs. Ferguson Case where the legality of segregation was established as long as facilities were separate but equal.

In the early 1950s the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) started concentrating on ending the segregation on trains and buses.

In 1952 the Supreme Court declared that segregation on inter-state railways was unconstitutional. Although this was created, many southern states continued to use their own policies of transport segregation. Any African American that disobeyed the segregation law was arrested and fined.

The next big step for African American Civil Rights was to get schools desegregated. In the 1954 case of Brown vs. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously against the separate but equal doctrine overturning the decision made in the 1896 Plessey vs. Ferguson case.
Primarily a voting rights bill, the Civil Rights Act of 1957 was the first Civil rights legislation enacted by Congress since the reconstitution after the American Civil War. This bill was created to ensure that all African Americans could exercise their right to vote.

The Civil Rights Act of 1960 was created to eliminate certain loopholes in the 1957 Act. This act was a US Federal Law that established federal inspection of local voter registration. It also introduced penalties for anyone who obstructed someones attempt to register to vote or to vote.

Finally in 1964, President Johnson worked with Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act. This act was very important because it outlawed major forms of discrimination against African Americans and women. This included racial segregation. This act ended racial segregation in schools, in the workplace, and in public facilities.

The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was one of the leading non-violent organizations that spearheaded the 1960s civil rights movement. Although it had been in existence in Chicago for two decades, it was not until the early 1960s that the organization became highly visible and reached its peak, establishing local chapters across the country. Seattle CORE became one of the organizations most ambitious and successful chapters. During the 1960s, Seattle CORE helped support the organizations national campaigns and undertook many projects to fight local discrimination in employment, housing, and education. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), an organization of African American ministers, formed in January 1957, shortly after the success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. With Martin Luther King, Jr. as its president, the SCLC promoted nonviolent protest and spearheaded civil rights campaigns in Southern towns like Birmingham and Selma. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was founded in April 1960, by young people who had emerged as leaders of the sit-in protest movement initiated on February 1 of that year by four black college students in Greensboro, North Carolina. Although Martin Luther King, Jr. and others had hoped that SNCC would serve as the youth wing of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC),the students remained ercely independent of King and SCLC, generating their own projects and strategies. Although ideological differences eventually caused SNCC and SCLC to be at odds, the two organizations worked side by side throughout the early years of the civil rights movement.

Black Muslims:
The Black Muslims were a religious movement that were preemptive to the Nation of Islam. In 1976 the Black Muslims divided into the Nation of Islam and the American Muslim Mission. The Black Muslims started in the 1930's with a man named W. D. Fard. Followers believed he was Allah himself. In 1934 he mysteriously disappeared and Elijah Muhammad took over. When Muhammad died in 1975, his son took over. The Black Muslims were popular amongst poor African Americans and prison inmates.

The civil rights movement began in the 1930's and 40's but picked in the 1960's. One law system that was put into place to help abolish segregation was the affirmative action laws.. ExecOrder 10925- 1961- no discrimination do to race, religion, color, or national background in government founded positions Civil rights act- 1964- Outlawed discrimination of women, Blacks and other minorities. this act also outlawed many of the Jim crow laws in the south and helped to desegregate most of the united states EcecOrder 11246-1965- no discrimination do to sex in government founded positions and jobs that revived federal grants The Philadelphia order- 1969- was created by Nixon to help blacks and minorities get jobs in construction. these jobs were controlled by unions, and for blacks and minorities, were hard to obtain. This order created quotas that needed to be filled and allowed blacks and minorities to gain entrance into these positions Opponents to these acts said that they were not leveling the playing field but making it unfair for whites to edge out blacks when quotas have yet to be filled. In a 1978 supreme court case,regents of the University of California v. Bakke,a UC med student was turned down twice because the number of minorities that needed to be let in fill the limit of excepted students. The minorities that were let in had lower test scores then he did but were let in over him. This lead to a ruling of flexible quotas for applicants. In cases like these president were set and used to solve other problems with the system.

In 1960 200,000 African Americans were enrolled in college that number doubles in 1970 to 400,000

1. When you think of the civil rights, what is the first thing that comes to mind? In terms of history.
2. Imagine the world today, think about how race is viewed in America. Now think about what today's society would be like if the civil rights movement didn't happen. If Martin Luther King Jr. was never born. What would today look like? What would schools look like? What would work society look like? 3. Look at your family; specifically your grandparents and think about what they have gone through in life. They have lived through the civil rights movement and maybe they were for segregation. Who knows? How do your views on civil rights differ from your grandparents? For example: Views on gay marriage.

4.How has the environment that you have grow up in influenced your view on race in society? For example: When you go into New York City or even Boston , how do you view the blacks and Hispanics? Do look at them the same as you would someone with the same color skin or not? Do you think because you've grown up in a predominantly white society, your views have been swayed to look at one race to be a better than all the others?