KIDNEY

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Kidney
Kidney (renal) is the main excretory

organ in human.The organ is located in the left and right sides of waist.There are two kidneys and they are covered byy protection membrane composed of fat.

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Anatomy Structure
Renal capsule Cortex Medulla Artery Vein Hillus Ureter Pelvis
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Renal capsule
The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer

surrounding the kidney and covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. following order (moving from innermost to outermost):

The renal capsule relates to the other layers in the

1.renal medulla 2.renal cortex 3.renal capsule 4.perinephric fat (or "perirenal fat")
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Cortex
Cortex is the oter layer containing

Malphigian body, proximal tubules, and distal tubules

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Medulla
Medulla is component of kidney that

consist of collecting tubules and Henles loop.

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Artery
An artery is an elastic blood vessel

that transports blood away

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Vein
carry blood from the heart to the

lungs where the blood picks up oxygen. The oxygen rich blood is then returned to the heart via the veins

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Hillus
Hilum is where the veins in the

pulmonary artery, bronchus and lymph channels into the paru2, of the hilum can be followed cabang2 of the pulmonary artery in which the smaller paru2 towards the peripheral

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Ureter
The ureter is a muscular cylindrical

channels that conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The length of the ureter is about 20-30 cm with a
maximum diameter of about 1.7 cm near the bladder and runs from the hilum of the kidney to the bladder. The ureter is divided into pars abdominalis, pelvis, and intravesikalis
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Pelvis
The pelvis, derived from the Latin

word for 'basin', is an anatomical structure found in humans (see human pelvis) and in other animals. It contains a large compound bone structure at the base of the spine, which is connected with the legs or rear limbs. This bony structure is called the pelvis skeleton or bony pelvis, and consists of os coxa, 6/6/12 sacrum and coccyx.

Function
The kidney participates in

whole-body homeostasis, regulating acid-base balance, electrolyte concentrations, extracellular fluid volume, and regulation of blood pressure. The kidney accomplishes these homeostatic functions both independently and in concert
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Disorder
Nephritis is a disorder caused by infection in nephron Polyuria is a condition characterized by the excessive

amount of dilute urine caused by nephron failure to conduct reabsorption

Kidney stone is a calcium residue in kidney cavity,

kidney tract,or urinary bladder

Kidney failure is a failure of kidney in doing its

functions

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Nephritis

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Polyuria

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Kidney Stone

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Kidney Failure

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Treatment Choice: Kidney Transplantation

Purpose

Kidney transplantation surgically places a healthy kidney from another person into your body. The donated kidney does enough of the work that your two failed kidneys used to do to keep you healthy and symptom free.

How Kidney Transplantation Works

A surgeon places the new kidney inside your lower abdomen and connects the artery and vein of the new kidney to your artery and vein. Your blood flows through the donated kidney, which makes urine, just like your own kidneys did when they were healthy. The new kidney may start working right away or may take up to a few weeks to make urine. Unless your own kidneys are causing infection or high blood pressure, they are left in place.

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Kidney Transplantation

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Getting Ready The transplantation process has many

steps. First, talk with your doctor because transplantation isn't for everyone. You could have a condition that would make transplantation dangerous or unlikely to succeed.

You may receive a kidney from a

deceased donor-a person who has recently died-or from a living donor. A living donor may be related or 6/6/12

The Time Kidney Transplantation Takes How long you'll have to wait for a kidney varies. Because there aren't enough deceased donors for every person who needs a transplant, you must be placed on a waiting list. However, if a voluntary donor gives you a kidney, the transplant can be scheduled as soon as you're both ready. Avoiding the long wait is a major advantage of living donation. The surgery takes 3 to 4 hours. The usual hospital stay is about a week. After you leave the hospital, you'll have regular follow-up visits. In a living donation, the donor will probably stay in the hospital about the same amount of time. However, a new technique for removing a kidney for donation uses a smaller incision and may make it possible for the donor to leave the hospital in 2 to 3 days. Between 85 and 90 percent of transplants from deceased donors are working 1 year after surgery. Transplants from living relatives often work better than transplants from unrelated or deceased donors because they're usually a closer match.

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Possible Complications Transplantation is the closest thing to a cure. But no matter how good the match, your body may reject your new kidney. A common cause of rejection is not taking medication as prescribed. Your doctor will give you medicines called immunosuppressants to help prevent your body's immune system from attacking the kidney, a process called rejection. You'll need to take immunosuppressants every day for as long as the transplanted kidney is functioning. Sometimes, however, even these medicines can't stop your body from rejecting the new kidney. If this happens, you'll go back to some form of dialysis and possibly wait for another transplant. Immunosuppressants weaken your immune system, which can lead to infections. Some medicines may also change your appearance. Your face may get fuller; you may gain weight or develop acne or facial hair. Not all patients have these problems, though, and diet and makeup can help. Immunosuppressants work by diminishing the ability of immune cells to function. In some patients, over long periods of time, this diminished immunity can increase the risk of developing cancer. Some immunosuppressants can cause cataracts, diabetes, extra stomach acid, high blood pressure, and bone disease. When used over time, these drugs may also cause liver or kidney damage in a few patients.

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Diet for Kidney Transplantation Diet for transplant patients is less limited than it is for dialysis patients, although you may still have to cut back on some foods. Your diet will probably change as your medicines, blood values, weight, and blood pressure change. You may need to count calories. Your medicine may give you a bigger appetite and cause you to gain weight. You may have to eat less salt. Your medications may cause your body to retain sodium, leading to high blood pressure.

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Pros and Cons Kidney transplantation has advantages and disadvantages. See the list below. Kidney Transplantation Pros + A transplanted kidney works like a normal kidney. + You may feel healthier and "more normal." + You have fewer diet restrictions. + You won't need dialysis. + Patients who successfully go through the selection process have a higher chance of living a longer life. Cons - It requires major surgery. - You may need to wait for a donor. - Your body may reject the new kidney, so one transplant may not last a lifetime. - You'll need to take immunosuppressants, which may cause complications

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 In medicine, dialysis (from

Dialysis

Greek dialusis, meaning dissolution, dia, meaning through, and lysis, meaning loosening or splitting) is a process for removing waste and excess water from the blood, and is used primarily to provide an artificial replacement for lost kidney function in people with renal failure. Dialysis may be used for those with an acute disturbance in kidney function (

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Process
Filtration Reabsorption Augmentation

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Filtration
Kidney Filtration In the nephron, approximately 20

percent of the blood gets filtered under pressure through the walls of The glomerular the glomerular capillaries and capillaries, Bowman's capsule. The filtrate is peritubular capillaries and the (sodium, composed of water, ions Bowman's capsule are all potassium, chloride), glucose and integral to the small proteins (less than 30,000 filtration process. 6/6/12

Reabsorption

Reabsorption is the process to reabsorp the substances that still remain in blood after having filtration.The primary urine which leaves Bowmans capsule flows into tubules through capillary vessel and undergoes reabsorption

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Augmentation

Augmentation is the process of adding K+,NH3,and H+ions in the secondary urine reside distal controtus tubules.The result is urine that will be put in the collecting tubules.

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