MICROWAVE AND RADAR ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT 2

GROUP MEMBERS S.GOWTHAM(09L225) K.KARTHEKEYEN(09L230) R.SANDEEP(09L253) P.R.SANJAY(09L254) R.SANTHOSH(09L255) R.FAZIL AHAMED(10L422)

VSWR
VSWR is a measurement of the ratio of the maximum voltage of a standing wave pattern on a transmission line to the minimum voltage on the line. The standing wave pattern is developed as a result of the interaction of the forward traveling wave with the reflected traveling wave, where the magnitude of the reflected traveling wave is related to the degree to which the load is mismatched to the characteristic impedance of the transmission system.

IN LINE POWER METERS

In this method VSWR is measured from the forward and reflected traveling wave (forward and reflected power) using in-line directional power meters. The directional power meters are carefully selected for specific applications according to signal type, frequency, and power range. There are several important considerations when making these measurements. some of these are Power Meter Accuracy, Power Meter Dynamic Range, Power Meter Directivity, Signal Type, Location

 Power Meter Accuracy - When using a directional power meter (reflectometer) for VSWR measurement, the VSWR value is based upon the values of forward and reflected power according to the following formula:

Where, PR and PF are values of forward and reflected power as determined by the power meter. Based upon the above formula, it is clear that the basic accuracy of the power meter will have a direct effect upon the VSWR measurement

IMPEDENCE MEASUREMENTS
The recent method of measuring the impedance is by using DSP algorithms The digital signal processing algorithms are based on ellipse fitting for the extraction of the acquired sine signal parameters so that magnitude and phase of impedance can be measured Algorithms efficiency can be improved by enabling acquisition of a large number of

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Characteristics of IA amplifier: Very low DC offset. Low drift. Low noise. Very high open loop gain. Very high CMRR. Very high input impedance. The ellipse fitting algorithm fits an ellipse to two sets of simultaneously acquired sine signal samples through two channels of an ADC.

Power measurements
The recent development used for measuring power is the power meter method. It consists of a balanced bridge circuit in which one of the arms is the bolometer. The microwave power applied to this arm will change the bolometer resistance causing an unbalance in the bridge. There will be a slight deflection in the galvanometer from its initial stable position. The non zero output is recorded on a voltmeter which is calibrated to read the level of the input microwave power.

 The main disadvantage with using a single bridge are i. change of resistance due to mismatch at the microwave input port results in incorrect reading. ii. The thermistor is sensitive to changes in the ambient temperature resulting in false reading. These problems are overcome by using double identical bridges i. Upper bridge measures the microwave power and the lower bridge compensates the effect of ambient temperature variation

REFERENCE

Frequency Control Symposium, 1995. 49th.,

Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on May 2009 Cambridge Journals Online Microwave Engineering by Annapurna Das