Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
MOHD FIRDAUS BIN KAMURI DEPARTMENT OF PIPING KKTM KEMAMAN Email: firdaus@kktmkmaman.edu.my Download PowerPoint at www.facebook.com/M. Firdaus B Kamuri www.slideshare.net/MFirdausKamuri
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After completing this subject, student should be able to: 1. Describe the onshore and offshore processes. 2. Identify the different types of upstream facilities. 3. Discuss the processes in different types of facilities.
The picture shows a well equipped with a sucker rod pump (donkey pump) often associated with onshore oil production
Layout
Production separators
The main separators are gravity type. As mentioned the production choke reduces will pressure to the HP manifold and First stage separator to about 3-5 MPa (30-50 times atmospheric pressure). Inlet temperature is often in the range of 100-150 degrees C. the well stream is colder due to Subsea wells and risers. The pressure is often reduced in several stages; here three stages are used, to allow controlled separation of volatile components. The purpose is to achieve maximum liquid recovery and stabilized oil and gas, and separate water. A large pressure reduction in a single separator will cause flash vaporization leading to instabilities and safety hazards. The retention period is typically 5 minutes, allowing the gas to bubble out, water to settle at the bottom and oil to be taken out in the middle. In this platform the water cut (percentage water in the well flow) is almost 40% which quite high. In the first stage separator, the water content is typically reduced to less than 5%.
Production separators
Production separators
At the crude entrance there is a baffle slug catcher that will reduce the effect of slugs (Large gas bubbles or liquid plugs). However some turbulence is desirable as this will release gas bubbles faster than a laminar flow. The liquid outlets from the separator will be equipped with vortex breakers to reduce disturbance on the liquid table inside. This is basically a flange trap to break any vortex formation and ensure that only separated liquid is tapped off and not mixed with oil or water drawn in though these vortices. Similarly the gas outlets are equipped with demisters, essentially filters that will remove liquid droplets in the gas.
Production separators
Other types of separators such as vertical separators, cyclones (centrifugal separation) can be use to save weight, space or improve separation.There also has to be a certain minimum pressure difference between each stage to allow satisfactory performance in the pressure and level control loops.
Coalescer
Coalescer After the third stage separator, the oil can go to a coalescer for final removal of water. In this unit the water content can be reduced to below 0.1%. The coalescer is completely filled with liquid: water at the bottom and oil on top. Inside electrodes form an electric field to break surface bonds between conductive water and isolating oil in an oil water emulsion. The coalescer field plates are generally steel, sometimes covered with dielectric material to prevent short circuits. The critical field strength in oil is in the range 0.2 to 2 kV/cm. Field intensity and frequency as well as the coalescer grid layout is different for different manufacturers and oil types
Electrostatic Desalter
Electrostatic Desalter If the separated oil contains unacceptable amounts of salts, it can be removed in an electrostatic desalter (Not used in the Njord example) The salts, which may be Sodium, Calcium or Magnesium chlorides comes from the reservoir water and is also dissolved in the oil. The desalters will be placed after the first or second stage separator depending on Gas Oil Ratio (GOR) and Water cut.
Water treatment
Water treatment
Water treatment Water from the separators and coalescers first goes to a sand cyclone, which removes most of the sand. The sand is further washed before it is discharged. The water then goes to a hydrocyclone, a centrifugal separator that will remove oil drops. The hydrocyclone creates a standing vortex where oil collects in the middle and water is forced to the side. Finally the water is collected in the water de-gassing drum. Dispersed gas will slowly rise to the surface and pull remaining oil droplets to the surface by flotation. The surface oil film is drained, and the produced water can be discharged to sea. Recovered oil in the water treatment system is typically recycled to the third stage separator.
Heat exchangers
For the compressor operate in an efficient way, the temperature of the gas should be low. The lower the temperature is the less energy will be used to compress the gas for a given final pressure and temperature. However both gas from separators and compressed gas are relatively hot. This ends up as a temperature increase. Temperature exchangers of various forms are used to cool the gas. Plate heat exchangers consist of a number of plates where the gas and cooling medium pass between alternating plates in opposing directions. Tube and shell exchangers place tubes inside a shell filled with of cooling fluid. The cooling fluid is often pure water with corrosion inhibitors.
Satellite platform
Conductor support systems, also known as conductor supported systems or satellite platforms, are installations which are small unmanned platforms consisting of little more than a well bay, and a small process plant. They are designed to operate in conjunction with a static production platform which is connected to the platform by flow lines and/or by Umbilical cable.
7.4 Floaters
The original neutrally buoyant floating structures are ships and barges and these vessels are subjected to substantial heave, pitch and roll motions detrimental to offshore operations in intermediate to harsh environment. Considering the green water on the deck and the undesirable motions. an innovation was introduced to separate the deck from the vessel and keep the major portion of the vessel buoyancy away from the water surface. This gave rise to the innovation of semi-submersible. The three-column Sedco 135 semisubmersible is a good example of not only precluding green water and minimising motions but also providing adequate positive stability through the use of large-diameter legs far enough apart.
Spar DTU
A spar is a deep-draft floating caisson, which is a hollow cylindrical structure similar to a very large buoy. Its four major systems are hull, moorings, topsides, and risers. The spar relies on a traditional mooring system (that is, anchor-spread mooring) to maintain its position. About 90 percent of the structure is underwater. Historically, spars were used as marker buoys, for gathering oceanographic data, and for oil storage. The spar design is now being used for drilling, production, or both. The distinguishing feature of a spar is its deep-draft hull, which produces very favorable motion characteristics compared to other floating concepts. Low motions and a protected centerwell also provide an excellent configuration for deepwater operations. Water depth capability has been stated by industry as ranging up to 10,000 ft.
Spar DTU
Semi submersible
A semisubmersible or semi-submersible is a marine vessel that is configured with large buoyant pontoon structures below the water surface and long columns through the water surface supporting a platform at a significant height. Such a vessel may be able to transition from a deep to a shallow draft by deballasting (removing water ballast from the hull), and thereby become a surface vessel. The heavy lift vessels use this capability to submerge the majority of their structure, locate beneath another floating vessel, and then deballast to pickup the other vessel as a cargo. With its hull structure submerged at a deep draft, the semisubmersible is less affected by wave loadings than a normal ship. With a small water-plane area however, the semisubmersible is sensitive to load changes, and therefore must be carefully trimmed to maintain stability.
Semi submersible
Mobile platform
Mobile offshore drilling unit (MODU) Offshore drilling typically refers to the discovery and development of oil and gas resources which lie underwater through drilling a well. Most commonly, the term is used to describe oil extraction off the coasts of continents, though the term can also apply to drilling in lakes and inland seas
Mobile platform
Mobile offshore production unit (MOPU) The MOPU comprises the hull and topside facilities. The hull includes all facilities and equipment that would normally be supplied with a mobile jack-up unit including jacking systems, legs, foundations, accommodations, helideck and utilities. The topsides facility will include all equipment required for processing hydrocarbon fluids from the reservoir. The topsides facility will contain processing equipment to separate, measure, dehydrate, and sweeten the raw gas. Acid gas and water handling equipment will also be installed on the MOPU
Mobile platform
Sub-sea facilities
Sub Sea Test Tree (SSTT) The purpose of the sub sea test tree (SSTT) is to provide a primary safety system to control tubing pressure and to provide a means to rapidly and safely disconnect from the well should adverse conditions occur. All of the major testing contractors have sub sea test tree safety systems and various configurations exist to suit the requirements of the planned operation. In common, all sub sea test trees consist of two valves for control of tubing pressure. These may be either independent dual ball valves or an independent ball.
Sub-sea facilities