System Model

Sit h g yt m w in Sse c S S AC U

VR L Oe t r h nt ok e rs w Bs S t n yt m ae t io Sse a

HR L

E I R

GS MC

MC S

BS S
BC S NCn OC M ad M

S nlin tas isio iga gr nms n Cllcnet n ad a oncios n s nlin tas isio iga gr nms n
BS T

M S
9069 844

Network elements in GSM

PLMN PSTN ISDN GMSC

AUC

HLR

EIR

VLR MSC

BSC

BTS

MS

AUC HLR EIR

Mobile identity SIM card

GMSC

SA1
MSC

VLR

SA2
MSC

VLR

BSC BSC

BSC BSC BTS

LA1

LA2

SA - Service Area LA - Location Area BTS - Base Transceiver Station BSC - Base Station Controller MSC - Mobile Switching Center VLR - Visitor Location Register GMSC - Gateway MSC EIR - Equipment Identity Register AUC - Authentication Center HLR - Home Location Register

Base Station System

BSC BTS

Base Station System

BSS in Ericssons GSM Systems

BSC/ TRC

RBS

RBS

MSC

TRC

BSC

SS BSS

9000 855

Transmission Rates in BSS

RBS RBS RBS RBS 16 Kb/s full-rate

BSC
RBS RBS

MSC/ VLR

BSC/ TRC
64 kbits/s per call RBS RBS

16 Kb/s full-rate

RBS

RBS

BSC

MSC/ VLR

TRC

16 Kb/s full-rate

RBS

RBS 33.8 Kb/s per full-rate call

BSC
64 kbits/s per call RBS 16 Kb/s full-rate RBS

Switching System

S S

AC U HR L

IL R E IR
S S MC M- S G S S MC M- S IW

GS MC

DI T

MC S/ VR L

VLR-HLR Interaction

H L R
e e lt e D
U p d a t e

M S C /R V L

M S C /R V L

99 89 0 5 0

Mobile Station

SIM Subscriber Identity Module

ME Mobile Equipment

9600279

GSM interfaces

B VR L

G VR L

D U m M S BS T A is b BC S A C MC S HR L H AC U

E MC S F E IR

9046 605

A Cell

Cell

9600270

Macro, Mini, Micro and Indoor Cells

Macro Antenna positions

Mini

Pico

Micro

MSC Service Area

LA3
MSC

LA1
VLR

LA4

cell 6 cell 1 cell 5

LA5

cell 4 cell 2 cell 3

9600271

Relation Between Areas in GSM

GSM Service Area PLMN Service Area (one per operator) MSC Service Area Location Area Cell

9600367

"Hardware" view of a Sample Network

MSC Service Area 2 MSC Service Area 1 BSC 1C BSC 2C

BSC 1B

BSC 2B

BSC 2A PSTN AUC GMSC ILR BSC 1A MSC/VLR 1 HLR EIR

MSC/VLR 2

MSC Boundary BSC Boundary PCM Links Base Station

LEGEND

"Software" view of a Sample Network

MSC Service Area 2 MSC Service Area 1 LA 1-B LA 2-A Cell 2-A-25

LA 2-B LA 2-C LA 1-A LA 2-D PSTN AUC GMSC ILR MSC/VLR 1 HLR EIR MSC/VLR 2

MSC Boundary BSC Boundary PCM Links Base Station

LEGEND

Authentication Procedure
1. RAND

MSC/VLR

3. SRES MS 2. MS calculates SRES using RAND + Ki (SIM-card) throug A3 and Kc using RAND+Ki through A8. MSC/VLR MS RAND SRES Mobile service Switching Center Mobile Station Random number Signed Response

4. Compare SRES received from MS with SRES in triplet. If they are equal access is granted.

Authentication in GSM
AUC
Random number (RAND) Signal response (SRES)

HLR

Subscriber number (IMSI) Code key (Ki)

RAND / SRES

VLR
RAND

MSC
SRES

Figure D.6.4

Equipment Identification

3. Check IMEI

1. IMEI request

EIR
4. Access/barring info

MSC/VLR
2. IMEI MS IMEI International Mobile station Equipment Identity EIR Equipment Identity Register MSC/VLR Mobile services Switching Center

OSS

CNA

OSS Provides Central Supervision of all Network

Oeaio a d pr t n n S p otSse upr yt m

NC M

OC M

OC M

HR L

MC S BC S TC R

A C IR U /E

BS T
9065 844

SOG and BGW

Gateway products for billing information and service

GSM Modes

Operation Overview
Roaming Detached (Off) Idle Paging
Mr. Bond!!

Attached (On)

Handover Busy

Roaming
L1 A

MC L S/ R V

L2 A

MC L S/ R V

9025 607

The RBS Listening for Channel Requests and Measuring the Uplink on an Established Connection
Access burst! Signal strength! Quality! Timing!

MS

MS MS MS

RBS

Monitoring BCCH Carriers

GSM Frequency Bands

GSM 900 GHz 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

GSM 1800 GSM 1900 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0

9805092

Frequency bands for the different GSM-based networks. (Values within brackets refer to E-GSM)

Network type
GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900

Frequency band UL/DL

(880)890-915/(925)935-960 MHz 1710 - 1785/1805 -1880 MHz 1850 - 1910/1930 -1990 MHz

Ericssons Implementations
GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900

Uplink and Downlink on a Radio Channel

Downlink

Uplink

9804646

System Parameters
up link down link

f
Carrier spacing Duplex spacing Bandwidth spacing

Duplex Distance

Ulin pk Mz H Dp xDt ne4 Mz ule isac ( 5 H ) Bnwt ( x2 Mz ad id 2 5 H) h 80 9 95 1

Dwlin on k 95 3 90 6

9002 854

Duplex distances for different frequency bands

S t a n d a r d D u p l e x d i s t .

GG G S S S MM M 9 0 1 8 0 1 9 0 4 5 M5 H 9 z M8 H 0 z M H z

Carrier Separation

Mz H CrieSpr t n20 H) ar r eaa ( 0 Kz io

85 9. 4

85 9. 6

9001 854

Neighboring Cells Cannot Have the Same Frequency (Simplified)

B G A F E D F C G A

9600368

TDMA

Frequency 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

9805008

Basic TDMA frame, timeslot, and burst structures

41m . 5s 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Da a t

T in g r in a

Da a t

5 7

2 6

5 7

Br t u s 18 it 4B s

16 5 it 5. B 2 s 07m . 7s 5

9029 725

Analog Signal

9805018

Digital Signal

9805019

A/D Conversion

Analog A/D Conversion

Digital

9600371

Analog Signal Sampling

Ts

Analogue signal

Sampling

Sampled signal

9600372

Regeneration of Digital Signal

Transmitted

Received

Regenerated

9805020

Quantization
q 7 Smle apd v lu ae
}

Qatiz d un e v lu ae

q 6 q 5

D Qatiz der r = u n e ro

q 4

q 3 T s q 2 q 1 q 0 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s 8s T T T T T T T tim e

Parameters that are important for GSM

Path loss Shadowing Rayleigh fading Signal strength Time dispersion Time Alignment

Problems
Fading
Distance Shadowing Rayleigh

Solution
Eventually leading to handover Make a better coverage of the cell or smaller cells Antenna diversity- two antennas on the BS, 5-6 m apart Repeated change of frequencies after each frame

Shadowing

9600377

Rx Signal Strength

S(B Sd )

Gblm n a e loa e vlu a

Fd g ipRy ig) ain d ( ale h Fd g ain mg a in r Rcivrsnit it ee e esivy

Dt nemes isac ( e r ) t

9030 608

Rx Signal Strength Versus Distance

Pt los( a s h S n l le e (d ) ig a v l B

Lg om o nr a l f dg ain ( )

Ry ig f d gale hain ()

lo ( isac) gd t ne

Rayleigh Fading

Reuse distance and carrier-to-interference ratio

S (dB) S(A,f1)

A S(B,f1)

C I

>18 dB in analog systems >7 dB in digital systems

Reuse distance for f1

Figure D.5.4

Distance from A

Co-channel interference
Speech quality

f1 A

f1

Acceptable

Figure D.5.3

Time Dispersion
1 0 1 0

0 1 1 1

1.

2.

3.

The Time Alignment Problem

TDMA-frame

TS0

TS1

TS2

A. B.

B. Far away from BTS

BTS

A. Close to BTS

Intermodulation in a 900 MHz cellular system

D u p le x d is ta n c e ( D ) R X ban d
890 900 910 920 930 940

T X b and
950 9 60 M H z

A llo c a t e d R X b a n d ( B ) ( 1 0 M H z in I M7 t h is e x a m p le )

A llo c a t e d T X b a n d ( B ) ( 1 0 M H z in th is e x a m p le ) I M5 I M3

Intermodulation (IM) in cellular systems

System GSM900 DCS1800 PCS1900 NMT450 Duplex distance, D, (MHz) 45 95 80 10 Maximum band, B, (MHz) to avoid IM order: IM3 22.5 47.5 40.0 5.0 Definitions:
IM3, IM5, etc.=Intermodulation products of 3rd, 5th, etc., D = Duplex distance (MHz) B = Allocated band (MHz) Worst case = IM from the lowest and the highest frequencies in the allocated band

IM5 15.0 31.7 26.7 3.3

IM7 11.3 23.8 20.0 2.5

IM9 9.0 19.0 16.0 2.0

Worst-case relations IM3 in Rx band if D/B < 2 IM5 in Rx band if D/B < 3 IM7 in Rx band if D/B < 4 IM9 in Rx band if D/B < 5

Co-Channel Interference
Carrier f1 Interference f1 dB

Distance

Adjacent Channel Interference

Carrier f1 dB Adjacent f2 f2 = f1 + 200 kHz

-9 dB 3 dB

Distance

Locating the BTS close to the reflecting object to combat ISI

D1

D2

D0

Pointing the antenna away from the reflecting object to combat ISI

Mti oa un n

Swa n ieih t n t t na e pt g a oi ay i nw n

Channel Coding

50

Very important bits

Block coder

53 bits 1:2 Convolutional Coder

378 bits 456

132 Important bits

4 Tail bits

78

Not so important bits

9805016

Space Diversity
Tx Rx Received Signal Level Receiver Sensivity Level

No Diversity

Receiver A

Tx Rx (A) Rx (B)
Receiver B

Antenna Diversity

Diversity System Output

A, B combined

Interleaving

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

message blocks

interleaving

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4

interleaved message blocks

9600529

Received Interleaved Message Blocks

1 X 3 4 1 X 3 4 1 X 3 4 1 X 3 4

9805021

Frequency Hopping
D o w n lin k C 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

U p link C 1

3 N

N + 1 T D M A fra m e no .

D o w n lin k C 2

U p link C 2

3 N

N + 1 T D M A fra m e no .

Timing Advance
S ta rt S e n d in g

T im e

S y n c h r o n iz a tio n

tim e

9 6 0 0 5 3 8

Segmentation and Speech Coding

Speech Signal 20 ms 01100011000111110011100 Speech Code

9600522

Interleaving of 20 ms of Encoded Speech

1 9 17 25 I I I I I I I I I I I I 449

2 10 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 450

3 11 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 451

4 12 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 452

5 13 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 453

6 14 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 454

7 15 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 455

8 16 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 456

5 7 b its

8 b lo c k s

9600531

Speech Frame

A
20 ms speech 456 bits = 8x57

B
20 ms speech 456 bits = 8x57

C
20 ms speech 456 bits = 8x57

D
20 ms speech 456 bits = 8x57

9600532

Second Level of Interleaving

A/8 A/8 A/8 A/8 B/8 B/8 B/8 B/8 C/8 C/8 C/8 C/8 D/8 D/8 D/8
9600534

A/8 A/8 A/8 A/8 B/8 B/8 B/8 B/8 C/8 C/8 C/8

GSM Transmission Process

Mobile equipment GSM Network Speaker

Transmitter Modulator 33.8 kbit/s Burst formatting Ciphering Interleaving 22.8 kbit/s Channel coding 13 kbit/s Speech coding Segmentation 8 kHz 13 bits A/D-conversion Microphone Transmitting part

Receiver Demodulator Adaptive Equalization De-ciphering De-interleaving Channel decoding Speech decoding D/A-conversion Receiving part

Receiver Demodulator Adaptive Equalization De-ciphering De-interleaving Channel Decoding Receiving part

Transmitter Modulator Burst formatting Ciphering Interleaving Channel coding 13 kbit/s D/D-conversion 8 kHz 8 bits 64 kbit/s PCM Transmitting part

9600539

GPRS Logical Architecture

Um

BTS
Abis A

ISDN/ PSTN

BSS
TE MT

GMSC MSC/VLR
Gs

EIR
Gf

BSC
Gb

MS
Traffic and signaling Signaling TE MT MS BSS BTS BSC GMSC Terminal Equipment Mobile Terminal Mobile Station Base Station System Base Transceiver Station Base Station Controller Gateway Mobile Services Switching Center MSC Mobile services Switching Center VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register AUC Authentication Center EIR Equipment Identity Register SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node Um Air Interface A, Abis Interfaces (GSM) Gx Interfaces (GPRS)

AUC
Gr

SGSN
Gn

HLR External IP Network (Internet) GGSN

Gi

IP-Backbone Network
Gp

External IP Network (Corporate LAN)

Other PLMN

External X.25 Network