COGNITIVE ERGONOMIC

Bayu Wijasena KESELAMATAN & KESEHATAN KERJA FKM UNDIP

Factors influencing risk acceptance

Schematic of French, Rogers and Cobbs theory of personenvironment (PE) fit

DISPLAY & CONTROL

DISPLAY Peristiwa yang memberi informasi tentang keadaan yang sedang / sudah terjadi Transfer informasi dari lingkungan ke manusia/ pekerja Baik bila : cepat, tepat dan sensitif

Desain Display Kecepatan, ketepatan & sensitivitas maksimal Kesalahan alat minimal Jarak diplay dan pemakai optimal
Tipe Display Berdasar sifat Gambar : TV, gambar Simbol : speedoeter, thermometer

Berdasar fungsi Kualitatif : membedakan kondisi on-off, buka tutup Kuantitatif : jarum, digital Berdasar tampilan Dial : petunjuk & skala Indikator : tanpa jarum Warning device

The four cardinal rules for displays are: 1.Give information which is essential for adequate job performance. 2.Information only as accurately as is required for the operators decisions and actions. 3.Present information in the most direct, simple, understandable and usable form. 4.Failure or malfunction of the display itself will be immediately obvious.

Macam Display
1. Visual Display : kualitas, kuantitas maksimal; dikotomi; compatibility; coding Contoh : TV, speedometer 2. Auditory Display menarik, berbeda dengan yang lain Contoh : sirene, bel

3. Tactual Display memanfaatkan getaran & impuls listrik Contoh : Braile, knob 4. Olfactory Display alat tanda bahaya/ peringatan menggunakan gas
Prinsip umum : sederhana, tepat, efektif, menarik, mudah dimengerti, format pas

LABEL & WARNING

Table 29.13.
Orientation

Guidelines for labels

A label and the information printed on it shall be oriented horizontally so that it can be read quickly and easily. (Note that this applies if the operator is used to reading horizontally, as in Western countries.) A label shall be placed on or very near the item that it identifies. Placement of all labels shall be consistent throughout the equipment and system. A label shall primarily describe the function (what does it do) of the labelled item.

Location Standardization Equipment functions Abbreviations

Common abbreviations may be used. If a new abbreviation is necessary, its meaning should be obvious to the reader. The same abbreviation shall be used for all tenses and for the singular and plural forms of a word. Capital letters shall be used, periods normally omitted. The label inscription shall be as concise as possible without distorting the intended meaning or information. The texts shall be unambiguous, redundancy minimized.

Brevity

Familiarity
Visibility and legibility

Words shall be chosen, if possible, that are familiar to the operator.

The operator shall be able to be read easily and accurately at the anticipated actual reading distances, at the anticipated worst illumination level, and within the anticipated vibration and motion environment. Important factors are: contrast between the lettering and its background; the height, width, strokewidth, spacing and style of letters; and the specular reflection of the background, cover or other components.

Font and size

Typography determines the legibility of written information; it refers to style, font, arrangement and appearance.

Source: Modified from Kroemer, Kroemer and Kroemer-Elbert 1994 (reproduced by permission of Prentice-Hall; all rights reserved).

Penggunaan warna merah kuning

CONTROL Transmisi informasi pengendalian ke alat

Tipe informasi a. tenaga kecil : diskret (push-button, switch); kontinyu (knob, joystick) b. tenaga besar : diskret (pengungkit); kontinyu : foot pedal

Some examples of "detent" and "continuous" controls

Petunjuk Control 1. Sesuaikan anatomi & fungsi anggota tubuh. Jari dan tangan : cepat & ketepatan. Lengan & kaki : kekuatan 2. Mudah dijangkau dan dipegang serta leluasa dioperasikan 3. Jarak antar kontrol perhatikan anatomi; jari-jari > 15 mm, tangan 50 mm 4. Push button, switch, knob : tenaga kecil 5. Pengungkit, hand wheel : tenaga besar

Locate for the ease of operation

Controls shall be oriented with respect to the operator. If the operator uses different postures (such as in driving and operating a backhoe), the controls and their associated displays shall move with the operator so that in each posture their arrangement and operation is the same for the operator.

Primary controls first

The most important controls shall have the most advantageous locations to make operation and reaching easy for the operator.

Group related controls together

Controls that are operated in sequence, that are related to a particular function, or that are operated together, shall be arranged in functional groups (together with their associated displays). Within each functional group, controls and displays shall be arranged according to operational importance and sequence.

Arrange for sequential operation

If operation of controls follows a given pattern, controls shall be arranged to facilitate that sequence. Common arrangements are left-to-right (preferred) or top-to-bottom, as in printed materials of the Western world.

Be consistent Dead-operator control

The arrangement of functionally identical or similar controls shall be the same from panel to panel. If the operator becomes incapacitated and either lets go of a control, or continues to hold on to it, a deadman control design shall be utilized which either turns the system to a non-critical operation state or shuts it down.

Select codes appropriately

There are numerous ways to help identify controls, to indicate the effects of the operation and to show their status. Major coding means are: -Location-Shape-Size-Mode of operation- Labels -Colours-Redundancy

Faktor penting desain identifikasi bentuk ukuran lokasi warna labeling

HUBUNGAN CONTROL & DISPLAY Relative speeds of movement Stereotyped reactions National differences Prinsip Desain Control Panel 1. Control dekat dengan display 2. Labelisasi pada display & control 3. Control berturutan : susun kiri ke kanan 4. Jika tidak urut : warna, label, knob

Schematic representation of an operations control panel

Actuating devices in the control gears for movable and stationary operational subsystems

Task Analysis Describes the task How and why it is undertaken what skills and equipment are needed What actions are required and their complexity The time necessary for the task Feedback mechanisms Helps identify likely errors and hazards associated with the task

Aims of Task Analysis

Understand the individual components of work Understand the order and sequence of work Evaluate in isolation or interactively the separate functions of a job Evaluate the information or decisionmaking requirements of the work.

Figure 29.1. The criteria and sub-criteria of the taxonomy of micro-worlds proposed by Brehmer (1990)

Types of Task Information Requirements Task Information Identification of subtasks Grouping of subtasks Commonalities and interrelationships between subtasks Importance or priorities of subtasks Frequency of subtasks Sequencing of subtasks Decisions made in the execution of subtasks 'Trigger' conditions for subtask execution Objectives or goals of each subtask Performance criteria for each subtask Information required by each subtask Information generated by each subtask Knowledge employed in making decisions Knowledge of system employed in performing subtasks Description A listing of the activities involved with a task. An organized, often hierarchical listing of the activities involved in a task. An indication of the extent to which subtasks have features in common and are linked to each other. Assessment of the criticality of subtasks. Information on the relative frequency of occurrence of subtasks under different conditions. Information on the order of occurrence of subtasks under different conditions. Part of the sequencing may be based on a decision needed to choose the branch of activity and thus a given set of subtasks. Execution of a subtask may depend upon the occurrence of a particular event or a decision made in during a previous task or subtask. A key feature of an analysis is the recording of the objectives of each subtask. Recording of objectives may include statements about performance criteria. The items of information needed and their sources. Information that the user inputs into the system. Information that the user utilizes in decision making. Understanding that the user has of how the system functions.

Potential Data Collection Methods Data Collection Method Description

Observation

Observe and record information about the worker performing job. May first observe the worker and subsequently ask the worker to provide verbal explanation while walking through the steps.

Interview

Ask the operator questions about job. Questions can be open-ended to learn more about the job. May conduct while worker is performing job or may do away from job site. Worker must know that the information collected will remain confidential and anonymous.

Focus group

Discussion with a group of typically 8 to 12 people, away from work site. A moderator is used to focus the discussion on a series of topics or issues. Useful for collecting exploratory or preliminary information that can be used to determine the questions needed for a subsequent structured survey or interview.

Existing documentation

Review any existing operating manuals, training manuals, safety reports, and previous analyses.

Checklist

Use a structured checklist to identify particular components or issues associated with the job. Available for a range of ergonomic issues, including workplace concerns, human-machine interfaces, environmental concerns.

Questionnaire

Use to collect systematically individual's views of a system or task. Questions should be structured, although can be open-ended.

Videotape

Tape the worker performing the job or specific tasks. Provides record of the job and ability to repeatedly study the tasks.

Accident summary as recorded by patient interview

Figure 29.2.

Cognitive analysis of the task: general anaesthesia

Suggested Task Analysis Techniques for Equipment Design Analysis Technique Hierarchical Task Analysis Description

A broad approach to task analysis used to represent relationship between tasks and subtasks. Documents system requirements and order in which tasks must take place. Useful to determine how the work should be organized to meet the systems goals. Applications range from taking a global look at a system to looking at specific details of a system, such as interface design.

Interface Surveys

A group of methods used for task and interface design to identify specific human factors problems or deficiencies, such as labeling of controls and displays. These methods require an analyst to systematically conduct an evaluation of the operator-machine interface and record specific features. Examples of these methods include control/display analysis, labeling surveys, and coding consistency surveys.

Link analysis

Used to identify relationships between components of a system. Provides a means to represent the nature, frequency, and/or importance of links between components within a system.

Operations sequence diagrams

Used to illustrate relations between personnel, equipment, and time. Identifies operations in the order in which they are carried out using standard symbols. Flowchart represents information flow and behavior rather than the observable process.

Timeline analysis

Set of principles rather than a precisely defined technique. Used to map operator's tasks along time to take into account task frequency, duration, and interactions with other tasks and personnel.

Name of organisation completing the work:

Job name:

Task:

Job number:

Principal contractor:

Job location:

Date the JSA was prepared:

Number of pages in this JSA:

This JSA has been reviewed by:

This JSA has been discussed with:

Principal Contractor or Representative (signature)

Employee/subcontractor (signature)

Position Item Number Work activity Break the job down into steps

Date Hazard What could harm someone?

Position Risk control What can be done to make the job safe?

Date Persons responsible Who will make sure it Completion Date and signoff

happens?

Structure of accidents

The WEF model

Tentative comprehensive model on accident causation (based on Surry 1969 and descendants)