Simulation of Polymer Gel Injection Well Treatments

Chuck Norman Tiorco, Inc. Tiorco de Argentina

Agenda
Flood-Out

Waterflood Model

Input Model Process Information Generated by the Waterflood Model

Flood-Out

Polymer Gel model

Dykstra-Parsons Theory Information generated by the Gel Model Forecasts with the Gel Model (Examples)

ABILITY TO CONTROL LAYER PROPERTIES ACCORDING TO IN-SITU CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS: 1. RESERVOIR (TOTAL) 2. ADSORBED (IMMOBILE) 3. MOBILE (PRODUCIBLE)

What data entry is required?

MANDATORY PVT & reservoir data

What data entry is required?

MANDATORY model layers

DATA BASE MODEL LAYERS - STRUCTURE:
ASCII Import in 8-column format ASCII Import in 14-column format COLUMN DATA UNIT NOTE REMARK

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Name, Coarse Layer Name Active Layer? Dtop, Layer-Top Depth Hg, Gross Thickness Hn, Net Thickness Dtop, Layer-Top Depth Hg, Gross Thickness Hn, Net Thickness K, Permeability phi, Porosity Ea, Areal Sweep Efficiency Ev, Vertical Sweep Efficiency Swc, Initial Water Saturation Sor, Residual Oil Saturation K'rw, Water Relative Permability End-Point K'ro, Oil Relative Permability End-Point User-Defined Layer Flood-Out Order

[alpha-numeric] [1 or 0] [feet tvd] [feet tvd] [feet tvd] [metres tvd] [metres tvd] [metres tvd] [md] [fraction] [fraction] [fraction] [fraction PV] [fraction PV] [fraction] [fraction] [integer]

required required required required required required required required required required required required required required required required optional

v v either either either or or or v v

v v either either either or or or v v v v v v v v v

User selects whether imported length dimension User selects whether imported length dimension User selects whether imported length dimension User selects whether imported length dimension User selects whether imported length dimension User selects whether imported length dimension

is feet or metres is feet or metres is feet or metres is feet or metres is feet or metres is feet or metres

Fill any empty columns using editor Fill any empty columns using editor Fill any empty columns using editor Fill any empty columns using editor Fill any empty columns using editor Fill any empty columns using editor Do not leave this column empty in imported file - enter as zeroes if disused

NOTE: MORE LAYERS RESULT IN IMPROVED FORECASTING RESOLUTION AS EACH LAYER CONTRIBUTES ONE POINT IN THE TYPE-CURVE

What data entry is required?

MANDATORY production profiles

DATA BASE PRODUCTION PROFILES - STRUCTURE:
ASCII Import in 7-column format ASCII Import in 18-column format

COLUMN

DATA

UNIT1

NOTE

REMARK

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

DATE {must be daily time steps} COPR, Constraining Oil Production Rate CWPR, Constraining Water Production Rate CLPR, Constraining Liquid Production Rate AWCR, Actual Water-Cut Ratio AWOR, Actual Water/Oil Ratio CWIR, Constraining Water Injection Rate MOPR, Model Oil Production Rate MWPR, Model Water Production Rate MLPR, Model Liquid Production Rate MWCR, Model Water-Cut Ratio MWOR, Model Water/Oil Ratio MWIR, Model Water Injection Rate MOPC, Model Oil Production Cumulative MORR, Model Oil Recovery Ratio (Factor) MWPC, Model Water Production Cumulative MLPC, Model Liquid Production Cumulative MWIC, Model Water Injection Cumulative

[dd/mm/yyyy] [stbopd] [stbwpd] [stblpd] [fraction] [fraction] [stbwpd] [stbopd] [stbwpd] [stblpd] [fraction] [fraction] [stbwpd] [stbo] [fraction] [stbw] [stbl] [stbw]

required required required required required optional required forecast forecast forecast forecast forecast forecast forecast forecast forecast forecast forecast

v v v v v v v

v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v

May be imported or set-up using the editor; MUST BE DAILY TIME STEPS May be imported or set-up using the editor May be imported or set-up using the editor May be imported or set-up using the editor May be imported or set-up using the editor May be imported or set-up using the editor; set column to zero if disused May be imported or set-up using the editor Calculated by the Forward Model Multi-Rate Forecast Calculated by the Forward Model Multi-Rate Forecast Calculated by the Forward Model Multi-Rate Forecast Calculated by the Forward Model Multi-Rate Forecast Calculated by the Forward Model Multi-Rate Forecast Calculated by the Forward Model Multi-Rate Forecast Calculated by the Forward Model Multi-Rate Forecast Calculated by the Forward Model Multi-Rate Forecast Calculated by the Forward Model Multi-Rate Forecast Calculated by the Forward Model Multi-Rate Forecast Calculated by the Forward Model Multi-Rate Forecast

NOTE 1 NOTE 2 NOTE 3 NOTE 4 -

Volume Units available, for import and display, are: stb, scf and scm Columnised data entry starts at row two (2) of the imported ascii data file Row one (1) of the imported file must contain the Title of the Production Profile [alpha-numeric] Flood-Out requires daily time steps

What data entry is required?

OPTIONAL log layers

DATA BASE LOG LAYERS - STRUCTURE:
COLUMN DATA UNIT NOTE ASCII Import in 3-column format ASCII Import in 9-column format ASCII Import in 12-column format REMARK

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Name, Coarse Layer Name Number, Coarse Layer Number Active Layer? Dmid, Mid-Layer Depth Dmid, Mid-Layer Depth K, Permeability phi, Porosity Ea, Areal Sweep Efficiency Ev, Vertical Sweep Efficiency Swc, Initial Water Saturation Sor, Residual Oil Saturation K'rw, Water Relative Permability End-Point K'ro, Oil Relative Permability End-Point Vsh, Volume of Shale perf, Perforation Flag FC, PLT Flow Contribution WCT, PLT Water-Cut Sw(sigma), Sigma Log Water Saturation

[alpha-numeric] [integer] [1 or 0] [feet tvd] [metres tvd] [md] [fraction] [fraction] [fraction] [fraction PV] [fraction PV] [fraction] [fraction] [fraction] [1=perfed 0=unperfed] [fraction] [fraction] [fraction]

required required required required required required required required required required required required required optional optional optional optional optional

either or v v

either or v v v v v v v v

v v v either or v v v v v v v v

Required for log layers to be coarsened; otherwise leave empty Required for log layers to be coarsened; otherwise leave empty Required for log layers to be coarsened; otherwise leave empty User selects whether imported length dimension is feet or metres User selects whether imported length dimension is feet or metres

Fill any empty columns using editor Fill any empty columns using editor Fill any empty columns using editor Fill any empty columns using editor Fill any empty columns using editor Fill any empty columns using editor optional - may be merged from the Cased Hole Data Base optional - may be merged from the Cased Hole Data Base optional - may be merged from the Cased Hole Data Base optional - may be merged from the Cased Hole Data Base optional - may be merged from the Cased Hole Data Base

The flood-out Process

01 Import fine resolution log data and define coarse model layers -

02 Create coarse model layers -

The flood-out Process

03 Generate forward model pseudo-relative permeability -

04 Generate forward model fractional flow -

The flood-out Process

05 Generate the forward model production type-curve -

06 View the first-pass water-cut history match (match needs improvement) -

First-pass: Poor history match!

The flood-out Process

07 Generate reverse model fractional flow -

08 Generate reverse model pseudo-relative permeability -

The flood-out Process

09 Generate the reverse model Eglew layers -

< New Versus Old >

< New Versus Old >

The flood-out Process

10 Generate a new forward model pseudo-relative permeability -

11 Generate a new forward model fractional flow -

12 Generate a new forward model production type-curve -

The flood-out Process

13 An improved water-cut history match results from importation of the reverse model into the forward model -

14 An optimised production and injection forecast can now be generated within systems constraints -

The flood-out Process

15 Create a flood-out slide show and generate synthetic logs -

16 forecast production and injection by multi-cell material balance -

Dykstra-Parsons Water Flood Theory adapted to Chemical Flood Modeling

DYKSTRA-PARSONS THEORY: (a) is applicable for all mobility ratios (b) assumes layers flood-out in flowvelocity order (c) layer cross-flow does not occur

Polymer Flood Model: How does it work?

Dykstra-Parsons theory is employed to accomplish the following (at each time step) for a user-specified set of Model Layers:
1.

Determine relative flood-frontal advancement for each layer

2.

Generate a type-curve (Oil Recovery Factor versus Water-cut), which is interpolated by the forecasting optimiser
Once polymer is introduced, layer permeability is altered according to resistance factor expressed as a function of in-situ (i.e. reservoir) polymer concentration (ppm) Highly-permeable layers accept larger water injection volumes, and consequently polymer concentration builds-up preferentially in these layers. This stabilises the flood, or invokes profile conformance.

3.

4.

Dykstra-Parsons Water Flood Theory adapted to Chemical Flood Modelling

A spreadsheet employing non-linear regression automatically finds a cubic polynomial of bestfit to tabulated data
HOW DOES IT WORK?
60

RESISTANCE FACTOR
70

measured data

50

F(X)-3S = 99.7% of data F(X)-2S = 95.5% of data F(X)-1S = 64% of data

40

F(X) = polynomial of best fit F(X)+1S = 64% of data

High K Layers build-up the highest polymer concentration, which alters layer flow-velocity order and invokes profile conformance.

30

F(X)+2S = 95.5% of data F(X)+3S = 99.7% of data

Res.Factor

20

10

Note: THIS CURVE APPLIES FOR A FIXED INJECTION RATE

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

-10

Poly.Conc. IN-SITU POLYMER

CONCENTRAION

B
3

C
2

Y=

3.54E-08 X

-3.49E-05 X

0.014775 X

0.858221

Polymer Gel Model Output and Forecasts

Re-commence pure water injection In this example, polymer is injected over a three month period: Month1 500 ppm Month2 1000 ppm Month3 1500 ppm
produced polymer concentration in-situ or reservoir polymer concentration adsorbed polymer concentration

Produced polymer concentration

high permeability layers are produced preferentially

Zoomed view of production side

in-situ or reservoir polymer concentration

adsorbed polymer concentration NOTE that the adsorbed polymer concentration dilutes once pure water injection recommences

Polymer injection flag

Production response to the polymer flood

Actual Water Injection Rate (AWIR) is optional User input

Produced water rate decreases due to polymer injection

Oil rate increases due to polymer injection

Re-commence pure water injection

Resistance Factor >

Once polymer injection ceases, displaced by pure water injection, the resistance factor decreases. Adsorbed polymer is entrapped in order to model residual resistance.

Average Permeability changes with in-situ polymer concentration

Re-commence pure water injection

Maximum permeability of all model layers

NOTE: standard deviation of K is a measure of profile conformance, enhanced by the injection of polymer (i.e. Std Dev. decreases once polymer is introduced)

Average permeability and standard deviation of model layer permeability

Mobility Ratio M decreases as the flood front stabilises

Commence polymer injection

Mobility Ratio M increases as the in-situ polymer concentration dilutes (i.e. post-polymer flood)

WOR: water flood (base case left) versus polymer flood (right)

Base Case Water-flood

Reduced WOR due to polymer injection

BEFORE AND AFTER PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE -

Oil Rate: water flood (base case left) versus polymer flood (right)

Base Case Water-flood

Oil rate uplift due to polymer injection

BEFORE AND AFTER PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE -

The Polymer Flood Model allows the User to track the performance of any Model Layer here and in the following slides layer # 20 performance is shown.

Layer # 20 100% flooded

Dykstra-Parsons relative layer water flood penetration distance (versus time) for layer # 20

Polymer production (at the producing well) only commences once the layer has 100% flooded (according to DykstraParsons Theory) prior to layer-by-layer water breakthrough each layer produces clean oil into the producing well. Polymer injection flag

in-situ or reservoir polymer concentration

Produced polymer concentration

adsorbed polymer concentration

Layer # 20 Oil Rate increases as the model allocates more Water Injection to layer # 20 (i.e. following the commencement of polymer injection)

Water breakthrough at producer for layer # 20

Layer # 20 100% flooded

Re-commence pure water injection

Layer # 20 Resistance Factor >

Once polymer injection ceases, displaced by pure water injection, the resistance factor decreases. Adsorbed polymer is entrapped in order to model residual resistance.

Layer # 20 Permeability changes with in-situ polymer concentration

Re-commence pure water injection

Simulation of Polymer Gel Injection Well Treatments

Chuck Norman Tiorco, Inc. Tiorco de Argentina