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PUBLIC SERVICES
The spirit of public administration has to do with immediate and pressing questions of how to do things effectively,efficiently, and equitably this is MANAGEMENT
How to define the public How to conduct effective public administration in a democatic political contecxt How to balance efficiency, economy and equity How to be an ethical public administrator Why it is essential for public administrators to also representative citizens
3 Kategori Institusi/Organisasi
Organisasi yang bukan Institusi
Institusi yang bukan Organisasi Organisasi yang merupakan Institusi atau sebaliknya (vice versa)
The three categories can be illustrated with examples from the legas realm. A new firm of lawyers would represent the first category, an organization that is not (yet?) an institution. The law is an institution that is not an organizations and exemplifies the second. Courts, which are both organizations and institutions, fall in the last category. (Uphoff,1989)
Organization
Organizations are structures of recognized and accepted roles the structural expression of rational action, a mechanistic instrument designed to achieve specified goals, and an adaptive organic system
Philip Selznick
Institution
Scott (2001 : 48)
1. Institutions are social structures that have attained a high degree of resilience. 2. Institutions are composed of cultured-cognitive, normative, and regulative elements that, together with associated activities and resources, provide stability and meaning of social live. 3. Institutions are transmitted by various types of carriers, including symbolic systems, relational systems, routines, and artifacts. 4. Institutions operate at multiple levels of jurisdiction, from the world system to localized interpersonal relationships. 5. Institutions by definition connot stabiliy but are subject to change processes, both incremental and discontinuous.
Basis of legitimacy
Morally governed
Institution Building may be defined as the planning, structuring, and guidance of new or reconstituted organizations which (a) embody changes values, functions, physical, and/or social technologies, (b) establish, foster, and protect new normative relationships and actions patterns, and (c) obtain support and complementtarity in the environtment
Dimension
Human Resource Development Organizational Strengthening
Focus
Supply of professional And technical personel Management systems to improve performance of spesific tasks and functions; microstructures
Types of Activities
Training, salaries, conditions of work, recruitment Incentivesystems, utilization of personnel, leadership, organizational culture, communications, managerial structures Rules of the game for economic and political regimes, policy and legal change, constitutional reform
Institutional Reform
Micro-system Changes
The planning, stucturing and guidance of new or reconstituted organization which advocate and embody changes in values, function, physical and/or social technologies
Macro-system Changes
The establishment, protection and fostering normative relationship and action patterns with linked organizations in the larger social system and the attainment of normative acceptance in the environtment (complementarity)
Action Environment
Economic Factors
Growth Labor market International economic relationships & conditions Private sector Development
Task Network
Communications and interactions among Primary Organizations Secondary Organizations Support Organizations
ORG3
ORG2
Organization
Goals Structure of work Incentive system Management/leadership Physical resources Formal &informal communication Behavioral norms Technical assistance
Social Factors
Overall human resource development Social conflict Class stuctures Organization of civic society
Organization
Goals Structure of work Incentive system Management/leadership Physical resources Formal &informal communication Behavioral norms Technical assistance
Task Network Communications and interactions among Primary Organizations Secondary Organizations Support Organizations
Organization
Goals Structure of work Incentive system Management/leadership Physical resources Formal &informal communication Behavioral norms Technical assistance
ORG5
Variables of Influence
Institution Institution variables; Leadership Doctrine Transaction Linkages
Program
Resources
Internal Structure
Leadership
The group of persons who are actively enganged in the formulation of the doctrine and program of the institution and who direct its operations andrelationships with the environment
(Kelompok orang yang secara aktif berkecimpung dalam perumusan doktrin dan program dari lembaga yang bersangkutan dan yang mengarahkan operasi-operasi dan hubunganhubungannnya dengan lingkungan.)
Doctrin
The specification of values, objectives, and operational methods underlying social action
(Spesifikasi dari nilai-nilai, tujuan-tujuan, dan metode-metode operasional yang mendasari tindakan sosial)
Program
Those actions which are related to the performance of functions and services constituting the output of the institution
(Tindakan-tindakan tertentu yang berhubungan dengan pelaksanaan dari fungsi-fungsi dan jasa-jasa yang merupakan keluaran dari lembaga tersebut)
Resources
The financial, physical, human, technological and informational inputs of the institution
(Masukan-masukan keuangan, fisik,manusia, teknologi dan informasi dari lembaga tersebut)
Internal Structure
The structure and processes established for the operation of the institution and for its maintenance
(Struktur dan proses-proses yang diadakan untuk bekerjanya lembaga tersebut dan bagi pemeliharaannya)
Enabling Linkages
With organizations and social groups which control the allocation of authority and resources needed by the institution to function
Functional Linkages
With those organizations performing functions and services which are complementary in a production sense, which supply the inputs and which use the outputs of the institution
Normative Linkages
With institutions which incorporate norms and values (positive or negative) which are relevanttothe doctrine and program of the institution
Diffuse Linkages
With elements in the society which cannot clearly byidentified by membership in formal organization
Action Environment
Economic Factors
Growth Labor market International economic relationships & conditions Private sector Development
Task Network
Communications and interactions among Primary Organizations Secondary Organizations Support Organizations
ORG3
ORG2
Organization
Goals Structure of work Incentive system Management/leadership Physical resources Formal &informal communication Behavioral norms Technical assistance
Social Factors
Overall human resource development Social conflict Class stuctures Organization of civic society
PENINGKATAN KAPASITAS
upaya untuk membantu orang, organisasi, dan sistem dalam menghadapi tantangan& memenuhi tuntutan proses untuk mempengaruhi atau menggerakkan, perubahan di berbagai tingkatan (multi-level) pada individu, kelompok, organisasi dan sistem berusaha memperkuat kemampuan beradaptasi orang dan organisasi sehingga mereka dapat merespon perubahan lingkungan penciptaan sebuah organisasi pembelajaran.
Sistem Organisasi
Individu