General Microbiology

3-unit subject for Dental students 2-unit Lecture 1-unit Laboratory

Ver .2011-1
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Introduction
Microbiology - micros/bios/logos History Branches Application Microscopy Units of measurements um, nm,

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History-self check (How many do you know?)

Fracastorius Leeuwenhoek A. Needham , J Spallanzani,L. Tyndall, J. Flemming, A.

Lister, J. Jenner, E. Koch, R. Iwanowski, D. Ehrlich, P. Pasteur, L.

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History

Fracastorius

Leeuwenhoek, A.V.

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Needham

Spallanzani

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Tyndall, J.

Lister, J

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Flemming, A.

Jenner, E.

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Ehrlich, P.

Iwanowski, D.

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Development of microscopy:

Aristotle (384-322) and others believed that living organisms could develop from nonliving materials. 1590: Hans and Zacharias Janssen (Dutch lens grinders) mounted two lenses in a tube to produce the first compound microscope. 1660: Robert Hooke (1635-1703) published "Micrographia", containing drawings and detailed observations of biological materials made with the best compound microscope and illumination system of the time.
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1676: Anton van Leeuwenhoek (16321723) was the first person to observe microorganisms. 1883: Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe pioneered developments in microscopy (such as immersion lenses and apochromatic lenses which reduce chromatic aberration) which perist until the present day. 1931: Ernst Ruska constructed the first electron microscope

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Spontaneous generation controversy

John Needham English scientist who theorized that life comes from non life demonstrated by maggots developing on a piece of rotting meat 1688: Francesco Redi (1626-1678) was an Italian physician who refuted the idea of spontaneous generation by showing that rotting meat carefully kept from flies will not spontaneously produce maggots.
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1836: Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) helped develop the cell theory of living organisms, namely that that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells and that the cell is the basic functional unit of living organisms. 1861: Louis Pasteur's (1822-1895) famous experiments with swannecked flasks finally proved that microorganisms do not arise by spontaneous generation.

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This eventually led to: Development of sterilization Development of aseptic technique

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Proof that microbes cause disease

1546: Hieronymus Fracastorius (Girolamo Fracastoro) wrote "On Contagion" ("De contagione et contagiosis morbis et curatione"), the the first known discussion of the phenomenon of contagious infection. 1835 Agostino Bassi de Lodi showed that a disease affecting silkworms was caused by a fungus - the first microorganism to be recognized as a contagious agent of animal disease
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1847: Ignaz Semmelweiss (1818-1865), a Hungarian physician who decided that doctors in Vienna hospitals were spreading childbed fever while delivering babies. He started forcing doctors under his supervision to wash their hands before touching patients. 1857: Louis Pasteur proposed the "germ theory" of disease.

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1867: Joseph Lister (1827-1912) introduced antiseptics in surgery. By spraying carbolic acid on surgical instruments, wounds and dressings, he reduced surgical mortality due to bacterial infection considerably 1876: Robert Koch (1843-1910). German bacteriologist was the first to cultivate anthrax bacteria outside the body using blood serum at body temperature. Building on pasteur's "germ theory", he subsequently published "Koch's postulates" (1884), the critical test for the involvement of a microorganism in a disease:

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 The agent must be present in every case of the disease. The agent must be isolated and cultured in vitro. The disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the agent is inoculated into a susceptible host. The agent must be recoverable from the experimentally-infected host

This eventually led to: Development of pure culture techniques Stains Agar & culture media petri dishes
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Pasteur, Louis

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Koch,

R.

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Golden Age of Microbiology: ( 1857-1914)

1857 Pasteur Fermentation 1861 Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation 1864 Pasteur Pasteurization 1867 Lister Aseptic Surgery 1876 Koch Germ Theory of Disease 1879 Neisser N. gonnorhea 1881- Koch pure culture

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1881 Finley Yellow Fever 1882 Koch Postulates 1882 Hess Solid Agar media 1883 Koch Vibrio cholera 1884 Metchnikoff phagocytosis 1884 Gram Gram staining procedure 1884 Escherich Escherichia coli 1887 Petri Petridish 1889 Kitasato Clostridium tetani

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1890 Von Berring Diphtheria antitoxin 1890 - Ehrlich Theory of Immunity 1892 Winogradsky sulfur Cycle 1898 Shiga Shigella dysenteriae 1910 Chaga Trypanosoma cruzi 1910 Ehrlich Syphilis Golden age of Microbiology is so named because numerous discoveries during this period led to the establishment of microbiology as a science.

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Divisions & Applications

Bacteriology Protozoology Mycology Virology Protistology Immunology Molecular Biology Genetic Engineering Biotechnology

Medical Food & Dairy Soil & Water Industrial Space Marine & Aquatic Environmental Agricultural Education
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Bacteriology:

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Protistology:

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Mycology:

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Immunology:

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Molecular Biology:

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Virology:

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Parasitology:

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Genetics:

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Industrial uses of Microorganisms

Cheese Alcoholic beverages Vinegar Citric Acid Vitamins Antibiotics Amino acids & Insulin

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Types of Microorganisms:
Bacteria/bacterium Fungi/Fungus Protozoa/Protozoan Algae/alga Viruses Multicellular Animal Parasites/Helminths

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Career opportunities

Research associate Food , industrial & environmental tech. Clinical & medical Medical technologist Veterinary microbiologist

Supervisor/lab manager Instructor/ Professor Scientist Research Director Consultant Infectious disease specialist
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Trivia: What is the origin of the caduceus?

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Ano daw?!?
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The caduceus, symbol of the medical profession, was designed from the procedure for removing parasitic guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis)
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Whats new?

WNE West Nile Encephalitis 1999

3559 cases in 35 states of USA

BSE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Mad cow disease 1996

CJD Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease - 2002

Caused by prion in bovine UK 138 cases human

E. coli O157:H7 1996

2000 cases Japan

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IGAS Invasive Group A streptococcus

1995 flesh eating bacteria

EHF Ebola hemorrhagic Fever 1995

315 cases 75% mortality 1996 monkeys from RP to USA (+)

HPS Hantavirus Pulmonary syndrome 1993 SARS ( I think you have heard?) H1N1, H5N1 New Bird Flu strains

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And the latest . . . .

Influenza A\H1N1 ( 2009) 4 viral strands : 2 bovine, 1 avian, 1 human Variant strain of the old influenza virus that killed 25 million in Europe Originated from Mexico Mortality rate is high if untreated There is a cure and highly treatable

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Microscopy: types & terminologies

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Simple Compound Phase contrast Immunofluorescent Darkfield Ultraviolet X-ray TEM/SEM

Contrast Reflection Transmission Absorption Diffraction Refraction Magnification Resolution

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Whats the latest?

DIC Differential Interference Contrast

Uses differences in refractive indexes to produce image Uses 2 beams of light separated by prisms, the specimen appears colored as a result of the prism effect. No staining required.

Confocal uses LASER light to illuminate 1 plane of the specimen at a time

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Scanned probe

Scanning tunneling
Uses a thin metal probe to scan a specimen and produce an image revealing the bumps and depressions of the atoms on the surface of the specimen. Resolution is greater than the EM and no special preparation required.

Atomic force
Uses metal & diamond probe gently force down the surface of the specimen to produce a 3D image without any special preparation.

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