Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
All life is based on organic molecules - molecules that are built on a backbone of CARBON. - also contain Hydrogen - and many also have Oxygen - often contain functional groups smaller molecules which are part of a larger molecule and give it unique properties
biological molecules (biomolecules) are large complex molecules made of chains of smaller molecules 4 Types of biomolecules - Carbohydrates sugars and starches - Lipids fats and oils - Proteins - Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA, ATP, ADP
Polymer (poly = many mer = part) -Large molecules made of smaller molecules called monomers (mono = one mer = part)
Polymer
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, always in a ratio of 1:2:1. Carbohydrates are the key source of energy used by living things. The building blocks of carbohydrates are sugars, such as glucose and fructose.
Carbohydrates
What do the roots mono-, di-, oligo-, and poly mean? Each of these roots can be added to the word saccharide to describe the type of carbohydrate you have.
Carbohydrates
glucose provides energy for the brain and of energy for muscles and tissues glycogen is stored glucose glucose is immediate energy glycogen is reserve energy
Carbohydrates
Simple Carbohydrates
sugars
single sugars disaccharides 2 monosaccharides
monosaccharides
Simple Carbs
monosaccharides
all
glucose,
fructose, galactose
Glucose
mild sweet flavor known as blood sugar essential energy source found in every disaccharide and polysaccharide
Fructose
sweetest sugar found in fruits and honey added to soft drinks, cereals, deserts
Galactose
hardly tastes sweet rarely found naturally as a single sugar
Complex Carbohydrates
starches and fibers polysaccharides
chains
of monosaccharides
Complex Carbohydrates
polysaccharides
glycogen
and starch
fiber
Glycogen
BUT
all
glucose is stored as glycogen long chains allow for hydrolysis and release of energy
Starches
stored in plant cells body hydrolyzes plant starch to glucose
Fiber
or no energy available
Carbohydrate Digestion
extensive breakdown
once
disaccharides
broken
monosaccharides
dont
Carbohydrate Digestion
begins in mouth
chewing
stomach
no
enzymes available to break down starch acid does some breakdown fibers in starch provide feeling of fullness
atoms
- saturated fatty acids contain no double bonds between atoms - holds the maximum # of H atoms - unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds between C atoms
Fat has twice the calories of carbohydrates. fat = 9 cal/g sugar= 4 cal/g Lipids have more C H bonds which store energy
Health tip:
Saturated or hydrogenated fats(bad) vs. unsaturated (good)
2-24
insulation and protection Phospholipids cell membranes Steroids make hormones (chemical messengers) Waxes waterproofing
Fats
Stearic acid
Oils
Oleic acid
Phospholipids Glycerol
molecule
SPONCH
Phospholipid structure
Phosphate molecule forms a hydrophilic (water loving) head Fatty acid molecules make up a hydrophobic tails
Hydrophilic head
CH CH2 O O P O O C CH2 H O O C O
2
+ N(CH3)
3
Choline Phosphate
CH O C
2
Glycerol
Hydrophobic tails
Fatty acids
Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails
cell membranes
2 layers of phospholipids Phosphates face out interact with water Lipid tails make a middle layer that repels water Phospholipids separate the contents of the cell from its surrounding environment
Hydrophobic tail
WATER
Lipids- Cholesterol
connected rings of carbon component of cell membrane adds to the integrity of the membrane used to make steroids
Protein Basics
Made of C,H,O, N
SPONCH Monomers = amino acids - 20 different types of amino acids used to make proteins Proteins are the polymer also called a polypeptide
- Amino group NH2 - Carboxyl group COOH - R group (side chain) each of the 20 types of amino acids have a unique R group
Protein
Proteins Shape
A proteins shape is determined by the order that
amino acids are joined in The shape of a protein determines its function
Hemoglobin
antibody
enzymes
polymerase
Protein Structure
Level Primary Secondary
Tertiary Quaternary
make up a protein. - the interactions of the R groups on each amino acid cause the molecule to bend and fold different arrangements create different shapes - as a result- the order of amino acids determines the shape of the protein - shape determines function - changing a single amino acid can change a proteins shape.
shapes pleated sheets or an alpha helix these are the proteins secondary structure. - hydrogen bonds between amino acids stabilize the secondary structure Alpha Helix
they form a complex three dimensional structure. - most proteins are completed at this stage and are fully functioning proteins.
Protein Functions
Proteins are the Worker Molecules of Living Things
Enzymes - proteins that allow chemical reactions to
occur in living things Antibodies proteins that protect the body from infection Structure cytoskeleton, hair, nails, muscles, spider web, silk, feathers ,horns, hooves etc. Hormones chemical messengers Cell membrane proteins can act as channels through the cell membrane - receptor proteins found on membrane transmit signals to the inside of cells Hemoglobin protein found in blood that carries oxygen
Organic molecule Characteristics of carbon Biomolecule Macromolecule 4 types of biomolecules Monomer Monomers of each type of biomolecule Polymer Condensation reaction Hydrolysis
Carbon has unique properties - carbon is abundant theres lots of it - can bond with up to 4 other atoms - can bond readily with itself and other elements - makes chains with different shapes
- shape determines function
Carbon bonds readily with other elements - in living things: Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, & Hydrogen (SPONCH)
Straight chains
Branched chains
Rings
Triple Bonds