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The region where the magnetic forces act is called the magnetic field
EARTHS MAGNETISM
The Earth itself has a huge magnetic field - as if it had a huge bar magnet embedded at its centre. The Earths magnetic field lines emerge from near the geographical north pole and re-enter it at the south pole. The nature of the field around the Earth varies in both strength and direction. The Earths magnetic field is strongest at the magnetic poles and weakest near the Equator.
Magnetic Elements
Magnetic Declination Magnetic Inclination or Magnetic Dip
Magnetic Declination
The small angle between magnetic axis and geographic axis at a place is defined as the magnetic declination.
Atoms themselves have magnetic properties due to the spin of the atoms electrons.
Groups of atoms join so that their magnetic fields are all going in the same direction These areas of atoms are called domains
When an unmagnetized substance is placed in a magnetic field, the substance can become magnetized. This happens when the spinning electrons line up in the same direction.
magnetism consist of tiny regions called 'Domains' which behave like tiny magnets. Normally they are arranged in the magnetic material all pointing in different directions in a completely random fashion and so their magnetic effects cancel each other out. If an object is magnetized it is because the domains are all made to point in the same direction. This can be done by stroking the magnetic material with a magnet (or magnets) as shown in the diagram. When aligned the domains reinforce one another and create north and south poles at either end.
Diamagnetic substances
The diamagnetic substances are those in
which the individual atoms or ions do not possess any net magnetic moment on their own. When such substances are placed in an external magnetizing field, they get feebly magnetized in a direction opposite to a magnetizing field.
Paramagnetic Substances
Paramagnetic substances are those in which each individual atom or molecule or ion has a net non zero magnetic moment of its own. When such substances are placed in an external magnetic field, they get feebly magnetized in the direction of the magnetizing field.
Ferromagnetic materials
Ferromagnetic Domains in Materials
Ferromagnetic material are those in which each individual atom or molecule has a non zero magnetic moment
Hysteresis Curve
The relationship between magnetic field strength (H) and magnetic flux density (B) will follow a curve up to a point where further increases in magnetic field strength will result in no further change in flux density. This condition is called magnetic saturation till point (a)
different curve back towards zero field strength at which point it will be offset from the original curve by an amount called the remanent flux density or Retentity as shown in graph at point (b) The 'thickness' of the middle, describes the amount of hysteresis, related to the coercivity of the material as from (c) to (f)
The retentivity of soft iron > retentivity of steel Soft iron is more strongly magnetized than steel Coercivity of soft iron < Coercivity of steel Hence, soft iron loses its magnetism more rapidly than steel does.
An electromagnet
A soft iron rod has no magnetic field When current flows in the wire the soft iron becomes magnetized so a magnetic field is detected by the plotting compasses.
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