1010 Chapter1

Chapter 1
Introduction to Information Systems

ITEC 1010
Information and Organizations
Information Concepts (1)

Data vs. Information Data
Raw facts Distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in
a special way
Information
A collection of facts organized in such a way that
they have additional value beyond the value of the facts themselves
ITEC 1010
Data Discussion (1)

(1) Distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in a special way. All software is divided into two general categories: data and programs. Programs are collections of instructions for manipulating data.
Data can exist in a variety of forms -- as numbers or text on pieces of paper, as bits and bytes stored in electronic memory, or as facts stored in a person's mind. Strictly speaking, data is the plural of datum, a single piece of
ITEC 1010
information. In practice, however, people use data as both the singular and plural form of the word. (2) The term data is often used to distinguish binary machine-readable information from textual human-readable information. For example, some applications make a distinction between data files (files that contain binary data) and text files (files that contain ASCII data). (3) In database management systems, data files are the files that store the database information, whereas other files, such as index files and data dictionaries, store administrative information, known as metadata.
ITEC 1010
Homework
Is the term datagenerally used in the singular or plural (a) in the textbook, and (b) in the zdwebopedia web site?
ITEC 1010
Terminology
Process
A set of logically related tasks performed to achieve
a defined outcome
Process
(n) An executing program. The term is used loosely
as a synonym of task. (v) To perform some useful operations on data.
ITEC 1010
Terminology
Knowledge
An awareness and understanding of a set of
information and how that information can be made useful to support a specific task
Knowledge base
The collection of data, rules, procedures, and
relationships that must be followed to achieve value or the proper outcome
ITEC 1010
Types of Data
Data Alphanumeric data Image data Audio data Video data Represented by Numbers, letters, and other characters Graphic images or pictures Sound, noise, tones Moving images or pictures
ITEC 1010
Data Information
Data
Transformation
Information
ITEC 1010
Characteristics of Valuable Information

Characteristics Accurate, complete, economical, flexible,
reliable, relevant, simple, timely, verifiable, accessible, secure
ITEC 1010
System
System A set of elements or components that interact
to accomplish goals A combination of components working together
ITEC 1010
System Discussion
(1) Refers to a combination of components working together. For example, a computer system includes both hardware and software. A Windows system is a personal computer running the Windows operating system. A desktop publishing system is a computer running desktop publishing software. (2) Short for computer system. (3) Short for operating system. (4) An organization or methodology. The binary numbering system, for instance, is a way to count using only two digits.
ITEC 1010
System Elements
Inputs Processing mechanisms Outputs
ITEC 1010
System Example
Elements System Inputs Processing elements Goal Outputs Finished film delivered to movie studio Entertaining movie, film awards, profits
Movie
Actors, director, Filming, staff, sets, editing, equipment special effects, distribution
ITEC 1010
System Components and Concepts

System boundary Defines the system and distinguishes it from
everything else
System types Simple vs. complex Open vs. closed Stable vs. dynamic Adaptive vs. nonadaptive Permanent vs. temporary
ITEC 1010
System Performance and Standards

Efficiency A measure of what is produced divided by what is
consumed
Effectiveness A measure of the extent to which a system achieves its

goals
System performance standard A specific objective of the system (next 2 slides)

ITEC 1010
Figure 1.5a
ITEC 1010
Figure 1.5b
ITEC 1010
System Variables and Parameters

System variable A quantity or item that can be controlled by the
decision maker E.g. the price a company charges for a product
System parameter A value or quantity that cannot be controlled

by the decision maker E.g., cost of a raw material
ITEC 1010
Modeling a System
Model An abstraction or an approximation that is used
to represent reality
Types of models Narrative (aka descriptive) Physical Schematic Mathematical

ITEC 1010
Next slide
ITEC 1010
Information System (IS)

Definition A set of interrelated elements or components that
collect (input), manipulate (process), and disseminate (output) data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective (IS) Pronounced as separate letters, and short for Information Systems or Information Services. For many companies, IS is the name of the department responsible for computers, networking and data management. Other companies refer to the department as IT (Information Technology) and MIS (Management Information Services).
ITEC 1010
What is an Information System?

Schematic model of an information system
Feedback
Input
Processing
Output
ITEC 1010
Input, Processing, Output,

Input The activity of gathering and capturing data Whatever goes into the computer Processing Converting or transforming data into useful outputs Output Useful information, usually in the form of documents
ITEC 1010
and/or reports Anything that comes out of a computer

Input Discussion
(n) Whatever goes into the computer. Input can take a variety of forms, from commands you enter on a keyboard to data from another computer or device. A device that feeds data into a computer, such as a keyboard or mouse, is called an input device. (v) The act of entering data into a computer
ITEC 1010
Output Discussion
(n) Anything that comes out of a computer. Output can be meaningful information or gibberish, and it can appear in a variety of forms -- as binary numbers, as characters, as pictures, and as printed pages. Output devices include display screens, loudspeakers, and printers. (v) To give out. For example, display screens output images, printers output print, and loudspeakers output sounds.
ITEC 1010
Feedback
Feedback Output that is used to make changes to input or
processing activities
Forecasting A proactive approach to feedback Use for estimating future sales or inventory
needs
ITEC 1010
Manual vs. Computerized Systems

Manual systems still widely used E.g., some investment analysts manual draw charts and
trend lines to assist them in making investment decisions
Computerized systems E.g., the above trends lines can be drawn by computer Evolution Many computerized system began as manual systems E.g., directory assistance (411)
ITEC 1010
Computer-based Information Systems

A CBIS is composed of Hardware Software Databases Telecommunications People Procedures Together they are Configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process
data into information
ITEC 1010
Technology Infrastructure
Another term for CBIS Consists of the shared information system (IS) resources that form the foundation of the information system
ITEC 1010
Parts of a CBIS
Five parts Hardware Software Database Telecommunications Networks
ITEC 1010
Parts of a CBIS
ITEC 1010
Hardware
Hardware Computer equipment used to perform input, processing, and output activities The objects that you can actually touch, like disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards, printers, boards, and chips.
ITEC 1010
Hardware Discussion
Hardware refers to objects that you can actually touch, like disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards, printers, boards, and chips. In contrast, software is untouchable. Software exists as ideas, concepts, and symbols, but it has no substance. Books provide a useful analogy. The pages and the ink are the hardware, while the words, sentences, paragraphs, and the overall meaning are the software. A computer without software is like a book full of blank pages -- you need software to make the computer useful just as you need words to make a book meaningful.
ITEC 1010
Parts of a CBIS
ITEC 1010
Software
Software Computer programs that govern/determine/control the operation of the computer Computer instructions or data
ITEC 1010
Software Discussion (1)

Software is computer instructions or data. Anything that can be stored electronically is software. The storage devices and display devices are hardware. The terms software and hardware are used as both nouns and adjectives. For example, you can say: "The problem lies in the software," meaning that there is a problem with the program or data, not with the computer itself. You can also say: "It's a software problem.
ITEC 1010
Software Discussion (2)

The distinction between software and hardware is sometimes confusing because they are so integrally linked. Clearly, when you purchase a program, you are buying software. But to buy the software, you need to buy the disk (hardware) on which the software is recorded. Software is often divided into two categories. Systems software includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to function. Applications software includes programs that do real work for users. For example, word processors, spreadsheets, and database management systems fall under the category of applications software.
ITEC 1010
Parts of a CBIS
ITEC 1010
Database
Database An organized collection of facts and information A collection of information organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of data
ITEC 1010
Database Discussion (1)

A database is a collection of information organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of data. You can think of a database as an electronic filing system. Traditional databases are organized by fields, records, and files. A field is a single piece of information; a record is one complete set of fields; and a file is a collection of records. For example, a telephone book is analogous to a file. It contains a list of records, each of which consists of three fields: name, address, and telephone number.
ITEC 1010

An alternative concept in database design is known as Hypertext. In a Hypertext database, any object, whether it be a piece of text, a picture, or a film, can be linked to any other object. Hypertext databases are particularly useful for organizing large amounts of disparate information, but they are not designed for numerical analysis. To access information from a database, you need a database management system (DBMS). This is a collection of programs that enables you to enter, organize, and select data in a database.
ITEC 1010
ITEC 1010
Parts of a CBIS
ITEC 1010
Telecommunications
Telecommunications The electronic transmission of signals for
communications; enables organizations to link computer systems into effective networks Refers to all types of data transmission, from voice to video
ITEC 1010
Parts of a CBIS
ITEC 1010
Networks
Network Used to connect computers and computer
equipment in a building, around the country, across the world, to enable electronic communications A group of two or more computer systems linked together
ITEC 1010
Network Discussion (1)

There are many types of computer networks, including: local-area networks (LANs) : The computers are geographically close together (that is, in the same building). wide-area networks (WANs) : The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone lines or radio waves.
ITEC 1010

In addition to these types, the following characteristics are also used to categorize different types of networks: topology : The geometric arrangement of a computer system. Common topologies include a bus, star, and ring. protocol : The protocol defines a common set of rules and signals that computers on the network use to communicate. One of the most popular protocols for LANs is called Ethernet. Another popular LAN protocol for PCs is the IBM token-ring network . architecture : Networks can be broadly classified as using either a peer-to-peer or client/server architecture.
ITEC 1010

Computers on a network are sometimes called nodes. Computers and devices that allocate resources for a network are called servers.
ITEC 1010
ITEC 1010
Internet and Intranet

Internet The worlds largest telecommunications network A network of networks Free exchange of information A global network connecting millions of computers Intranet A network that uses Internet technology within an
ITEC 1010
organization A network belonging to an organization

People and Procedures

People The most important element in most computerbased information systems Includes people who manage, run, program, and maintain the system E.g., IT professionals (you!)
Procedures Includes the strategies, policies, methods, and

rules for using the CBIS
ITEC 1010
Business Information Systems

Types Transaction processing systems E-commerce systems Management information systems Decision support systems Expert systems
ITEC 1010
Transactions Processing Systems

Transaction Any business-related exchange E.g., generating a weekly payroll Transaction processing system (TPS) An organized collection of people, procedures,
software, databases, and devices used to record completed for for business related exchanges
ITEC 1010
Payroll Example
Hours worked Payroll transaction processing Pay rate Payroll checks
ITEC 1010

ITEC 1010
E-Commerce System
E-commerce Involves any business transaction executed
ITEC 1010
electronically Conducting business on-line For example, between Companies Companies and consumers Business and the public sector Consumers and the public sector Example for placing a purchase order
Purchase Order - Traditional
ITEC 1010
Purchase Order E-commerce
ITEC 1010

ITEC 1010
Management Information Systems

An MIS is An organized collection of people, procedures,
software, databases, and devices used to provide routine information to managers and decision makers
ITEC 1010
Schematic of MIS
Marketing management information system Common databases Manufacturing management Information system
Financial management Information system
Order management information system
TPS
ITEC 1010
MIS Discussion
Short for management information system or management information services, and pronounced as separate letters, MIS refers to a class of software that provides managers with tools for organizing and evaluating their department. Typically, MIS systems are written in COBOL and run on mainframes or minicomputers.
Within companies and large organizations, the department responsible for computer systems is sometimes called the MIS department. Other names for MIS include IS (Information Services) and IT (Information Technology).
ITEC 1010

ITEC 1010
Decision Support Systems

A DSS is An organized collection of people, procedures,
software, databases, and devices used to support problem-specific decision making
A DSS helps a manger do the right thing
ITEC 1010

ITEC 1010
Expert Systems
An expert system is A computer application that performs a task that would
otherwise be performed by a human expert gives the computer the ability to make suggestions and to act like an expert in a particular field Examples: diagnose human illnesses, make financial forecasts, schedule routes for delivery vehicles
Expert systems typically include artificial intelligence (next slide)

ITEC 1010
Artificial Intelligence (1)

The branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Artificial intelligence includes games playing: programming computers to play games such as

ITEC 1010
chess and checkers expert systems : programming computers to make decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms) natural language : programming computers to understand natural human languages
neural networks : Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal brains robotics : programming computers to see and hear and react to other sensory stimuli
Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence (that is, are able to simulate human behavior). The greatest advances have occurred in the field of games playing. The best computer chess programs are now capable of beating humans. In May, 1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion
ITEC 1010

Gary Kasparov in a chess match.
In the area of robotics, computers are now widely used in assembly plants, but they are capable only of very limited tasks. Robots have great difficulty identifying objects based on appearance or feel, and they still move and handle objects clumsily.
Natural-language processing offers the greatest potential rewards because it would allow people to interact with computers without needing any specialized knowledge. You could simply walk up to a
ITEC 1010

computer and talk to it. Unfortunately, programming computers to understand natural languages has proved to be more difficult than originally thought. Some rudimentary translation systems that translate from one human language to another are in existence, but they are not nearly as good as human translators. There are also voice recognition systems that can convert spoken sounds into written words, but they do not understand what they are writing; they simply take dictation. Even these systems are quite limited -you must speak slowly and distinctly.
ITEC 1010

In the early 1980s, expert systems were believed to represent the future of artificial intelligence and of computers in general. To date, however, they have not lived up to expectations. Many expert systems help human experts in such fields as medicine and engineering, but they are very expensive to produce and are helpful only in special situations. Today, the hottest area of artificial intelligence is neural networks, which are proving successful in a number of disciplines such as voice recognition and natural-language processing.
ITEC 1010

There are several programming languages that are known as AI languages because they are used almost exclusively for AI applications. The two most common are LISP and Prolog.
ITEC 1010
Working with Systems (1)

Systems development The activity of creating or modifying an existing
business system
Systems investigation and analysis Defines the problems and opportunities of an existing
system
Systems design Determine how a new system will work to meet

business needs
ITEC 1010
Working with Systems (2)

Systems implementation Creating and acquiring system components
defined in the design
Systems maintenance and review Checks and modifies the system so that it
continues to meet changing business needs
ITEC 1010
End of Chapter 1
Chapter 2
ITEC 1010

1010 Chapter1

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

1010 Chapter1

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chapter 1

Introduction to Information Systems

Information and Organizations

Information Concepts (1)

Information and Organizations

Data Discussion (1)

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Characteristics of Valuable Information

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

System Components and Concepts

Information and Organizations

System Performance and Standards

Effectiveness A measure of the extent to which a system achieves its

System performance standard A specific objective of the system (next 2 slides)

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

System Variables and Parameters

System parameter A value or quantity that cannot be controlled

Information and Organizations

Types of models Narrative (aka descriptive) Physical Schematic Mathematical

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Information System (IS)

What is an Information System?

Information and Organizations

Input, Processing, Output,

and/or reports Anything that comes out of a computer

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Manual vs. Computerized Systems

Information and Organizations

Computer-based Information Systems

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Software Discussion (1)

Information and Organizations

Software Discussion (2)

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Information and Organizations

Database Discussion (1)

Information and Organizations

Database Discussion (2)

Information and Organizations