How heat Is Measured

Some specific heat capacity of substances at 250C

Substance Water Aluminum Copper Glass Iron Mercury Nitogen(N2) Silver Steam Table salt Sand Specific heat (J /g.0C) 4.184 0.900 0.380 0.753 0.444 0.1389 1.0376 0.240 1.87 0.875 0.787

Sample Problem 1

A sample of 50g of water was placed in a coffee cup calorimeter at a temperature of 200C. A substance was dissolve in water lowering the temperature to 100C. Calculate the energy exchange, Q, for the water. Specific heat of water = 4.18J/g.0C Given: m= 50g Tf = 100C Ti = 200C S = 4.184J/g.0C Find: Q Solution : Q =

m s ( T) 50g ( 4.184J) ( -100C)

g. C
Q = -2092J

Specific heat (s)

heat required to raise one gram of a substance by one degree celcius The transfer of heat from an object depends on an objects mass, specific heat and the difference in temperature between the object and the surrounding: Mathematically: Q=ms T Where: Q amount of heat m mass s specific heat T change in temperature ( Tf - Ti )

Sample 2

How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 5kg of water from 100C to 350C? Given: mass: 5 Kg x 1000g = 5000g 1 Kg T = ( Tf Ti) = ( 35 10) = 250C S water = 4.18 J/g.0C Find: Q Solution: Q =ms T = 5000g ( 4.18J/g.0C) ( 250C) = 522500J

Sample #3

A 40g sample of alloy ( a mixture of metals) is heated to 90.800C and then placed in water, where it cools to 23.540C. The amount of heat lost by the alloy is 865J. What is the specific heat of the alloy? Given: m = 40g T = ( 23.540C 90.800C) Q = 865J = -67.26 Find: s Solution : Q = m s T s= Q = 865J = 0.32J/g.0C m T 40g( -67.260C)

Enthalpy

Enthalpy (H)
Heat content of the system Change in enthalpy ( H ) The heat transferred between the system and the surrounding under constant pressure Also represents the difference between the enthalpy of the system before and after the process and is represented as: H = Hfinal - Hinitial Note: If Hf > Hi If Hf < Hi H is positive ( endothermic) H is negative( exothermic)

Enthalpies of Reaction

Enthalpy change that accompanies a reaction the sum of the enthalpies of the products of the reaction minus the sum of the enthalpies of the reactants in a reaction. The equation is given as H rxn = H products - H reactants Example of a thermochemical equation 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) - 2NaCl(s) H = -822.30kJ What does the H tell you about the reaction? The reaction release heat (exothermic)

Ex: of a thermochemical equation

2Na(s) + Cl2(g) - 2NaCl(s) H = -822.30kJ

What does the H tell you about the reaction? The reaction release heat (exothermic) What happens to the enthalpy of the system in an exothermic reaction? Why? Decreases because the sum of the enthalpies of the products is smaller than the enthalpies of the reactants

Example
N2(g) + O2(g) 2 NO2 H = + 67.8kJ What does the H tell you about the reaction? The reaction absorbed heat Endothermic The enthalpy of the system in an endothermic reaction increases because the sum of the enthalpies of the products is greater than the enthalpies of the reactants

Sample Problem
When 1 mol of methane( CH4) is burned at constant pressure, 890kJ of energy is released as heat. Calculate the H of the process in which 5.8g sample of methane is burned at constant pressure. Given: q = -890kJ m = 5.8g Solution: 5.8gCH4 x molar mass CH4 x q 5.8gCH4 x 1molCH4 x -890kJ = -320kJ 16.0gCH4 1molCH4

Self-Check10.5 p. 302 The reaction that occurs in the heat packs to treat sports injuries is 4 Fe(s) + 3O2(g) ---> 2Fe2O3(s) H= -1652kJ How much heat is released when 1.00 g Fe(s) is reacted with excess O2? Solution: molar mass Fe = 55.85g/mol 1.00g Fe x 1mol Fe = 1.79x 10-2 mol Fe 55.85gFe 1.79x 10-2 mol Fe x -1652kJ = -7.39kJ 4 molFe

Objective: Explain the energy involve during the phase change Change of phase Occurs when a substance change from one state to another Note: Change of phase always occur with a change in the amount of heat of a substance Heat travels spontaneously from a warmer body to a colder body

What happens during phase change?

During phase change, heat either comes out of the material or goes into the material but its temperature remains the same Terms for different phase changes Solid to liquid melting (fusion) Solid to gas sublimation Liquid to solid freezing (solidification) Liquid to gas vaporization Gas to liquid condensation Gas to solid deposition

GAS

vaporization
LIQUID

condensation sublimation deposition

melting (fusion)

freezing (solidification)
SOLID

The amount of heat absorbed by one mole of a substance when it changes from solid to liquid The quantity of heat absorbed during fusion is equal to the heat released during freezing

 The amount of heat released by one mole of a substance to change from liquid to solid.

Molar heat of vaporization

Amount of heat required by one mole of a substance to change from liquid to gas

Molar heat of condensation

Amount of heat released by one mole of a substance to change from gas to liquid

Explain the kinetic energy of the water molecule in the heating curve

When all the ice has turned to liquid and heat continues to flow into the water, the heat goes into increasing the kinetic energy of the molecules resulting in an increase in temperature

a process that occurs by itself. Which means no external force is needed to continue the process Ex: Sugar dissolving in hot coffee rusting of iron

is a process that occurs when an external force is continuously applied Ex: riding in a playground swing electrolysis of water

Note:
Most exothermic reactions are spontaneous Most endothermic reactions are non spontaneous However there are some endothermic reactions that are nonspontaneous
Ex: the melting of ice at room temperature or above 00C

Consider the melting of ice cube

Melting of an ice cube is spontaneous if the temperature is above the melting point Nonspontaneous is below the melting point

 Degree of freedom that particles have Degree of disorder in a system The greater the degree of randomness or disorder, in a system, the greater is its entropy Which has a greater entropy liquid or gas? Gas has greater entropy than pure liquids Entropy is measured by J/K

How to predict the rules

S using the

Ex: C6H12O6(s) ---> 2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g) What is the sign of the S for the above reaction? positive because the entropy of the final product is higher Sometimes predicting the sign of S is not possible Ex: CO(g) + H2O(g) ---> CO2(g) + H2(g) Predicting S in this case is impossible

 Symbol ( S) Is the difference between the final entropy and the initial entropy of a system. S = Sfinal - Sinitial S is positive if there is an entropy increase Ex: solid ---> liquid or gas S is negative if there is an entropy decrease Ex: when a precipitate for Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s) The entropy of the solid is lower than the original aqueous ions

Rules to predict the sign of

Generally entropy increases when A reaction breaks up a larger molecule into smaller molecular fragments A reaction occurs in which there is an increase in the mole of gas in the product A process where a solid changes to a liquid or gas or a liquid to a gas

Exercises
2NH4NO3(s) --->2N2(g) + 4H2O(g) + O2(g) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) --> 2SO3(g) C12H22O11(aq) C12H22O11(s) CO2(g) + H20(g) ---> CO2(g) + H2(g)

Hess Law
States that if the reaction occurs in two or more steps, the enthalpy for the reaction is the sum of the enthalpies of the individual steps Why is it useful? because it allows us to calculate heats of reaction that are difficult or inconvenient to measure in a calorimeter

 thermodynamic entity that takes into account both entropy and enthalpy Useful for determining whether a process is spontaneous or not Defined as G=HTS Where: H enthalpy T temperature S entropy

Gibbs Free Energy

For a process at constant temperature the change in free energy is

G = H - T S G -> represents the maximum energy
that is free to do useful work to the surrounding.

G means that the system does useful work to

the surrounding

means spontaneous process

Ex: movement of water in a water fall is spontaneous Why? Because it does a useful work in turning the wheels of a turbine

G indicates that work has to be done on the system for the process to take place

means that energy will have to be absorbed from the surrounding means non spontaneous process Ex: maintenance of life It requires sustained input of work or energy that we get from food If G=0 The reaction is at equilibrium

Example CoCl2(g) CO(g) = Cl2(g) 1. Calculate the delta G at 1270C. 2. Calculate the temperature when the above reaction is at equilibrium Solution: G= HT S Solve for H using standard enthalpies of formation (See Thermodynamics Table) H = [ sum Hfproducts ] [ sum Hf reactants] = [ 1mol x (-110.5kJ) + 1mol ( 0kJ) ] [ 1mol x 220kJ ] mol mol mol = -110 kJ (-220kJ) H= + 110kJ

 Determine delta S for the reaction using standard molar entropies and Hess Law of Summation ( See Thermodynamics table) S = [ sum S products] [ sum Sreactants] = [1 mol x 197.5 J + 1 mol x 223J] [1 mol x 283.7 J] mol.K mol.K mol.K = 420.5J/K - 283.7J/K = 136.8J/K ( convert this to kJ) 136.8J/K x 1kJ = 0.1368kJ/K 1000J S = 0.1368kJ/K Solve G G = 110.5kJ 400K ( 0.1368kJ/K G =+55.78kJ

2) When delta G = 0, solve T Solution G= H - T S 0 = 110.5kJ T ( 0.1368kJ/K) (0.1368kJ/K)T = 110.5kJ T = 110.5kJ 0.1368kJ/K T = 807.7K

Calculating Energy Changes:Solid to Liquid ( Chapter14: Solids and Liquids)

Calculate the energy required to melt 8.5g of ice at 00C. The molar heat of fusion of ice is 6.02kJ/mole Solution: 8.5gH2O x 1mol H2O x 6.02kJ = 2.8kJ 18gH2O 1molH2O

Calculating Energy changes( Liquid to Gas)

Calculate the energy in kJ to heat 25g of liquid water from 25oc to 100oc and change it to steam at 100oC. The specific heat capacity of liquid water is 4.184J/goC and the molar heat of vaporization of water is 40.6kJ/mol. Solution: Q = ms T (25g)(75oC)(4.184J) = 7.8x103J x 1kJ = 7.8kJ(to boil) goC 1000J 25gH2O x 1molH2O =1.4mol H2O x 40.6kJ = 57kJ( vaporization) 18gH2O 1mol H2O The total energy is the sum of the two steps 7.8kJ + 57kJ = 65kJ

Heating and Cooling Curve

Fig 20.3 Heating curve for water

125 100 75 50 25 0 -25 D. E. Liquid-gas .B A. .C F.
E-FWater vapor

C-D B-C- melting

Cooling Curve
Describes the change in temperature and the amount of heat during the cooling process The slope of the curve is decreasing when heat is removed from the material

Fig 20.4 Cooling Curve of water

1 5 2 3 4

100 75 50 25 0 -25

Liquid Gas Gas-liquid

solid

Liquid-solid

HoVap

Hofus