An introduction to DSP

By

V.S.VIGNESH M.Tech

Contents
Signal

? Classification of signal Signal processing Types of SP DSP operation Merits of DSP over ASP

Signal ?

Anything which carries information is a signal. e.g. human voice, smoke signals, sign language Signal : f ( x1 , x2 , x3 , )

where X= time, distace,.. Etc.

Types of signals
Natural / synthetic - based on generation 1D, 2D, MD - based on no. of independent variables Analog or Digital - based on characteristics of independent variable

Eg of Speech signal

Eg of 1D signal: - speech signal, daily max. temperature

Eg of 2D signal: An image is a 2D signal ( vertical and horizontal coordinates) Multi Dimensions: Our physical world (three spatial and one temporal).

Analog & digital signals

Analog
Continuous function V of continuous variable t (time, space etc) : V(t).

Digital
Discrete function Vk of discrete sampling variable tk, with k = integer: Vk = V(tk).

0.3
Voltage [V]

0.3

0.3 0.2 0.1

0

0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 0 2 4 6 time [ms] 8 10

Voltage Voltage [V][V]

0.2 0.1

-0.1

0 ts 0

ts 2 4 6 8 sampling time, tk [ms] 10

-0.1 -0.2 -0.2 0

2 4 6 8 sampling time, tk [ms]

10

Uniform (periodic) sampling. Sampling frequency fS = 1/ tS

signal processing

processing ? - to obtain the signal in more desirable form eg : MUX, De-MUX, Noise filtering.

Types

Analog signal processing

Digital signal processing Mixed signal processing

Humans are the most advanced signal processors Most real-world signals are analog Analog circuits process these signals using
Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Amplifiers Eg: Audio processing in FM radios Video processing in traditional TV sets

ASP

Limitations of ASP
Sensitivity to electrical noise Inflexibility to changes Difficulty of implementing certain operations

DSP
the processing or manipulation of signals using digital techniques
digital signal analog signal digital signal analog signal

A/D

DSP

D/A

Pros and Cons of DSP

Pros
- Flexibility can be achieved with software implementations - Digital storage is cheap - Digital information can be encrypted for security - Price/performance and reduced timeto-market - Accuracy can be controlled

cons:
- Sampling causes loss of information - A/D and D/A requires mixed-signal hardware - Limited speed of processors - Quantization and round-off errors

Impact of DSP on Modern Living

Cellular/mobile telephony Speech and channel coding Voice and data processing Power management Multipath equaliztion Digital audio Stereo and surround sound Audio equalization and mixing Electronic music Medical electronics Critical/intensive care monitors Digital X-rays ECG analyzers Cardiac monitors Medical imaging

Automotive Digital Audio Digital Radio Personal communication systems Active suspension

Personal computer Sound cards Data storage and retrieval Error correction/concealment Multimedia Modems
Dr. Blanton - ENTC 4337 Introduction 16

Thank you