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The non-commercial biomass fuels are the main sources of energy available in the
rural areas.
The 80% of our population resides in villages are dependent on this noncommercial biomass fuels.
Ethanol, which is used as a liquid fuel can be produced from carbohydrates by alcoholic fermentation.
The process of gasification, gas is evolved which can be used as a fuel for engines Biogas, which is popular in rural areas is produced by
2. Feed biomass
Conventionally, crop residues are used as cattle-feed. The oil-cakes of various crop seed like cotton, rubber, tobacco etc. can also be used as a feed after extraction of toxic materials.
3.
4. Fiber biomass
The fibrous agricultural wastes and residues are being profitably utilized for making pulp for cheap grade paper.
5. Chemical biomass o Highly siliconous agricultural residues like rice husk and rice straw can be converted into useful chemicals like morphous silicon, silicate products and solar grade silicon.
Most of the crop residues have a higher ash content and mainly constitutes carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. Volatile matter content is 60-75%. The agricultural residues are hygroscopic in nature. Ash content varies from 0.5 to 2.8 per cent. . .
Industrial wastes
Forest wastes
Logs, chips bark and leaves together constitute forest wastes.
Animal wastes The sludges contain 95% water, and 5% organic matter and nutrients as the main constituents. These can be utilized for the production of methane through anaerobic digestion. Municipal sewage sledges The moisture content of the manures ranges from 60 to 85 percent. The nitrogen varies from 0.3 to 0.9 %, phosphorus 0.05-0.1 % and potassium 0.12 to 0.8%. Available statistics indicates production of 1300 million tonnes of dung annually from all types of animals. Of the total produced, 84% is of cow and buffalo dung and 13% goat and sheep droppings. Dung is used as a fuel in the form of cakes and biogas
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gases just like fossil fuels do. Some waste materials are not available all year round.
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