Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Factors affecting the growth of M.O divided to A) Intrinsic factors Factors inherent to food itself 1-Water activity 2- pH 3- Oxidation reduction potential 4- Nutrient content 5- Antimicrobial constituents 6-Biological structure
B) Extrinsic factors
Factors inherent to the environment 1- Temperature 2- Gaseous environment 3- Relative humidity 4- Microbial interaction.
Intrinsic factors: water activity pH oxidation reduction potential nutrient content antimicrobial constituents biological structure
Substance Distilled Water Tap water Raw meats Milk Juice Saturated NaCl solution Point at which cereal loses crunch Honey
Dried fruit
0.5 - 0.6
Each microorganism has its own minimum water activity value below which it will not grow. bacteria > yeast > mold
Microorganism Inhibited
Clostridium botulinum E Pseudomonas fluorescens Escherichia coli Salmonella Vibrio cholerae Bacillus cereus Listeria monocytogenes Staphylococcus aureus Most Fungi
aw
0.97 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.87 0.70
No microbial proliferation
0.60
1. Formation of gels or gums. Add flour, pectin, etc. 2. Addition of solutes (salt, CHO)
11
12
Freezing: as ice is formed outside the cell, solute concentration within the cell increases. -1C = 0.990 -5C = 0.953 -10C = 0.907 -20C = 0.823
At constant temperature the moisture content of a food changes until it comes into equilibrium with the water vapor in the surrounding air. Proper storage (packaging) of these foods is required in order to prevent mold growth.
2. Osmophiles: Grow in foods with high osmotic pressure Sugars syrups, honey, soft drinks, candy, jams jellies etc. Most are yeasts. 3. Xerophiles: Dry loving. Grow to an (aw = 0.65). Many are fungi particularly storage fungi.
Food Perishability:
1- Perishable foods contain high levels of free moisture. They normally require preservatives and / or refrigeration. Fruits, vegetables, fresh meat, fish 2-Non perishable foods have low levels of free moisture. aw < 0.6 would be required
moisture content 15-50% (aw 0.6-0.85) Shelf stable at room temp 20-22C. Includes jams, sausages, soft centered candies, dried fruit Moisture has been withdrawn via drying and/or addition of ( humectants) solutes including sugars, salts ( glycerol, sorbitol, sucrose).
food down to a level where both M.O and enzymatic activity is halted or reduced. Most important spoilage organisms are yeast and molds IMF contain fungistats: sorbate and benzoic acids Proper storage (packaging) of these foods is required in order to prevent mold growth.
Preservation By Drying
Microbial growth and enzymatic activity depend on free water M.O need water for nutrient transport, nutrient metabolism and removal of cellular waste Drying food down to a level where both MO and enzymatic activity is halted or reduced For all microbial growth (aw< 0.60)
Water is Removed:
Under natural field conditions grains, raisins, seeds Cooking/baking Controlled dehydration processes
3-Blanching or scalding ( 80 -100C) of vegetables is performed to inactivate some of the enzymes that could be problematic during drying/storage of the product
Most meats are cooked prior to dehydration ( chicken cubes used in dried soup mixes) Eggs (albumen) are usually desugared prior to drying in order to prevent browning
Dehydration Principle:
Apply Heat / Remove Water Enhanced by: Increased surface area Increased temperature Increased air velocity Reduced humidity Reduced pressure (vacuum)
loss of vitamins ( C), discoloration and structural changes can occur during drying/storage
Freeze-Drying
It is a combined method of preservation based on the dehydration of food in the frozen state through vacuum sublimation of its ice content. The moisture content is reduced to a level 2-8% or aw 0.10-0.25 It should be packed in an inert atmosphere in vapor-impermeable packaging
Time: Location: