The outer mitochondrial membrane, which encloses the entire organelle,

has a protein-to-phospholipid ratio similar to that of the eukaryotic plasma

membrane (about 1:1 by weight). It contains large numbers of integral
proteins called porins. These porins form channels that allow molecules
5000 Daltons or less in molecular weight to freely diffuse from one side of
the membrane to the other.

The mitochondrial inner membrane forms internal compartments known as

cristae, which allow greater space for the proteins such as cytochromes to
function properly and efficiently. The electron transport chain is located
on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Within the inner mitochondrial
membrane are also transport proteins that transport in a highly controlled
manner metabolites across this membrane.
 Cristae (singular crista) are the internal compartments formed by the
inner membrane of a mitochondrion. They are studded with proteins,
including ATP synthase and a variety of cytochromes. The maximum
surface for chemical reactions to occur is within the mitochondria. This
allows cellular respiration (aerobic respirationsince the mitochondria
requires oxygen) to occur.

Matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation

of pyruvate and other small organic molecules.
The mitochondrial matrix also contains the mitochondria's DNA
and ribosomes. The word "matrix" stems from the fact that this space is
viscous, compared to the relatively aqueous cytoplasm.
PROTON MOTIVE FORCE:The energized state of a membrane that
occurs when the fluid on the outside of the membrane has a positive
charge while the fluid on the inside has a negative charge.
CHEMIOSMOSIS:The production of ATP utilizing the energy released
when hydrogen ions flow through an ATP synthase complex.
 Cell Respiration
is divided into 3 stages.
(components)
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain
 Glycolysis
• Glyco- glucose, -lysis: to split
• Universal step in all forms of
respiration
• Likely used to supply energy for the
ancient cells.
 Glycolysis
• Function - To split glucose and
produce NADH, ATP and Pyruvate
(pyruvic acid).
• Location - Cytoplasm.
• Occurs in 9 steps…. 6 of the steps
use magnesium Mg as cofactors.
 NAD+
Energy carrier
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
NAD+ + 2 e- NADH
NAD+ = oxidized form
NADH = reduced form
 Requirements for Glycolysis
• Glucose
• 2 ATP…. As activation energy
• 4 ADP
• 2 NAD+
• Enzymes
 The Products of Glycolysis

• 2 Pyruvic Acids (a 3C acid)

• 4 ATP
• 2 NADH
 Net Energy Result
• 2 ATP per glucose
• 2 NADH
• In summary, glycolysis takes one glucose
and turns it into 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH and a
net of 2 ATP.
 Krebs Cycle
Also called: Citric Acid Cycle
or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

• Function: Oxidize pyruvic acid to CO2

• Produce: 3NADH, 1FADH2 and 1ATP

• Location: Mitochondria matrix

 Formation of Acetyl CoA:
Acetyl CoA is formed when the pyruvate , from glycolysis,
combines with Coenzyme A… tis takes place in the matrix.
 Requirements for Krebs Cycle

• Pyruvic acid (3C acid)

• Coenzyme A
• 3 NAD+
• 1 ADP
• 1 FAD
• Double this list for each glucose.
Products of Krebs Cycle

3 CO2
Acetyl CoA
3 NADH
1 ATP
1 FADH2
 Krebs Cycle

• Produces most of the cell's energy in the

form of NADH and FADH2… not ATP
• Does NOT require O2
• The CO2 produced by the Krebs cycle is
the CO2 animal exhale when they breathe.
 ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM:A mechanism by which electrons are
passed along a series of carrier molecules, releasing energy for the
synthesis of ATP.

The proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial

membrane maintained by action of electron transport chain.
Chain consists of 6 proteins associated with inner
mitochondrial membrane:

NADH dehydrogenase (complex I)

Succinate coenzyme Q reductase (complex II)
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) (also called ubiquinone)
Cytochrome bc1 complex (complex III)
Cytochrome c (Cyt c)
Cytochrome oxidase (complex IV)
Transfer of high energy electron from NADH to FMN

FMNH2 passes 2H+ to the other side of mitochondrial

membrane and passes 2 electrons to Q.

Electrons pass successively from Q to cyt b, cyt c1, cyt c,

cyt a, and cyt a 3.

cyt a 3 passes its electron to molecular oxygen which

becomes negative (-) charged and then picks up protons
from the surrounding medium to form H2O.
 ATP Yield During Prokaryotic Aerobic respiration
of One Glucose molecule
Glycolysis
2 net ATP from substrate-level phosphorylation
2 NADH yields 6 ATP (assuming 3 ATP per NADH) by oxidative
phosphorylation
Transition Reaction
2 NADH yields 6 ATP (assuming 3 ATP per NADH) by oxidative
phosphorylation
Citric Acid Cycle
2 ATP from substrate-level phosphorylation
6 NADH yields 18 ATP (assuming 3 ATP per NADH) by oxidative
phosphorylation
2 FADH2 yields 4 ATP (assuming 2 ATP per FADH2) by oxidative
phosphorylation

Total Theoretical Maximum Number of ATP

Generated per Glucose in Prokaryotes
38 ATP: 4 from substrate-level phosphorylation;
34 from oxidative phosphorylation.