GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM

CONTROLLED FLIGHT INTO TERRAIN A CFIT ACCIDENT OCCURS WHEN AN AIRWORTHY AIRCRAFT, EXPERIENCING NO CONTRIBUTORY SYSTEMS OR EQUIPMENT PROBLEMS, UNDER THE CONTROL OF A CERTIFICATED, FULLY QUALIFIED FLIGHT CREW NOT SUFFERING FROM ANY IMPAIRMENT, IS FLOWN INTO TERRAIN (OR WATER OR OBSTACLE) WITH NO DEMONSTRATED PRIOR AWARENESS OF THE IMPENDING COLLISION ON THE PART OF THE CREW

SOLUTION
TRADITIONALLY ADEQUATE PROCEDURES AND CREW COORDINATION AND COMMUNICATION (CRM) AS WELL AS CONTROL OR SURVEILLANCE BY AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES MAY REDUCE THE LIKELIHOOD OF CFIT. IN ORDER TO PREVENT THE OCCURRENCE OF CFIT ACCIDENTS, MANUFACTURERS AND SAFETY REGULATORS DEVELOPED TERRAIN AWARENESS AND WARNING SYSTEMS (TAWS). THE FIRST GENERATION OF THESE TAWS SYSTEMS IS KNOWN AS A GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM(GPWS)

 Statistics in 2006 have shown that over a 10 year average, 39% of all aviation /military accidents are due to CFIT. CFIT incidents have been reduced since GPWS entered widespread use in the 1970s.

REQUIREMENTS OF TERRAIN PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM

CONTROLLED FLIGHT INTO TERRAIN (CFIT) IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF FATAL ACCIDENT TO PROVIDE WARNINGS TO ALERT PILOTS TO AN EMMINENT COLLISION WITH GROUND

GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM (GPWS)

PRINCIPLE
THE GPWS TAKES INPUTS FROM SENSORS AND NAV EQUIPMENT FEEDS THEM INTO A ONBOARD CPU THE CPU COMPARES THE INPUTS AND DECIDES WHICH ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT FOR THE PHASE OF FLIGHT GPWS PROVIDES TWO LEVELS OF WARNINGS

PRINCIPLE
THE FIRST LEVEL OF `ALERT ` TELLS THE PILOT THAT HE IS APPROACHING A DANGEROUS SITUATION AND TO TAKE ACTION TO RETURN TO SAFE CONDITION

SECOND LEVEL MORE CRITICAL STAGE `WARNING ` TELLS THE PILOT HE IS ALREADY IN A DANGEROUS SITUATION AND MUST TAKE AN IMMEDIATE AND STANDARD ACTION TO RECOVER

GPWS INPUTS
THE RADALT GIVES A CONSTANT FEED OF HT ABOVE GROUND A VERTICAL SPEED SENSOR ,DIGITISING THE VSI INFORMATION IS ALSO CONSTANTLY PROVIDING AN INPUT POSN OF LANDING GEAR AND FLAPS ILS GLIDEPATH

INPUTS
RADALT

VETICAL SPEED SENSOR

GLIDEPATH DEVIATION UNDER CARRIAGE POSITION FLAP POSITION

CENTRAL PROCESING UNIT

GPWS OUTPUTS
IF THE CPU DECIDES THERE IS A POTENTIAL

DANGER IT GIVES AUDIO AND VISUAL WARNINGS

THE CPU INDICATES IF THERE IS ANY COMPUTER

FAILURE OR FAILURE IN ANY INPUT SIGNALS ON

ANOTHER MONITOR

INPUTS
RADALT

OUTPUTS

VETICAL SPEED SENSOR

MASTER INDICATOR CENTRAL PROCESING UNIT VISUAL WARNING AUDIO WARNING

GLIDEPATH DEVIATION UNDER CARRIAGE POSITION FLAP POSITION

ALERT

WARN

TERMINOLOGIES
ALERT - CAUTION GENERATED BY GPWS EQUIPMENT / AUDIO SIGNAL WARNING - COMMAND GENERATED BY GPWS EQUIPMENT. DESCRIBED AS GENUINE, NUISANCE OR FALSE

TERMINOLOGIES
GENUINE WARNING - WARNING GENERATED BY GPWS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS NUISANCE WARNING - WARNING GENERATED BY GPWS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS BUT PILOT IS ACTUALLY FLYING AN ACCEPTED SAFE PROCEDURE

FALSE WARNING - WARNING GENERATED BY GPWS NOT IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS, BUT DUE TO A FAULT OR FAILURE IN SYSTEM

MODES OF OPERATION

MODE 1 SINK RATE

EXCESSIVE RATE OF DESCENT WITH RESPECT TO TERRAIN BELOW 2500 FT

50 ft - SINK 2450 ft RATE

WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP + FLASHING LAMP

MODE 1 SINK RATE

MODE 2A TERRAIN CLOSURE

EXCESSIVE RATE OF 50 ft - TERRAIN TERRAIN CLOSURE (A/C NOT 1800 ft TERRAIN IN A LANDING CONFIGURATION)

WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP + FLASHING LAMP

MODE 2B - TERRAIN CLOSURE

EXCESSIVE RATE OF TERRAIN CLOSURE (AC IN A LDG CONFIGURATION)

220ft - TERRAIN 790 ft TERRAIN

WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP + FLASHING LAMP

MODE 2 - TERRAIN CLOSURE

MODE 3 NEGATIVE ROC

NEGATIVE ROC AFTER TAKE-OFF OR GO- AROUND

50 ft700 ft

DON'T SINK

DONT SINK

MODE 3 NEGATIVE ROC

MODE 4A - UNSAFE TERRAIN CLEARANCE

UNSAFE TERRAIN CLEARANCE (AC NOT IN A LANDING CONFIGURATION GEAR UP)

50 ft 500 ft

TOO LOW TERRAIN TOO LOW GEAR

PULL UP PULL UP + FLASHING LAMP

MODE 4B UNSAFE TERRAIN CLEARANCE

UNSAFE TERRAIN CLEARANCE (AC NOT IN A LDG CONFIGURATION FLAPS UP )

50 ft 500ft

TOO LOW TERRAIN TOO LOW FLAPS

PULL UP PULL UP + FLASHING LAMP

MODE 4 UNSAFE TERRAIN CLEARANCE

MODE 5 GLIDE SLOPE DOWNWARD DEPARTURE

SOFT ALERT
DOWNWARD DEPARTURE FROM ILS GLIDESLOPE BELOW 1000ft OR GLIDE 1.3 DOTS BELOW SLOPE G/S ---

HARD ALERT
EXCESSIVE DOWNWARD DEPARTURE FROM ILS GLIDESLOPE 2.5 DOTS BELOW GLIDE G/S SLOPE BELOW 150ft ---

MODE 5 GLIDE SLOPE DOWNWARD DEPARTURE

MODE 5 GLIDE SLOPE DOWNWARD DEPARTURE

MODE 6 ADVISORY CALL OUTS

ADVISORY CALL OUTS AND BANK ANGLE DEVIATION

BELOW SET OPTION ALTITUDE SET ON INST.

OPTION SET ON INST.

ADVISORY CALL -BANK ANGLE

MODE 6 - ADVISORY CALL OUTS

DESCENDING BELOW SELECTED DH

DH MINIMUM

MODE 6 ADVISORY CALL OUTS

AUDIO ALERTS
MODE 1
MODE 2 MODE 3 MODE 4A MODE 4B

SINK RATE
TERRAIN DON'T SINK TOO LOW GEAR TOO LOW FLAPS

MODE 5
MODE 6

GLIDE SLOPE
MINIMUMS / ADVISORY

WARNING
MODE 1 MODE 2 WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP

MODE 3
MODE 4A MODE 4B MODE 5

----------WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP -----------GLIDE SCOPE

PILOTS ACTION
ALERT - TAKE IMMEDIATE ACTION TO GET OUT OF THE DANGEROUS SITUATION AND STOP ALERT INDICATION

WARNING - TREAT IT AS A COMMAND TO IMMEDIATELY LEVEL THE AIRCRAFTS WINGS, APPLY TAKE-OFF POWER, AND CLIMB AWAY AT SPEED AND ANGLE FOR MAXIMUM GRADIENT CLIMB UNTIL AIRCRAFT HAS REACHED ENROUTE MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE

PILOTS ACTION
RESPONSE TO WARNING CAN BE LIMITED TO THAT OF ALERT AIRCRAFT IS OPERATING BY DAY IN VMC IT IS IMMEDIATELY OBVIOUS THAT AIRCRAFT IS NOT IN A DANGEROUS SITUATION WITH REGARD TO TERRAIN, AIRCRAFT CONFIGURATION OR PRESENT MANOEUVRE

BITE CHECK
HAS AN BUILT IN TEST EQUIPMENT TO MONITOR EQPT SERVICEABILITY PROVIDES BOTH AUDIO WARNINGS WITH SYS CHECK AND VISUAL

SYSTEM MONITORS ITS HEALTH CONSTANTLY

LEGISLATION
FAA WEF 1992 / JAR-OPS WEF 1994

ALL

TURBINE-POWERED AEROPLANE OF MAXIMUM CERTIFIED TAKE-OFF MASS IN EXCESS OF 5700 KG OR TYPE CERTIFIED TO CARRY MORE THAN 09 PASSENGERS

SYSTEM TO PROVIDE TIMELY AND DISTINCT

WARNING ON SINK RATE, GROUND PROXIMITY, ALTITUDE LOSS, INCORRECT LANDING CONFIGURATION AND GLIDE SLOPE DEVIATION

LEGISLATION
DGCA WEF 01 JAN 2003 ALL
TURBINE-ENGINED AEROPLANE OF MAXIMUM CERTIFIED TAKE-OFF MASS IN EXCESS OF 15000 KG OR TYPE CERTIFIED TO CARRY MORE THAN 30 PASSENGERS

ALL

PISTON-ENGINED AEROPLANE OF MAXIMUM CERTIFIED TAKE-OFF MASS IN EXCESS OF 5700 KGS OF TYPE CERTIFIED TO CARRY MORE THAN 9 PASSENGERS

LEGISLATION
SERVICEABILITY
IF UNSERVICEABLE ALLOWED FLIGHT IS NOT

ONLY FLIGHT TO TECHNICAL FACILITY FOR REPAIR OF EQUIPMENT ALLOWED

LIMITATIONS
GPWS HAS NO KNOWLEDGE OF TERRAIN AHEAD ANY WARNING OF AIRCRAFTS FLIGHT TOWARDS HIGH GROUND WAS MINIMAL AND DEPENDENT UPON STEEPNESS OF RISING GROUND

FALSE ALARMS ARE GENERATED BY GPWS EQUIPMENT USUALLY WHILE AIRCRAFT IS FOLLOWING A TRACK IN HILLY TERRAIN
OPERATIONS MANUAL SPECIFIES CONDITIONS WHEN FLIGHT CREW MAY INHIBIT GPWS

MODE
1

FLIGHT HAZARD
EXCESSIVE RATE OF DESCENT WITH RESPECT TO TERRAIN

AUDIO ALERT
SINK RATE

WARNING
WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP + FLASHING LAMP

2A

EXCESSIVE RATE OF TERRAIN CLOSURE (AC NOT TERRAIN TERRAIN WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP IN A LANDING CONFIGURATION) + FLASHING LAMP
EXCESSIVE RATE OF TERRAIN CLOSURE (AC NOT TERRAIN TERRAIN WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP IN A LANDING CONFIGURATION) 220ft -790 ft + FLASHING LAMP NEGATIVE ROC AFTER TAKE-OFF OR GO- AROUND DON'T SINK UNSAFE TERRAIN CLEARANCE (AC NOT IN A LANDING CONFIGURATION- GEAR UP) UNSAFE TERRAIN CLEARANCE (AC NOT IN A LANDING CONFIGURATION FLAPS UP ) TOO LOW -GEAR --WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP + FLASHING LAMP --

2B

3 4A

4B

TOO LOW- FLAPS

5
6

EXCESSIVE DOWNWARD DEPARTURE FROM ILS GLIDESLOPE

ADVISORY CALL OUTS

GLIDE SLOPE
MINIMUM

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TERRAIN AWARENESS AND WARNING SYSTEM

THANK YOU