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By: Dr.

Jack Driscoll, PID Analyzers, LLC 2012

1957 Patent on photoionization (PID) for GC by SRI 1960s Many researchers build PIDs for GC using high vacuum and glow discharge lamps but ion chambers work best at high Pres & lamps work best low Pres; end of 1960s most researchers agree PID not interesting 1966 NASA Awards contract for PI MS to GCA Corp. J. Driscoll is hired in Applied Physics Lab for this project worked through 1968- PI MS not interesting because not as sensitive as chemical ionization MS. The PI MS was about 7 x 9 & cost $150K in 1966

1970-71 Walden Research-wrote proposal to EPA for a PID stack monitor for NO (used a sealed lamp +ion chamber- no MS)- Company decided to fund it; built first working prototype for $500 in 1971; hired someone else & spent $200K but could not dev. a suitable prototype or get a patent. They decided that the PID technique was not suitable for environmental measurements 1973-HNU Systems was started to develop PID based Analyzers for the Environmental Market

Selective ionization made PID interesting

Title: Study of the application of a photoionization mass spectrometer to analysis of contaminant gases, June 1966 - November 1969 Author(s): Driscoll, J. N.; Matthews, C.; Warneck, P. Abstract: Trace gas analysis using photoionization mass spectrometer NASA Center: NASA (non Center Specific) Publication Date: May 1, 1970 Document Source: CASI Online Source: View PDF File Document ID: 19700017244 Accession ID: 70N26554 Publication Information: Number of Pages = 68 Report Number: GCA-TR-69-10-N; NASA-CR-1589 Contract-Grant-Task Number: NAS1-7794

Realized very quickly that a vacuum pump did not make for a compact analyzer. Also realized that optimization of the lamp and ion chamber could best be achieved by developing a sealed lamp so that was our joint project along with the design In early 1970s, Italian researchers reported that vinyl chloride (VCM) was a potential carcinogen and shortly after, OSHA decreased the PEL from 500 ppm to an interim standard of 50 ppm. In 1974, the permanent standard was decreased to 1 ppm At that time, there were no portable analyzers for measuring VCM at the 1 ppm level

Visited NIOSH in March 1974 to talk about the potential of PID; Chuck McCammon told me that if you had a portable PID that responded to Vinyl Chloride, it would really be a winner A quick visit to Matheson in Gloucester, MA and that afternoon, we had a Portable VCM analyzer that had a detection limit of 0.1 ppm. We built a working prototype of the Portable PID and displayed it at the AIHCE in May 1974 in Miami- we used a series of 90V batteries to power the lamp and the unit weighed in at 18 #

Compound Vinyl chloride Ethylene Dichloride

Ionization Potential (eV) 10.0 11.12

Response 5.0 0

Ethylene
Methane Oxygen

10.51
12.98 12.1

<1.0
0 0

Selective ionization makes PID interesting

1ST PUB WITH SEALED SOURCE

1ST PUB DESCRIBING THE PI101

Driscoll and Spaziani, "Trace Gas Analysis by Photoionization," Anal. Inst., 13, 111 (1975). Driscoll has published > 80 Articles & Reviews on Photoionization including a Chapter in the AIHA Important Instrumentation and Methods for Detection of Chemicals in the Field. Written by members of the AIHA Real Time Detection systems Committee

Hazardous Waste

Detection of VOCs at Hazardous Waste Sites

UV Lamp

ion chamber

HNU DL101

HNU PI101

The HNU portables became the instrument of choice for this VOC application

HNU DL101 &

PI101

What could I do with a portable VOC analyzer?

1. Determine when to put on an SCBA & protective clothing 2. Find buried barrels of haz waste 3. Check drums for VOC waste 4. Check soil or water headspace for contamination

http://www:hnu.com

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