Reproduksi 2

Female Reproductive System at a Glance
Functions of Female Reproductive System

Produces ova Provides location for fertilization Provides location for development of fetus Secretes female sex hormones Produces milk to nourish infant
Female Reproductive System at a Glance
Organs of Female Reproductive System

Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina Vulva Breasts
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Female Combining Forms

amni/o cervic/o chori/o colp/o culd/o embry/o episi/o fet/o
amnion neck, cervix chorion vagina cul-de-sac embryo vulva fetus

gynec/o hymen/o hyster/o lact/o mamm/o mast/o men/o metr/o
woman, female hymen uterus milk breast breast menses, menstruation uterus

nat/o oophor/o ov/o ovari/o perine/o salping/o uter/o vagin/o vulv/o
birth ovary egg ovary perineum fallopian tubes, uterine tubes uterus vagina vulva
Female Suffixes
arche cyesis gravida para partum salpinx tocia
beginning state of pregnancy pregnancy to bear (offspring) childbirth fallopian tube labor, childbirth
Anatomy and Physiology Function

Ovaries produce ova Fallopian (uterine) tubes are most common site for fertilization to take place Uterus provides location for development of fetus Breasts nourish infant Ovaries produce female sex hormones
Internal Genitalia
Internal organs located in pelvic cavity

Uterus Two ovaries Two fallopian (uterine) tubes Vagina
Figure 10.1 Organs of the female reproductive system.

External Genitalia
External organs Also called vulva
Labia majora Labia minora Clitoris
Region between vagina and anus

Perineum
Female Reproductive System Animation
Click here to view an animation of the female reproductive system.

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Ovaries
Two almond-shaped glands Located on each side of pelvic cavity Produce and release ova
Approximately every 28 days
Secretes female sex hormones
Figure 10.2 Structure of the ovary and fallopian (uterine) tube.

Female Sex Hormones
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Secreted by the anterior pituitary Stimulate maturation of ovum Trigger ovulation
Estrogen and progesterone

Secreted by ovary Prepare endometrium to receive fertilized ovum Female secondary sexual characteristics
Figure 10.3 An ovum (pink) released by the ovary at ovulation surrounded by follicle (white) tissue. (P.M. Motta and J. Van Blekrom/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Fallopian Tubes
Also called uterine tubes or oviducts Purpose is to transport ovum from ovary to uterus Fertilization typically occurs within upper half of fallopian tubes
Fallopian Tubes
5 inches long Project from either side of uterus End with fingerlike projections
Fimbriae
Figure 10.4 Fallopian (uterine) tube, showing released ovum within the fallopian tube.
Uterus
Pear shaped organ in center of pelvic cavity Regions
Fundus Corpus Cervix
Layers of the Uterus

Endometrium
Inner layer
Myometrium
Middle layer Thick muscle
Perimetrium
Outer layer
Figure 10.5 The uterus.

Endometrium
Inner layer of uterus Contains rich blood supply Reacts to estrogen and progesterone Thickens to receive ovum Fertilized egg implants here Provides nourishment and protection to embryo
Menstruation
Menstrual period
When pregnancy does not occur Endometrium is sloughed off
Menarche
First menstrual period
Menopause
End of menstrual activity and childbearing
Vagina
Thin muscular tube Lined with mucous membrane Extends from cervix to outside of body
Vaginal orifice
Allows for
Vagina
During intercourse, receives male penis and semen Serves as birth canal Hymen
Thin membranous tissue Partially covers external vaginal opening
Bartholins glands
Secrete mucus for lubrication during intercourse
Figure 10.6 The vagina.

Vulva
Labia majora and minora

Folds of skin Protective covering Also protects urinary meatus
Clitoris
Erectile tissue
Figure 10.7 The vulva.

Female Reproductive Anatomy Exercise
Click here to review the female reproductive organs in a labeling activity.

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Breasts

Also called mammary glands Lactiferous glands

Produce milk Lactation
Lactiferous ducts
Carry milk to nipple Areola is pigmented area around nipple
Figure 10.8 The breast.

Pregnancy
Gestation
Period of pregnancy 40 weeks
Premature
Birth before 37 weeks of gestation completed
Pregnancy
Embryo
From implantation into endometrium until eight weeks Major organs and systems are formed
Fetus
Ninth week until birth Organs mature and begin to function
Fetal Membranes
Infant is surrounded by two membranous sacs Amnion
Inner sac Holds amniotic fluid in which fetus floats
Chorion
Outer sac Protective Forms part of placenta
Figure 10.10 Photograph illustrating the development of an embryo. (Petit Format/Nestle/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Figure 10.11 Photograph illustrating the development of a fetus. (Petit Format/Nestle/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Placenta
Provides nourishment for fetus Spongy blood-filled organ Forms in uterus next to fetus Commonly called afterbirth Fetus attached to placenta by umbilical cord
Figure 10.9 A full-term pregnancy.

Stages of Labor and Delivery
Dilation stage
First stage Strong uterine muscle contractions pushes fetus against cervix
Effacement
Thinning of the cervix
Dilation
Expands to 10 cm
Figure 10.12A Dilation stage of labor and delivery.

Labor First Stage Video 1
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Labor First Stage Video 2
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Expulsion stage
Second stage Begins with full dilation of cervix Ends with birth of baby
Crowning
When head appears
Figure 10.12B Expulsion stage of labor and delivery.

Labor Second Stage Video
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Placental stage
Third stage Uterus continues to contract Placenta is delivered
Figure 10.12C Placental stage of labor and delivery.

Labor Third Stage Video 1
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Infant Delivery Video
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Breech Birth
Normally crown of head appears first in birth canal Any other body part appearing first is breech presentation Buttocks first is most common
Figure 10.13 A breech birth.

Word Building with amni/o & cervic/o

otomy tic amniotomy amniotic incision into amnion pertaining to amnion
rrhea
amniorrhea
flow from amnion
ectomy al
cervicectomy cervical
surgical removal of cervix pertaining to cervix inflammation inside cervix
endo itis endocervicitis
Word Building with chori/o, colp/o, embry/o, and episi/o

nic chorionic pertaining to chorion instrument to view inside vagina pertaining to embryo
scope
colposcope
nic rrhaphy
embryonic
episiorrhaphy
suture of vulva
Word Building with fet/o, gynec/o, and hymen/o

al ologist fetal pertaining to fetus
gynecologist
female specialist surgical removal of hymen
ectomy
hymenectomy
Word Building with hyster/o, lact/o, and lapar/o

pexy rrhexis ic rrhea otomy scope hysteropexy hysterorrhexis lactic lactorrhea laparotomy laparoscope surgical fixation of uterus rupture of uterus pertaining to milk milk discharge incision into abdomen instrument to view inside abdomen
Word Building with mamm/o & mast/o

gram ary mammogram mammary X-ray record of breast pertaining to breast
plasty
mammoplasty
surgical repair of breast
algia itis ectomy
mastalgia mastitis mastectomy
breast pain inflammation of breast removal of breast
Word Building with men/o

a rrhea dys rrhea amenorrhea dysmenorrhea menorrhagia lack of menstrual flow painful menstrual flow rapid menstrual flow
oligo rrhea
rrhagia
oligomenorrhea scanty menstrual flow
Word Building with metr/o & nat/o

endo itis peri itis endometritis perimetritis inflammation within uterus inflammation around uterus
rrhea
rrhagia neo neo ologist
metrorrhea
metrorrhagia neonate
flow from uterus

rapid flow from uterus newborn
neonatologist specialist in newborn
Word Building with oophor/o, ovari/o, and salping/o

itis an cyesis oophoritis ovarian salpingocyesis inflammation of ovary pertaining to ovary fallopian tube pregnancy removal of fallopian tube
ectomy salpingectomy
itis
salpingitis
inflammation of fallopian tube
Word Building with uter/o and vagin/o

ine al uterine pertaining to uterus
vaginal
pertaining to vagina
itis
vaginitis
inflammation of vagina
Word Building with cyesis & gravida

pseudo nulli primi multi pseudocyesis nulligravida primigravida multigravida false pregnancy no pregnancies first pregnancy multiple pregnancies
Word Building with para & partum

nulli primi nullipara primipara no births first birth
multi
multipara
multiple births
ante post
antepartum postpartum
before birth after birth
Word Building with salpinx & tocia

hemato pyo dys hematosalpinx pyosalpinx dystocia blood in fallopian tube pus in fallopian tube difficult labor and childbirth
Female Reproductive System Vocabulary

atresia barrier contraception colostrum fraternal twins gynecology (GYN) congenital lack of normal body opening prevents sperm from meeting ovum; condom, diaphragms thin fluid secreted by breast after delivery before actual milk appears develop from two different ova fertilized by two different sperm diagnosis and treatment of diseases of female reproductive system

hormonal contraception using hormones to block ovulation; no ovum to fertilize; pills, patch, implant develop from the splitting of a single identical twins fertilized ovum unable to produce children; no infertility pregnancy after properly timed intercourse for one year intrauterine device inserted into uterus to prevent device (IUD) pregnancy from establishing meconium first bowel movement of newborn
Figure 10.14 Shape of two different intrauterine devices (IUDs). (Jules Selmes and Debi Treloar/Dorling Kindersley Media Library)

diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the newborn obstetrics diagnosis and treatment of women during (OB) pregnancy and childbirth premenstrual symptoms appear just prior to menstrual syndrome period; irritability, headache, tender (PMS) breasts, and anxiety beginning of menstruation and puberty reproductive years neonatology
Ovary Pathology
ovarian carcinoma malignant tumor of the ovaries ovarian cyst cysts developing in the ovaries; may rupture causing pain and bleeding
Uterus Pathology
cervical cancer malignant tumor of the cervix
endometrial cancer fibroid tumor
malignant tumor of the lining of the uterus benign fibrous tumor in the uterus
excessive bleeding during menstrual menometrorrhagia period or between menstrual periods fallen uterus; may cause cervix to prolapsed uterus protrude through vaginal opening
Figure 10.15 Common sites for the development of fibroid tumors.

Vagina Pathology
candidiasis cystocele rectocele toxic shock syndrome (TSS) yeast infection of mucous membrane lining of vagina bladder presses backwards on vaginal wall rectum presses forward on vaginal wall staphylococcus infection occurring in menstruating women; associated with prolonged wearing of superabsorbent tampon
Pelvic Cavity Pathology

endometriosis pelvic inflammatory disease occurs when endometrial tissue flows backwards from uterus through fallopian tubes and into pelvic cavity bacterial infection that has spread through female reproductive tract and out into pelvic cavity
Breast Pathology
breast cancer fibrocystic breast disease malignant tumor of the breast tissue appearance of fibrous tumors in breast tissue; no association with cancer
Figure 10.16 Comparison of breast cancer (A) and fibrocystic disease (B).
Breast Cancer Video
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Pregnancy Pathology
abruptio placentae eclampsia placenta tears away from uterine wall prior to delivery of baby convulsions and coma occurring in woman in late stages of pregnancy occurs when mother is Rh and baby is Rh+; mothers antibodies cross the placenta and attack babys blood; older name is erythroblastosis fetalis
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
Pregnancy Pathology
placenta previa placenta forms low in the uterus overlying the opening to the cervix metabolic disease of pregnancy; may result in true eclampsia; symptoms include hypertension, headaches, and edema; also called toxemia
preeclampsia
Preeclampsia Video
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Figure 10.17 Placenta previa.

Pregnancy Pathology
prolapsed umbilical cord
spontaneous abortion stillbirth if umbilical cord emerges from birth canal before baby does, it will become pinched between babys head & vaginal wall, cutting off blood flow to baby unplanned loss of pregnancy early in gestation; commonly called a miscarriage death of a fetus of viable age; occurs shortly before or at time of delivery
Clinical Laboratory Tests

PAP smear pregnancy test
scraping of cervical cells is examined for early signs of cervical cancer chemical test to determine a pregnancy during first few weeks
Diagnostic Imaging
X-ray of uterus and fallopian hysterosalpingography tubes after injecting dye in (HSG) through cervix X-ray of breast for detection of mammography breast cancer use of ultrasound waves to pelvic ultrasonography produce image of pelvic organs or a fetus within the uterus
Endoscopic Procedures
colposcopy culdoscopy examination of the vagina using a colposcope examination of pelvic cavity behind the uterus using a culdoscope introduced through an incision in the vaginal wall examination of the pelvic cavity and organs using a laparoscope introduced through an incision just below the navel
laparoscopy
Figure 10.18 A laparoscopic examination; uterus is visible below probe, ovary is at tip of probe, and fallopian tube along left side. (Southern Illinois University/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Obstetrical Diagnostic Procedures

removal of amniotic fluid using a needle; fluid can be used to determine fetal amniocentesis maturity and developmental and genetic disorders evaluates newborns adjustment to outside environment; observes color, Apgar score heart rate, respiratory rate, muscle tone, and response to stimulus
Apgar Score Video
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Obstetrical Diagnostic Procedures

chorionic villus removal of a small piece of chorion for sampling genetic analysis (CVS) fetal monitoring electronic equipment on mothers abdomen or fetuss scalp to check heart rate during labor and delivery
Fetal Heart Rate Video
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Additional Diagnostic Procedures

cervical biopsy endometrial biopsy (EMB) pelvic examination removing a piece of cervical tissue to examine for cancer removing a sample of endometrial tissue to examine for cancer physical exam of vagina and adjacent organs; a speculum is used to open the vagina
Figure 10.19 A speculum.

Surgical Treatments
cesarean section (CS, C-section) conization surgical delivery of baby through abdominal incision removal of a core of cervical tissue
dilation & curettage dilation of cervix and scraping away (D&C) of endometrial lining episiotomy
incision of perineum to widen birth canal during delivery
Cesarean Delivery Video
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Surgical Treatments
lumpectomy removal of breast lump and tissue immediately surrounding it
removal of breast tissue plus chest muscles and axillary lymph nodes
simple mastectomy removal of breast tissue radical mastectomy
Surgical Treatments
elective abortion therapeutic abortion
legal termination of an early pregnancy termination of a pregnancy for the health of the mother
Surgical Treatments
total abdominal hysterectomybilateral salpingooophorectomy (TAH-BSO) removal of the entire uterus, cervix, both fallopian tubes, and both ovaries through an abdominal incision
vaginal hysterectomy
tubal ligation
removal of the uterus through vagina rather than an abdominal incision surgical tying off of fallopian tubes to prevent conception
Female Reproductive System Pharmacology

abortifacient fertility drug terminates a pregnancy triggers ovulation
Mifeprex, Prostin E2 Clomid, Gonal-F
hormone replacement estrogen after Cenestin, replacement menopause or loss of Premarin therapy (HRT) ovaries
Female Reproductive System Pharmacology

oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) oxytocin prevents conception by blocking ovulation improves uterine contractions during labor and delivery Ortho-Cept, Lo/Ovral Pitocin, Syntocinon
Examples
gynecology gynecologist study of female (disorders) specialist in the study of female (disorders)
Illustratio n 101
Examples
hysterectomy
uteroptosis
excision of the uterus

drooping or prolapse of the uterus
Illustratio n 102
Examples
oophoroma
ovariorrhexis
tumor of the ovary

rupture of the ovary
Illustratio n 103
Examples
cervical cervicomalacia pertaining to the cervix softening of the cervix
Illustratio n 104
Examples
vulvodynia episiotomy pain of the vulva incision into the vulva
Illustratio n 105
Examples
colposcopy visual examination of the vagina inflammation of the vagina
vaginitis
Illustratio n 106
Examples
salpingitis inflammation of the (fallopian) tube
salpingomegaly
enlargement of the (fallopian) tube
Illustratio n 107
Other Female Reproductive Terms

mamm/o mast/o
men/o nat/o
Next Chapter 108
Examples
mammogram mastalgia record of the breast pain in the breast
Illustratio n 109
Examples
menorrhea menopause flow of menses cessation of menses
Illustratio n 110
Examples
perinatal pertaining to the time around birth
neonatal
new birth
Illustratio n 111
Pathologies
Menorrhagia Abnormally heavy or long menstrual period Metorrhagia Hemorrhage of the uterus
112
Pathologies
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation Dysmenorrhea Painful or difficult menstruation Mittelschmerz Abdominal pain in the region of the ovary during ovulation
113
Pathologies
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Nervous tension, irritability, edema, headache, and painful breasts that can occur the last few days before the onset of menstruation
114
Pathologies
Cervicitis Inflammation of the cervix Possible Causes
Chlamydia Yeast (Candida ablicans) Trichomonas vaginalis Gonorrhea
115
Pathologies
Vaginitis Inflammation of vaginal tissues Possible causes
Sexual intercourse Following childbirth After taking antibiotics
Colpitis
116
Pathologies
Vulvitis Inflammation of vulva Vulvovaginitis Inflammation of vulva and vagina
117
Pathologies
Oophoritis Inflammation of an ovary Oophoralgia Ovarian pain Oophorosalpingitis Inflammation of an ovary and fallopian tube
118
Pathologies
Anovulation Absence of ovulation Possible causes
Altered ovarian function Side effects of medications Result of disease Stress
119
Pathologies
Polycystic ovary syndrome

Anovulation Amenorrhea Infertility
Caused by
Increased levels of testosterone, estrogen, and lutenizing hormone and decreased secretion of FSH
120
Pathologies
Ovarian Cancer
Leading cause of death from reproductive cancers Difficult to diagnose Usually spread by the time it is found Sonography or CT scan to look for ovarian mass Often requires exploratory surgery
121
Pathologies
Salpingocele Hernial protrusion of a fallopian tube Salpingitis Inflammation of a fallopian tube Ectopic pregnancy Outside the uterine cavity Tubal pregnancy Implanted in the fallopian tube
122
Pathologies
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Infection that involves the upper genital tract beyond the cervix Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
Sudden high fever Headache Confusion Acute renal failure Abnormal liver function
Caused by staphylococcus Most common among women who use tampons

123
Pathologies
Uterine cancer
Stage I uterus only Stage II cervix also involved Stage III spread beyond uterus but still within pelvic cavity Stage IV spread beyond the pelvis most often spreading to liver and/or lungs
124
Pathologies
Hysteroptosis Uterine prolapse Uterine displacements
Anteversion Retroversion Anteflexion Retroflexion
125
Pathologies
Uterine leiomyoma Uterine fibroid (benign tumor) Cervical polyps Myometritis Inflammation of the myometrium Endometritis Inflammation of the endometrium
126
Pathologies
Endometriosis Abnormal condition in which endometrium tissue is outside the uterus, usually within the pelvic cavity Vulvitis Inflammation of the vulva Leukorrhea Normal white discharge before and after the menstrual period
127
Pathologies
Colpodynia Pain of the vagina Cystocele Protrusion of the bladder through the wall of the vagina Rectocele Rectum is displaced causing bulging of the posterior vaginal wall
128
Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
Suturing of the vagina is Colporrhaphy Surgical repair of the vagina is Colpoplasty Surgical fixation of an ovary is Oophoropexy
129
Oophoro/hyster/ectomy is Removal of ovaries and uterus Oophorectomy is Removal of the ovaries Oophorosalpingectomy is Removal of uterine tube and an ovary Salpingo-oophorectomy is Removal of uterine tube and an ovary Hyster/ectomy is Removal of the uterus
130

Hysterectomy with bilateral oophorosalpingectomy Removal of the uterus and both ovaries and both fallopian tubes Colpo/hyster/ectomy is Removal of uterus by way of the vagina Laparo/hyster/ectomy is Removal of uterus through a small opening in the abdominal wall
NWTC Medical Terminology 10-501-101 131
Excision of uterine tube is Salpingectomy Tubal ligation is Permanent sterilization Dilation and curettage (D & C)
Cervix dilated Scraping of endometrium
132

Suffix therapy means Treatment Treatment for dysplasia Biopsy Cryo/therapy Cold treatment Cautery Irradiation

Surgical fixation of a displaced uterus

Hysteropexy
Surgical fixation of uterine tube is

Salpingopexy
133
Female Reproductive System Abbreviations

AB AI
BSE CS, C-section CVS Cx D&C
abortion artificial insemination

breast self-examination cesarean section chorionic villus sampling cervix dilation and curettage

EDC EMB
ERT FEKG FHR FHT FSH
estimated date of confinement endometrial biopsy

estrogen replacement therapy fetal electrocardiogram fetal heart rate fetal heart tone follicle stimulating hormone

FTND GI, grav I GYN, gyn HCG, hCG HDN HPV HRT full term normal delivery first pregnancy gynecology human chorionic gonadotropin hemolytic disease of the newborn human papilloma virus hormone replacement therapy
HSG
hysterosalpingography

IUD IVF LBW LH LMP NB OB intrauterine device in vitro fertilization low birth weight luteinizing hormone last menstrual period newborn obstetrics
OCPs
oral contraceptive pills

PAP PI, para I PID PMS TAH-BSO TSS UC Papanicolaou test first birth pelvic inflammatory disease premenstrual syndrome total abdominal hysterectomy-bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy toxic shock syndrome uterine contraction
Male Reproductive System at a Glance
Functions of Male Reproductive System

Produces sperm Delivers sperm to female reproductive tract Secretes male sex hormones
Male Reproductive System at a Glance
Organs of Male Reproductive System

Testes Epididymis Vas deferens Seminal vesicle Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland Penis
Male Combining Forms

andr/o balan/o crypt/o epididym/o orch/o orchi/o orchid/o
male glans penis hidden epididymis testes testes testes
Male Combining Forms

prostat/o spermat/o testicul/o varic/o vas/o vesicul/o
prostate sperm testes varicose veins vas deferens seminal vesicle
Male Suffixes
spermia
condition of sperm
Anatomy and Physiology Function

Testes produce sperm Vas deferens and epididymis transport semen Reproductive glands add vital fluids to sperm
Produces semen
Penis delivers semen to vagina Testes produce male sex hormones
Testosterone
External Genitalia
Located outside the body

Penis Two testes Two epididymides (plural for epididymis)
Internal Genitalia
Located in pelvic cavity

Two vas deferentia (plural for vas deferens) Two seminal vesicles Prostate gland Two bulbourethral glands
Figure 10.20 The male reproductive system.

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Testes
Singular is testis; also called testicles Oval-shaped organs in scrotum Produce sperm
Testes
Secrete testosterone
Necessary for proper development of sperm Stimulates growth and development of male reproductive organs Produces male secondary sexual characteristics

Spermatogenesis
Process that produces sperm

Occurs within seminiferous tubules of testes
The testes must be maintained at proper temperature for sperm to survive

This lower temperature level is achieved by suspending testes in scrotum outside body Scrotum is sac that contains testes, epididymides, and beginning of vas
Figure 10.21 Electronmicrograph of human sperm. (Juergen Berger, Max-Planck Institute/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Epididymis
Coiled tube-shaped organ Lies on top of testes within scrotum Location for sperm maturation and storage Releases sperm into vas deferens

Penis

Shaft of penis
Contains urethra
Glans penis
Tip of the penis Protected by prepuce
Penis
Contains erectile tissue Increased blood flow during sexual stimulation results in erection
Allows it to be placed within vagina Ejaculation of semen
Urethra
Male urethra extends from urinary bladder to the external opening at tip of penis
Urinary meatus
Serves a dual function:
Elimination of urine Ejaculation of semen During ejaculation, sphincter closes to keep urine from escaping Sometimes referred to as Genitourinary System

Vas Deferens
Carries sperm from epididymis up into pelvic cavity

Travels up in front of urinary bladder, over top, and then back down posterior side of the bladder Empties into
Spermatic Cord
Cord-like structure between pelvic cavity and scrotum Consists of:
Two vas deferentia Nerves Arteries Veins Lymphatic vessels

Seminal Vesicles
Two glands At base of urinary bladder Connected to vas deferens just before it empties into urethra
Seminal Vesicles

Secrete a fluid that nourishes sperm

Rich in glucose
This fluid, along with sperm, constitutes semen

Fluid ejaculated during sexual intercourse

Prostate Gland
Single gland located just below urinary bladder Surrounds urethra
Vas deferens empties into urethra within prostate
Prostate Gland
Secretes alkaline fluid

Neutralizes pH of urethra and vagina Critical for sperm survival
Enlargement of prostate puts pressure on both urethra and vas deferens

Causes problems with both urination and ejaculation

Bulbourethral Gland
Also known as Cowpers glands Two small glands
Either side of urethra Just below prostate
Secrete mucus-like lubricating fluid

Male Reproductive Anatomy Exercise
Click here to review male reproductive organs in a labeling activity.

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Word Building with andr/o & balan/o

gen pathy itis plasty rrhea androgen andropathy balanitis balanoplasty balanorrhea male producing male disease inflammation of glans penis surgical repair of glans penis discharge from glans penis
Word Building with epididym/o & orch/o

ectomy al epididymectomy removal of epididymis epididymal pertaining to epididymis
itis
epididymitis
inflammation of epididymis
an ism
anorchism
condition of no testes
Word Building with orchi/o & orchid/o

ectomy otomy orchiectomy orchiotomy removal of testes incision into testes
plasty
orchioplasty
surgical repair of testes
ectomy pexy
orchidectomy orchidopexy
removal of testes surgical fixation of testes
Word Building with prostat/o & spermat/o

itis ectomy prostatitis prostatectomy inflammation of prostate removal of prostate
ic
prostatic
pertaining to prostate
ic lysis
spermatic spermatolysis
pertaining to sperm destruction of sperm
Word Building with testicul/o & vesicul/o

ar testicular pertaining to testes
ar
vesicular
pertaining to seminal vesicles
Word Building with spermia

a oligo aspermia oligospermia condition of no sperm condition of scanty sperm
Male Reproductive System Vocabulary

erectile dysfunction (ED) sterility inability to engage in sexual intercourse due to inability to maintain an erection; also called impotence inability to father children due to a problem with spermatogenesis
Erectile Dysfunction Video
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Testes Pathology
cryptorchidism hydrocele testicular carcinoma testicular torsion failure of testes to descend into scrotum before birth accumulation of fluid around testes or along spermatic cord
malignant tumor of testes

twisting of spermatic cord
varicocele
varicose veins of the spermatic cord
Prostate Gland Pathology

benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) noncancerous enlargement of prostate gland; common in older men
prostate cancer
malignant tumor of prostate gland
Penis Pathology
epispadias hypospadias phimosis priapism
congenital opening of urethra on dorsal surface of penis congenital opening of urethra on underside of penis narrowing of prepuce; constricts glans penis persistent and painful erection; caused by pathology, not sexual stimulation
Sexually Transmitted Disease

chancroid highly infections non-syphilitic venereal ulcer chlamydia bacterial genital infection in males & females genital herpes genital warts gonorrhea (GC) viral infection that appears like blisters warts on the genitalia of both males & females; caused by a virus bacterial infection of mucous membranes of males & females
Figure 10.22 Photograph showing a chancroid on the glans penis. (Joe Miller/Centers for Disease Control andPrevention [CDC])
Sexually Transmitted Disease

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sexually transmitted disease (STD) syphilis sexually transmitted virus that attacks immune system disease usually acquired as a result of sexual intercourse; formerly called venereal disease (VD) chronic bacterial infection; attacks multiple organs including brain genitourinary infection caused by a protist in both males and females
trichomoniasis
Clinical Laboratory Tests

prostate-specific blood test to screen for prostate antigen (PSA) cancer part of fertility workup; analyzed for semen analysis number, swimming strength, and shape
Additional Diagnostic Tests

digital rectal manual examination for enlarged prostate exam (DRE)
Surgical Procedures
castration removal of testes
circumcision
orchidopexy
removal of prepuce surgical fixation to pin undescended testes in scrotum process of rendering a male or female unable to conceive children
sterilization
Surgical Procedures
transurethral resection removal of prostate tissue by of prostate (TUR, inserting device through urethra TURP) removal of a segment of vas vasectomy deferens to prevent sperm from ejaculating reconnects ends of vas deferens vasovasostomy to reverse a vasectomy
Figure 10.23 A vasectomy.

Vasectomy Video
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Pathology Of Male Reproductive System

anorchism
- absence of one or both testicles cryptorchidism - undescended testicles-one testicle fails to descend into scrotum epididymitis - inflammation of epididymitis
193
Pathology continued
hydrocele - hernia in the testicles or tubes testitis - inflammation of one or both testes varicocele - varicose vein of testicle (may cause male infertility) azoospermia - absence of sperm in semen
194
Pathology continued
oligospermia
- low sperm count benign prostatic hypertrophy BPH - enlarged prostate prostate cancer - most common cancer in males - slow or fast growth
195
Pathology continued
prostatitis
- inflammation of the prostate gland prostatorrhea - discharge of prostatic fluid through urethra prostatomegaly enlarged prostate
196
Diagnostic Procedures Of Male Reproductive System

PSA - prostatic specific antigen - blood screening test to check for cancer of prostate sperm analysis - sperm count - semen is analyzed to determine sperm count, shape, size and motility TSE - testicular self-examination monthly self exam to check for abnormalities
197
Treatment Procedures Of Male Reproductive System

circumcision
- surgical removal of
foreskin orchidectomy - surgical removal of one or both testes varicocelectomy - removal of portion of enlarged vein to relieve varicocele
198
Treatment Procedures Of Male Reproductive System

castration
- bilateral orchidectomy - surgical removal of both testicles sterilization - procedure to make individual incapable of reproduction
199
Treatments continued
vasectomy
- portion of vas deferens is removed to prevent sperm in semen vasovasostomy - procedure to restore fertility after vasectomy
200
prostatectomy
- surgical removal of all or part of prostate gland radical prostatectomy - surgical removal of entire prostate gland, seminal vesicles and some surrounding tissue
201
TURP - transurethral resection of the prostate - removal of all or part of prostate through the urethra radiation therapy - treatment to control prostate cancer hormone therapy - treatment to control prostate cancer
202
Examples
vasodynia pain in a vessel
vasectomy
surgical excision of a vessel (part of the vas deferens)
Illustratio n 203
Examples
prostatomegaly enlargement of the prostate surgical excision of the prostate
prostatectomy
Illustratio n Med Term Mainstay 204
Examples
balanitis inflammation of the glans penis
Illustratio n 205
Examples
orchalgia
orchiopexy
pain of the testes

surgical fixation of the testes rupture of the testes disease of the testes
Illustratio n 206
orchidorrhexis testopathy
Examples
spermatogenesis
spermatocyte aspermia hypospermia
creating or producing sperm

sperm cell a condition of no sperm a condition low (levels of) sperm
Illustratio n 207
Male Reproductive System Pharmacology

replacement of male hormones antiprostatic shrinks benign agents prostatic hypertrophy erectile temporarily produces dysfunction agents erection
androgen therapy spermatocide destroys sperm
Andronate, DepAndro Proscar, Avodart

Viagra, Cialis Semicid, Ortho-Gynol
Male Reproductive System Abbreviations

BPH DRE
ED GC GU PSA
benign prostatic hypertrophy digital rectal exam

erectile dysfunction gonorrhea genitourinary prostate-specific antigen
Male Reproductive System Abbreviations

RPR SPP
STD TUR TURP VD
rapid plasma reagin (test for syphilis) suprapubic prostatectomy

sexually transmitted disease transurethral resection transurethral resection of prostate venereal disease

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Female Reproductive System at a Glance

Functions of Female Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System at a Glance

Organs of Female Reproductive System

Female Combining Forms

amnion neck, cervix chorion vagina cul-de-sac embryo vulva fetus

Female Combining Forms

Female Combining Forms

Anatomy and Physiology Function

Internal organs located in pelvic cavity

Figure 10.1 Organs of the female reproductive system.

Labia majora Labia minora Clitoris

Region between vagina and anus

Female Reproductive System Animation

Click here to view an animation of the female reproductive system.

Approximately every 28 days

Secretes female sex hormones

Figure 10.2 Structure of the ovary and fallopian (uterine) tube.

Female Sex Hormones

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Estrogen and progesterone

Fundus Corpus Cervix

Layers of the Uterus

Figure 10.5 The uterus.

Thin membranous tissue Partially covers external vaginal opening

Figure 10.6 The vagina.

Labia majora and minora

Figure 10.7 The vulva.

Female Reproductive Anatomy Exercise

Click here to review the female reproductive organs in a labeling activity.

Also called mammary glands Lactiferous glands

Figure 10.8 The breast.

Inner sac Holds amniotic fluid in which fetus floats

Figure 10.9 A full-term pregnancy.

Stages of Labor and Delivery

Figure 10.12A Dilation stage of labor and delivery.

Labor First Stage Video 1

Labor First Stage Video 2

Stages of Labor and Delivery

Figure 10.12B Expulsion stage of labor and delivery.

Labor Second Stage Video

Click here to view a video on the second stage of labor.

Stages of Labor and Delivery

Figure 10.12C Placental stage of labor and delivery.

Labor Third Stage Video 1

Labor Third Stage Video 2

Labor Third Stage Video 3

Infant Delivery Video

Click here to view a video on the delivery of an infant.

Figure 10.13 A breech birth.

Word Building with amni/o & cervic/o

flow from amnion

surgical removal of cervix pertaining to cervix inflammation inside cervix

endo itis endocervicitis

Word Building with chori/o, colp/o, embry/o, and episi/o

Word Building with fet/o, gynec/o, and hymen/o

female specialist surgical removal of hymen

Word Building with hyster/o, lact/o, and lapar/o

Word Building with mamm/o & mast/o

surgical repair of breast

algia itis ectomy

mastalgia mastitis mastectomy