PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

By MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim

4th Place, Criminologists Licensure Board Examinations, October 1996, Manila

Q1
answer

A system of identification which is done by drawing a figure on parts of body to identify and prevent desertion of mercenary soldiers. a. Bertillon System b. Branding and Maiming c. Cutting of Hand d. Tattooing

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Q2
answer

Fingerprints were used on clay tablets for business transactions. a. Ancient Babylon b. Ancient China c. 14th Century Persia d. Nova Scotia

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Q3
answer

He discussed fingerprints as a means of personal identification, and the use of printers ink as a method for obtaining such fingerprints. He is also credited with the first fingerprint identification of a greasy fingerprint left on an alcohol bottle. a. John Evangelist Purkinje b. Sir William Herschel c. Dr. Henry Faulds d. Marcello Malpighi
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Q4
answer

The innermost layer of the epidermis where new cells are created. a. sebaceous layer b. subcutaneous layer c. generating layer d. papillae

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Q5
answer

An ending ridge of any length rising at a sufficient degree from the horizontal plane; i.e., 45 or more. a. recurve b. loop c. upthrust d. angle

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Q6
answer

Following are the essential elements of a loop, EXCEPT a. core b. sufficient recurve c. delta d. ridge count across a looping ridge

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Q7
answer

Consists of at least one recurving ridge, or an obstruction at right angles to the line of flow, with two deltas, between which, when an imaginary line is drawn, no recurving ridge within the inner pattern area is cut or touched. a. central pocket loop b. accidental c. plain whorl d. double loop
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Q8
answer

That point on a ridge at or in front of and nearest the center of the divergence of the type lines. a. focal point b. bifurcation c. delta d. core

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Q9
answer

Rule in Blocking: Under the index fingers the appropriate capital letters should be placed for every pattern except the a. ulnar loop b. plain whorl c. radial loop d. double loop

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Q10
answer

In the classification line, the order should be a. primary, secondary, subsecondary, final, key, major b. major, key, primary, secondary, subsecondary final c. key, major, primary, secondary, subsecondary, final d. primary, secondary, subsecondary, major, key, final
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Q11
answer

The total possible primary classifications from 1 over 1 to 32 over 32. a. 2,024 b. 1,500 c. 1,024 d. 3,000

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Q12
answer

Secondary classification: RIGHT HAND: 1 = \, 2 = R, 3 = \, 4 = \, 5 = \; LEFT HAND: 6 = a, 7 = /, 8 = /, 9 = /, 10 = /. a. R/aU b. aR3r/rU2ra c. U/R d. W/W

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Q13
answer

Subsecondary classification: RIGHT HAND: 1 = \; ridge count: 26 , 2 = R; ridge count: 12, 3 = W; ridge traced: O, 4 = \; ridge count: 17, 5 = \; ridge count: 12; LEFT HAND: 6 = W; ridge traced: I, 7 = W; ridge traced: M, 8 = /; ridge count: 18, 9 = W; ridge count: I, 10 = /; ridge count 15. a. MOI/OOO b. OOO/MOI c. IMO/IOI d. IOI/IMO
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Q14
answer

This can be eliminated Classification was possible. a. primary b. key c. final d. major

if

Small

Letter

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Q15
answer

When may whorl be ridge counted instead of ridge traced? a. final b. major c. primary d. key

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Q16
answer

It is obtained by counting the ridges of the first loop appearing on the fingerprint card (beginning with the right thumb), exclusive of the little fingers which are never considered for the key as they are reserved for the final. a. primary b. key c. final d. major
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Q17
answer

A second classification system currently in use in the United States. a. National Crime Information Council b. National Center for Crime Information c. National Crime Information Center d. National Council for Information on Crime

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Q18
answer
What is the classification of the finger that cannot be determined with reasonable accuracy as to the: I. General type of pattern II. Ridge tracing III. Ridge count a. general classification and subclassification is that of the corresponding finger of the other hand. b. primary value of the pattern of the corresponding finger and the subclassification value as indicated by the ridges of partially scarred impressions. c. ridge count or tracing value of the corresponding finger of the other hand, if the corresponding finger is of the same general type. d. whorls with meeting tracings.
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Q19
answer

The approximate height of the inking area and cardholder from the floor. a. 39" b. 50" c. 30" d. 40"

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Q20
answer

Found all over the body but higher density on friction ridge surfaces (palms & soles). a. Eccrine glands b. Sebaceous glands c. Apocrine glands d. Endocrine glands

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Q21
answer

This technique should be used as a last process. Development takes place after exposing the treated material with strong light such as ultraviolet light. a. Iodine fuming b. Ninhydrin c. Physical developer d. Silver nitrate
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Q1
A system of identification which is done by drawing a figure on parts of body to identify and prevent desertion of mercenary soldiers. a. Bertillon System b. Branding and Maiming c. Cutting of Hand d. Tattooing

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1.

2. 3.

Topic: Past Systems of ID Branding and even maiming were used to mark the criminal; Cutting of hand of thief; Tattooing to identify and prevent desertion of mercenary soldiers;

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Next Question

4.

5. 6.

Topic: Past Systems of ID Visual memories (camera eyes) to identify previously arrested offenders by sight; Photography Bertillon System: (1) photograph, (2) portrait parle, (3) anthropometry; proven inaccurate in Will and William West Case

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Q2
Fingerprints were used on clay tablets for business transactions. a. Ancient Babylon b. Ancient China c. 14th Century Persia d. Nova Scotia

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Topic: Prehistoric Fingerprinting

Nova Scotia - picture writing of hand with ridge patterns Babylon fingerprints were used on clay tablets for business transactions. Ancient China thumb prints were found on clay seals. 14th century Persia - various official government papers had fingerprints (impressions)

Next Question

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Q3
He discussed fingerprints as a means of personal identification, and the use of printers ink as a method for obtaining such fingerprints. He is also credited with the first fingerprint identification of a greasy fingerprint left on an alcohol bottle. a. John Evangelist Purkinje b. Sir William Herschel c. Dr. Henry Faulds d. Marcello Malpighi
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Topic: Fingerprint Personalities

1.

2.

3.

Marcello Malpighi (1686) Treatise: ridges, spirals, & loops; Malpighi layer layer of skin approximately 1.88mm thick. John Evangelist Purkinje (1823) Thesis: 9 fingerprint patterns; no mention about personal identification. Sir William Herschel (1856) First used fingerprints on native contracts in Jungipoor, India; no thought toward personal identification; noted that no changes in his fingerprints recorded over period of 57 years.

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Topic: Fingerprint Personalities

4.

5.

6.

7.

Henry Faulds (1880) Took up study of skin furrows; contribution: (1) fingerprint: means of identification, & (2) method of classification; 1st fingerprint identification of greasy fingerprint left on alcohol bottle. Gilbert Thompson (1882) Used his thumb print on document to prevent forgery first known use of fingerprints in the U.S. Alphonse Bertillon (1882) Bertillon System: Anthropometry, Photography & Portrait Parle Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens) (1883) Recognized value of fingerprints to personal identification in his fiction books.

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Topic: Fingerprint Personalities

8.

9.

10.

Sir Francis Galton (1888) Fingerprints as means of identification in 1880s; originated 1 in 64 billion chance of 2 fingerprints being same; ridge characteristics minutiae or Galtons details Juan Vucetich (1891) Began fingerprint files based on Galton pattern types; made first criminal fingerprint identification in 1892 (Francis Rojas case); devised his own system of classification. Azizul Haque & Hem Chandra Bose (1897) 2 Indian fingerprint experts credited w/ primary development of Henry System of fingerprint classification (named for their supervisor, Edward Richard Henry).

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Topic: Fingerprint Personalities

11.

Next Question

12.

13.

Sir Edward Richard Henry (1901) Widely known for his Henry System of Classification. Dr. Henry P. DeForrest (1902) Pioneers U.S. fingerprinting. Edmond Locard (1918) Originated 12 points in arriving at individualization.

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Q4
The innermost layer of the epidermis where new cells are created. a. sebaceous layer b. subcutaneous layer c. generating layer d. papillae

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Topic: Scientific Basis of Friction Skin Identification

FINGERPRINT defined -impression of friction ridge of all or any part of finger

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Tenets of Friction Skin Identification

1. 2.

Unique all areas of friction skin: totally individual. Permanent location, appearance & relationships of features remain unchanged throughout persons lifetime.

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Nature of Skin
Skin Largest organ of human body Approx. 15-20% of body weight; occupies 2 sq. m. of surface area Relatively smooth, except (1) palmar side of hands, & (2) plantar side of feet
Volar skin: biologists; friction ridge skin: fingerprint examiners; fingerprint: public

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Stratum Basale: a.k.a.a.k.a. hyalin layer; layer; & new cells; many Granulosum: generating layer; creates translucent dead Spinosum: a.k.a. spinous layer;flat initiates processflat, Lucidum: a.k.a. horny layer; pickle cells deepest Corneum: a.k.a. granular outermost layer; of layer; cells w/ spines protruding from sided parallel (dying palms of keratinization only onprocess& cells); surface. cells; appears to as dead cells. soles arranged in rowsbasement membrane. last of living cells.

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Basement Membrane

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Summary of Formation of Ridges

1.

2.

3.

General patterns on volar areas: determined by heredity & genetic master plan. Friction ridges: randomly formed because of biological variation. Biological variations: environmental influences occurring during fetal development.

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Summary of Formation of Ridges

4.

Next Question

5.

6.

Environmental influences: pressures, stresses, & other physical factors such as disease & nutrition. Thus, no two areas of friction skin will ever be same. Identical twins may have similar friction skin patterns but their individual ridge formations will not be same. Ridges: formed & become unique & permanent during approximately 4th mo of fetal life.

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Q5
An ending ridge of any length rising at a sufficient degree from the horizontal plane, i.e., 45 or more. a. recurve b. loop c. upthrust d. angle

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Topic: Fingerprint Pattern Interpretation

TYPES OF PATTERNS I. Arch (5%): a. Plain Arch b. Tented Arch II. Loop (60%): a. Radial Loop b. Ulnar Loop III. Whorl (35%): a. Plain Whorl b. Central Pocket Loop c. Double Loop d. Accidental Loop

Next Question
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Q6
Following are the essential elements of a loop, EXCEPT a. core TOPIC: LOOPS b. sufficient recurve c. delta d. ridge count across a looping ridge

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Basic Requirements of Loop

Loop

Description 1 or more ridges Sufficient recurve enter upon either side, recurve, touch/pass Ridge count imaginary line across a between delta & core, looping ridge & pass out/tend to Delta pass out upon same side ridges entered.
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Ridge Counting: Rules to Remember

15 Count Loop C o r e : S p i k e
1. 2. 3. 4.

Draw line: delta & core 1 RC per touch/cut 1 ridge: looping ridge Delta & core: not counted

5.
6. 7.

Fragments & dots: thick (to be counted) Bifurcation: 1 RC per fork touched Line on point of bifurcation: 2 RC

Delta: Bifurcation
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Types of Loops
Ulnar Loop (Right Hand)

Description Flow of ridges: flow toward the little finger Ulna bone. Indicated by diagonal line in direction loop flows Remember: RH & D is LS LH & D is RS

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Types of Loops
Radial Loop Right Hand

Next Question

Description Flow of ridges: flow toward the thumb Radius bone. Indicated by R in fingers 2 & 7 & by r in all other fingers. Remember: RH & D is RS LH & D is LS

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Q7
Consists of at least one recurving ridge, or an obstruction at right angles to the line of flow, with two deltas, between which, when an imaginary line is drawn, no recurving ridge within the inner TOPIC: WHORL pattern area is cut or touched. a. central pocket loop b. accidental c. plain whorl d. double loop
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WHORL

Used in deriving primary classification At least 2 deltas Recurve in front in each All whorl types: Whorl; Designation: W

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Plain Whorl
1. 2.

Simplest form of whorl

Most common whorl Description 3. W: general & 2 deltas extension classif at least 1 ridge making complete circuit or variant of circle Imaginary line: delta delta cut/touch at least 1 recurving ridge within inner pattern area.

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Warning: Plain Whorl

Recurving ridge with appendage in line of flow: not circuit Appendage: spoil recurve on that side Pattern: Not whorl but loop
appendage

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Central Pocket Loop Whorl

Description For extension purposes deltas general 2. 2W: classif; At least 1 ridge: complete C: extension circuit spiral, oval, 3. No recurve in front of circular, variant of circle delta in inner pattern area: obstruction at right Obstruction at right angle angles to line of flow Imaginary line (delta & suffices core): NOT cutting/touching recurving ridge within inner pattern area
1.
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Inner Line of Flow

Inner line of flow: Imaginary line between inner delta & center of innermost recurve or looping ridge.

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Obstruction at Right Angle Rule

1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

No recurve in front of delta in inner PA: A MUST obstruction @ right angles to line of flow (ORALOF) No ORALOF: Loop ORALOF: curved ORALOF: straight ORALOF: not dot Right angle rule: only in obstruction Recurve/obstruction: no appendage in line of flow

7. 8.

Recurve/obstruction w/ appendage in line of flow

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Double Loop
Description 1. 2 For extension purpose separate loop 2.formations, W: general classif; D: extension 2 separate and distinct 3.sets of shoulders, Separate: not unconnected; 2 loops 2 deltas may be connected by No RC needed appendage (not at right Appendage rule in loop angles between shoulders applies of recurve) S type whorls, interlocking loops, & 1 loop inside another: Plain whorl
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S Type

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Interlocking Type

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Accidental
Description Type 1 Combinations: L + T; L + combination C, etc. 2 W; L + C; D + of 2. different types of pattern Exceedingly unusual plain arch: notdefined in patterns not included any other classes 2 or more deltas Type 2 pattern: w/ some requirements for 2 or more different types Type 3 pattern: conforms to none of definitions
1.
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Ridge Tracing

5. 3. 2. 1. 4.

Meetingintervening point opposite right delta right Inner (I) = -3 or ++ inside or outsidedelta delta Count == 3ridgesto ridges: right& delta Trace: left delta ridges outside right right delta. Outer (O) 3 or ridges inside RT

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Ridge Tracing
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Tracing always on left delta; not on type line. Exception: type line next lower ridge after RT breaks Delta: 1st recurve continue toward right delta RT ends abruptly & definitely: next lower ridge Short breaks: not definite ridge endings

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Ridge Tracing
6.

Next Question

7.
8.

9.

RT bifurcates: lower limb/branch followed 3 or + deltas: extreme deltas RT in d & X: stop tracing on nearest point to right delta on upward trend No upward trend: tracing to point opposite right delta/delta itself

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Q8
That point on a ridge at or in front of and nearest the center of the divergence of the type lines. TOPIC: RULES a. focal point IN SELECTING b. bifurcation TYPELINES, c. delta DELTA, & CORE d. core

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Type Lines
Not always continuous 2. Definite break continuation: immediate ridge outside Type Lines 3. May be very short 2 innermost ridges 4. 2 forks of bifurcation: not start parallel type lines diverge 5. Exception: forks run surround/tend bifurcating to parallel after surround pattern area (PA) & diverge 6. Angular formation: not type line
1.

Divergence spreading apart of 2 lines1running parallel/nearly parallel 16.11.2012 Bifurcation forking/dividing of line into 2/more branches

Pattern Area
Description Only part of finger impression for interpretation & classification Present in Ls & Ws Impossible to define: As & Ts Part of L/W: cores, deltas, & ridges for classification Enclosed by type lines Enclosed focal points: delta & core
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Delta
Description Rules: Choice of 2/+ Deltas PointTypes of Delta or (2) on ridge - (1) at 1. Not @ bifur not opening in Bifurcation (3) nearest front of or 1. toward DIVERGENCE center of:core 2. Abrupt ending ridge 2. Bifur lines another: bifur OF type & 3. Dot selected Webster 3. Short ridge 2/+ possible deltas 4. th 4 Letter of Greek 5. conforming 2 ridges Meeting of to definition: Alphabet nearest core chosen 6. Phoenician 1st recurving Point on name for 4. Not in mid of ridge ridge nearest to corresponding letter center & between of divergence of type lines in front Greek: alluvial nearer end toward core; deposit at type lines mouth of Nile (Delta of the only Nile)
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Delta
Dot: not delta; line D not type line

Line D: not type line; not running parallel to type line AA Dot: delta Line E: not type delta; not Bifurcations: not line; do running parallel core type line not open toward to AA

End of ridge E: delta; nearest to center of divergence of type lines

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Core

Definition: approximate center of finger impression Rules in Selecting Core of Loop: 1. Upon/within innermost sufficient recurve (ISR) 2. ISR: no ending ridge/rod rising as high as shoulders of loop (RAHASOL) shoulder farther from delta: core

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Core

Rules in Selecting Core of Loop: 3. ISR: uneven # of rods RAHAS end of center rod (touching looping ridge/not): core 4. ISR: even # of rods RAHAS end of farther 1 of 2 center rods (2 center rods treated as recurving ridge): core

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Core: Rules in Interlocking Loops

1.

Next Question

2. 4.

3.

Shoulder line crossing exactly at point of intersection of 2 loops: 2 loops as 1 w/ 1 rod core @ rod Shoulderas 1 w/ 2 rods 2 loops line above point of intersection ofdelta core farther from 2 loops: 2 loops as 1 w/ 2 rods core farther from delta Shoulder line below point of intersection of 2 loops: 2 loops as 1 w/ 2 rods core farther from delta

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Q9
Rule in Blocking: Under the index fingers the appropriate capital letters should be placed for every TOPIC: pattern except the Classification a. ulnar loop Formula & b. plain whorl c. radial loop Extension d. double loop

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Classification Formula

Blocking out 1st step in classifying; identifying pattern types of all 10 fingers a. Index Fingers (2 & 7): capital letter; ulnar loop diagonal line slanting in direction of loop
a. b. c.

Arch: A Tented Arch: T Radial Loop: R

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Classification Formula

Blocking out b. Other fingers: small letter; ulnar loops diagonal line slanting in direction of loop (arch A; tented arch T; radial loop r) c. All types of whorls: W

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Classification Line

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Primary Classification
#1

16 16 8 4
#7

#2

#3

#4

8 1

#5

4+1 1+1

#6

See Example #8 #9

#10

1.

2.

A.k.a. whorl division 3. EveNumerator (M) _+ 1 (appearance of whorl) OdDenominator(W) + 1 Constants: (1) Numerical value; 4. Possible Primary combinations: (2) +1 1,024 5. No whorls in N = value: 1; no whorls in D = value: 1

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Q10
In the classification line, the order should be a. primary, secondary, subsecondary, final, key, major b. major, key, primary, secondary, subsecondary final c. key, major, primary, secondary, subsecondary, final d. primary, secondary, subsecondary, major, key, final
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Q11
The total possible primary classifications from 1 over 1 to 32 over 32. a. 2,024 b. 1,500 c. 1,024 d. 3,000

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Q12
Secondary classification: RIGHT HAND: 1 = \, 2 = R, 3 = \, 4 = \, 5 = \; LEFT HAND: 6 = a, 7 = /, 8 = /, 9 = /, 10 = /. a. R/aU b. aR3r/rU2ra c. U/R d. W/W

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Q13
Subsecondary classification: RIGHT HAND: 1 = \; ridge count: 26 , 2 = R; ridge count: 12, 3 = W; ridge traced: O, 4 = \; ridge count: 17, 5 = \; ridge count: 12; LEFT HAND: 6 = W; ridge traced: I, 7 = W; ridge traced: M, 8 = /; ridge count: 18, 9 = W; ridge count: I, 10 = /; ridge count 15. a. MOI/OOO b. OOO/MOI c. IMO/IOI d. IOI/IMO
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Q14
This can be eliminated Classification was possible. a. primary b. key c. final d. major if a Small Letter

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Q15
When may whorl be ridge counted instead of ridge traced? a. final b. major c. primary d. key

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Q16
It is obtained by counting the ridges of the first loop appearing on the fingerprint card (beginning with the right thumb), exclusive of the little fingers which are never considered for the key as they are reserved for the final. a. primary b. key c. final d. major
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Q17
A second classification system currently in use in the United States. a. National Crime Information Council b. National Center for Crime Information c. National Crime Information Center d. National Council for Information on Crime

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Q18
What is the classification of the finger that cannot be determined with reasonable accuracy as to the: I. General type of pattern II. Ridge tracing III. Ridge count a. general classification and subclassification is that of the corresponding finger of the other hand. b. primary value of the pattern of the corresponding finger and the subclassification value as indicated by the ridges of partially scarred impressions. c. ridge count or tracing value of the corresponding finger of the other hand, if the corresponding finger is of the same general type. d. whorls with meeting tracings.
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Q19
The approximate height of the inking area and cardholder from the floor. a. 39" b. 50" c. 30" d. 40"

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Q20
Found all over the body but higher density on friction ridge surfaces (palms & soles). a. Eccrine glands b. Sebaceous glands c. Apocrine glands d. Endocrine glands

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Q21
This technique should be used as a last process. Development takes place after exposing the treated material with strong light such as ultraviolet light. a. Iodine fuming b. Ninhydrin c. Physical developer d. Silver nitrate
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Plain Arch
Description ridges enter upon 1 side, make rise or wave in center, flow/tend to flow out upon opposite side. No (1) looping ridge, (2) upthrust ridge, (3) angle, or (4) recurve. Indicated by: (1) Capital A in fingers # 2 & 7; (2) Small a in fingers other than 2 & 7.
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Back

Tented Arch

Back

Description angle, upthrust, loop type

(1)

(2)

T in fingers # 2 & 7, & t in fingers other than 2 & 7.

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Angular Type Tented Arch

Back

Description 2 ridges meeting at angle; 1 continuous ridge: not angle; angle: 90 degrees or less.

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Upthrust Type Tented Arch

Description ending ridge: ridge ending in space; making definite change of direction from basic ridge; angle of 45O or more from base ridge; high & thick as other ridges; & dots: not qualified; no direction.
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Back

Loop Type

Back

Description looks like loop, 2 of 3 basic loop characteristics, lacking 3rd.

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Ridge Counting

# of ridges intervening between delta & core. Red line of reticule of FP glass: insure absolute accuracy

Back
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Short Breaks

Cause: improper inking, presence of foreign matter on ridges, enlarged pores, disease, or worn ridges Determination: judgment of classifier Basis of determination: whole pattern (1) common: not definite ridge ending; (2) not common: definite ridge ending Reference marks: tracing
Back

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Angular Formation
Angles never formed by single ridge abutting of 1 ridge vs another

Back
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Sufficient Recurve

Part of recurving ridge between shoulders of loop Must be FREE: appendages abutting upon outside of recurve at right angle

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Back

Shoulders of Loop

Points at which recurving ridge definitely inward or curves

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Back

Example: Primary Classification

#1

\ /

#2

W W

#3

\ W a /
25 3

#4

#5

#6

#7

#8

#9

#10

EveNumerator = (#6) 0 + (#2) 16 + (#8) 0 + (#4) 8 + (#10) 0 = 24 + 1 = 25 OdDenominator =(#1) 0 + (#7) 2 + (#3) 0 + (#9) 0 + (#5) 0 = 2 + 1 = 3

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