COMPUTER CODES

Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)

Representing one decimal number with 4-bit words. How can we represent the ten decimal numbers (0-9) in binary code?
Numeral 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

BCD Representation 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001

We can represent any integer by a string of binary digits. For example, 749 can be represented in binary as: 011101001001

How Many Bits Are Necessary to Represent Something?

1 bit can represent two (21) symbols either a 0 or a 1 2 bits can represent four (22) symbols 00 or 01 or 10 or 11 3 bits can represent eight (23) symbols 000 or 001 or 011 or 111 or 100 or 110 or 101 or 010 4 bits can represent sixteen (24) symbols 5 bits can represent 32 (25) symbols 6 bits can represent 64 (26) symbols 7 bits can represent 128 (27) symbols 8 bits (a byte) can represent 256 (28) symbols n bits can represent (2n) symbols! Sohow many bits are necessary for all of us in class to have a unique binary ID? Are two bits enough? Three? Four? Five? Six? Seven?

To think about..

Can 64 bits represent twice as many symbols as 32 bits? 32 = 4,294,967,296 symbols 32 bit = 2 64 = 1.8 x 1019 symbols 64 bit = 2 128 = 3.4 x 1038 symbols 128 bit = 2 Can 8 bits represent twice as many symbols as 4 bits? 8 8 bit = 2 = 256 symbols 4 4 bit = 2 = 16 symbols Remember that were dealing with exponents! 8 bit is twice as big as __________? 7 bit! 7 7 bits can represent 2 possible symbols or 2x2x2x2x2x2x2 = 128 8 8 bits can represent 2 possible symbols or 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2 = 256

Representing Alphanumeric Characters in Binary form (ASCII)

It is important to be able to represent text in binary form as information is entered into a computer via a keyboard Text may be encoded using ASCII ASCII can represent:

Numerals Letters in both upper and lower cases Special printing symbols such as @, $, %, etc. Commands that are used by computers to represent carriage returns, line feeds, etc.

ASCII

ASCII is an acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Its structure is a 7 bit code (plus a parity bit or an extended bit in some implementations)
ASCII can represent 128 symbols (27 symbols) INFT 101 is: 73 78 70 84 32 49 48 49 (decimal) or 1001001 1001110 1000110 1010100 0100000 0110001 0110000 0110001 in binary (using Appendix A from the textbook)

A complete ASCII chart may be found in appendix A in your book

How do you spell Lecture in ASCII?

ASCII-8 was divided into 3 groups:

ASCII control characters (character code 0-31) The first 32 characters in the ASCII-table are unprintable control codes and are used to control peripherals such as printers. ASCII printable characters (character code 32-127) Codes 32-127 are common for all the different variations of the ASCII table, they are called printable characters, represent letters, digits, punctuation marks, and a few miscellaneous symbols. You will find almost every character on your keyboard. Character 127 represents the command DEL. The extended ASCII codes (character code 128-255)

There are several different variations of the 8-bit ASCII table. Codes 129-159 contain the microsoft windows latin-1 extended characters.

Extended ASCII Chart

This ASCII chart illustrates Decimal and Hex (Hexadecimal) representation of numbers, text and special characters Hex can be easily converted to binary Upper case D is 4416 416 is 01002 Upper case D is then 0100 0100 in binary

ASCII conversion example

Let us convert You & I, to decimal, hex and binary using the ASCII code table :

Y: 8910 o: 11110 u: 11710 Space: 3210 &: 3810 Space: 3210 I: 7310 ,: 4410

5916 10110012 6F16 11011112 7516 11101012 2016 01000002 2616 01001102 2016 01000002 4916 10010012 2C16 01011002

You & I, in Hex:

59 6F 75 20 26 20 49 2C 89 111 117 32 38 32 73 44 1011001 1101111 1110101 0100000 0100110 0100000 1001001 0101100

You & I, in decimal:

You & I, in binary:

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EBCDIC (EXTENDED BCD INTERCHANGE CODE)

This is used by IBM and some other mainframe and mini computers and can provide 256 (28) different coding arrangements. Unicode is 16 bit (216) 65,536 symbols languages with accents (French, German) nonLatin alphabets (e.g. Hebrew, Russian) languages withough alphabets (e.g. Chinese, Japanese) www.unicode.org

Convenient Forms for Binary Codes

Bit is the smallest unit of data that the computer uses. Byte is equal to 8-bits. A byte can represent 256 states of information, for ex., number combination of numbers and letters. 1 byte could be equal to 1 character as discussed in ASCII-8 representation. 10 byte could be equal to a word. 100 byte would equal an average sentence. Kilobyte A kilobyte is approximately 1,000 bytes, actually 1,024 bytes depending on which definition is used. 1 kilobyte would be equal to this paragraph you are reading, whereas 100 kilobytes would equal an entire page. Megabyte - A megabyte is approximately 1,000 kilobytes. Gigabyte A gigabyte is approximately 1,000 megabytes. Terabyte A terabyte is approximately one trillion bytes, or 1,000 gigabytes. Petabyte A petabyte is approximately 1,000 terbytes or 1 million gigabytes. Exabyte An exabyte is approximately 1,000 petabytes. Zettabyte A zettabyte is approximately 1,000 exabytes. Yottabyte A yotta byte is approximately 1,000 zettabytes.
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 Bits vs. Bytes

Bits are often used in terms of a data rate, or speed of information flow: 56 Kilobit per second modem (56 Kbps) A T-1 is 1.544 Megabits per second (1.544 Mbps or 1544 Kbps)

Bytes are often used in terms of storage or capacity--computer memories are organized in terms of 8 bits 256 Megabyte (MB) RAM 40 Gigabyte (GB) Hard disk

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Practical Use

Everyday things measured in bits:

32-bit sound card 64-bit video accelerator card 128-bit encryption in your browser

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Note! The Multipliers for Bits and Bytes are Slightly Different. Kilo or Mega have slightly different values when used with bits per second or with bytes.

When Referring to Bytes (as in computer memory)

Kilobyte (KB) Megabyte (MB)

210 = 1,024 bytes 220 = 1,048,576 bytes

Gigabyte (GB)
Terabyte (TB)

230 = 1,073,741,824 bytes

240 = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes

When Referring to Bits Per Second (as in transmission rates)

Kilobit per second (Kbps) = 1000 bps (thousand)

Megabit per second (Mbps) = 1,000,000 bps (million)

Gigabit per second (Gbps) = 1,000,000,000 bps (billion) Terabit per second (Tbps) = 1,000,000,000,000 bps (trillion)

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More Multipliers for Measuring Bytes

Kilobyte (K) 210 = 1,024 bytes Megabyte (M) 220 = 1,048,576 bytes

Gigabyte (G) 230 = 1,073,741,824 bytes

Terabytes (T) 240 = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes Petabytes (P) 250 = 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes

Exabytes (E) 260 = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes

Zettabytes (Z) 270 = 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bytes Yottabytes (Y) 280 = 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 bytes

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Octal Numbering system

There are other ways to count besides the decimal and binary systems. One example is the octal numbering system (base 8). The Octal numbering system uses the first 8 numerals starting from 0 The first 20 numbers in the octal system are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 ,20, 21, 22, 23 Because there are 8 numerals and 8 patterns that can be formed by 3 bits, a single octal number may be used to represent a group of 3 bits

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Octal numeral 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Bit pattern 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
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Start here

For example, the number 1010010101112 may be converted to octal form by grouping the bits into 3, and looking at the table. Starting from the right, count 3 digits to the left. The first 3-bits are: 111, corresponding to 7. The next 3-bits are: 010, corresponding to 2. The next are 001, corresponding to 1 and the last 3-bits are 101, corresponding to 5 Hence, the above binary number may be represented by: 51278 in octal form

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 Hexadecimal Numbering system

The hex system uses 16 numerals, starting with zero The standard decimal system only provides 10 different symbols So, the letters A-F are used to fill out a set of 16 different numerals We can use hex to represent a grouping of 4 bits

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Decimal 0 1 2 3 4

Hex 0 1 2 3 4

Binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100

5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

5
6 7 8 9 A B C D

0101
0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101

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15

E
F

1110
1111
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Start here

For example, the number 1010110101112 may be converted to hexadecimal form by grouping the bits into 4, and looking at the table. Starting from the right, count 4 digits to the left. The first 4-bits are: 0111, corresponding to 716. The next 4-bits are: 1101, corresponding to D16. The last bits are: 1010, corresponding to A16 Hence, the above binary number may be represented by: AD716 in hexadecimal form

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Conversion between different numbering systems

Conversions are possible between different numbering systems:

1 - Binary to Decimal and vice versa 2 - Binary to Octal and vice versa 3 - Binary to Hex and vice versa 4 - Octal to Decimal and vice versa 5 - Hex to Decimal and vice versa 6 - Octal to Hex and vice versa

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To convert octal and hex to decimal, we apply the same technique as converting binary to decimal. We recall that, in order to to convert from binary to decimal, we summed together the weights of the positions of the binary number that contained a 1. Similarly, we sum the weights of the positions in the octal or hex numbers (depending on the base being used).
Binary is base 2, octal is base 8 and hex is base 16 Two examples of octal to decimal conversion:

778 converted to decimal form: 7x81 + 7x80 = 6310 26358 converted to decimal form: 2x83 + 6x82 + 3x81 + 5x80 = 143710

Two examples of hex to decimal conversion:

A516 is converted to decimal form by: 10x161 + 5x160 = 16510 F8C16 is converted to decimal form by: 15x162 + 8x161 + 12x160 = 398010

In order to convert from octal to hex (or vice versa), we first convert octal to binary, and then convert binary to hex.

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