Basics of Telecommunications

Training Center Zhongxing Telecom Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd

Introduction to Telecom Network

Definition

Telecommunications means to change information into electric signals for remote transmission and switching

Composition of Telecom Network

Logical Composition
Physical Composition

Logical Composition

Logically Speaking A Telecom Network is composed of Nodes, Links, Ends & Signaling

End: It is a Terminal or Service provision point. Telephone, Fax machine, computer(physical layer) Node: Switching System (network layer) Link: Transmission System (Transport layer) Signaling: It is the language for communication between various parts of telecom network

Physical Composition

Physically speaking A telecom network is composed of

Switching Network Transmission Bearer (channel) Network Supporting Network Terminal Equipment

Switching Network:
Comprises of multiple types of switches International office, Local terminal office switch, Remote subscriber unit and PABX

Transmission Bearer Network: Comprises of Trunk links, Local transmission links and access networks.

Supporting Network:

Comprises four types of networks Digital Synchronization Network Signaling Network Centralized Intelligent Network Telecom Management Network

Telecom Management Network Centralized IN

Supporting Networks

Digital Synchronization Network

Signaling Network Switching Network

Transmission Bearer Network

Basic Network

Basic Structure of Telecom Local Network

To toll end office To toll office end End office

Branch office
PABX

Tandem

End office Branch office

PABX

PABX

Single Tandem Office Network Tandem :An arrangement of two or more objects placed one behind the other

Multiple-Tandem Office Network.

Types of Offices End office Branch office Tandem office Toll end office Toll tandem office Domestic toll International toll

Telecom Network Topologies

Overall Meshed Network

Star Network

Tree Network

Compound Network

Chain Network

Loop Network

Bus Network

Overall Meshed Network

Good reliability Usage of the links is low The network is not economic This type of network is only used when there are extremely high requirements for reliability

Star Network
It is the basis of the ordinarily used telephone network structure. One switching center is configured, which enables the calls among subscribers. The reliability of star network is lower than the overall meshed network, but the star network is much more economic than the overall meshed network.

Compound Network
It is developed on the basis of the star network. In the densely populated areas, different switching centers are established to form different star networks, which will be overall or partially inter-connected to form the compound network.

Tree Networks:
At present widely used in CATV distribution networks and private network (e.g. military networks). Mostly used in computer communication networks. Normally used in private networks or microwave trunk public communication networks.

Loop & Bus Networks: Chain Networks:

Development of Telecom Network

Digitalization Integration Intelligentization Broadband Personalization

Introduction to Digital SPC (stored-program control) Switch

Electronic control of a telecommunications switching system by means of a program of instructions stored in bulk electronic memory

Outline

The Development History of the Switch Digitization of Analog Signals and PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) The Constitution of the Digital SPC Switch

SWITCH AT A GLANCE

Telephone was invented by A.G. Bell in 1876 In 1878 commercial services were started in US In November 1892 Strowger invented the fist generation of Automatic Telephone Switch The second generation of telephone switches are Crossbar switches invented in 1962 in Sweden In 1965 the first Analog SPC of the world was invented in US In 1970 the first Digital SPC Switch was invented in France it was called E10.

The Development History of the Switch

Basic Type
Manual Telephone Switch

Modes of Switches
Magneto switch, Common Battery Telephone switch Step-by-step Electromechanical

Automatic telephone switch

Crossbar
SPC

Electromechanical, Quasi-electric Analog (PAM), Digital (PCM)

Advantages of SPC Switch

Highly flexible, Easy to maintain and Easy to extend the capacity. Equipment volume is much smaller and call connection speed is much faster. Good voice quality, good secrecy ISDN and IN

Digitalization of Analog Signals & PCM

Generally, Digital signal must be discrete in time and amplitude. Analog signal,contrarily,is continuous in amplitude.
Analog signal

Digital signal

Advantages of Digital Communications

High-level Multiplexing. High Resistance to disturbance, Suitable for remote transmission. Easiness for ciphering and high ciphering level Conversion between SNR and frequency band.

Easiness for the interconnection with computer and the provision of ISDN. High integration of equipment that features small size, light weight, low power consumption and long equipment life

Digitalization of Analog Signals & PCM

Digitalization of Analog Signals Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

PCM( Pulse Code Modulation)

Primary Group Format

The conversion of analog signals to binary digital signals comprises of three main processes

Sampling Quantization Coding

TX or Switch

Line Coder

Line Decoder

MUX

DMUX

Coder
Quantizer Sampler

Decoder Filter

Filter

Sampling
Sampling: Discretion of Time Sampling is to converts the Analog Signals with Continuous Time & Amplitude into Analog Signals with Discrete Time & Continuous Amplitude. These signals are called PAM signals (pulse amplitude modulation).

Analog signal with continuous amplitude

Sampling pulse with same amplitude

PAM

Nyquist Theorem

The sampling period Ts can not be longer than the reciprocal of twice the highest frequency of the signal to be sampled. Ts = 1/fs < 1/2B

The voice frequency band is 300 - 3400HZ so the actual sampling frequency fs is taken as 8000Hz Ts=1/8000Hz = 125s The value of is 3.9 s, so 125/3.9 = 32TS

Quantization

QuantizationDiscretion of Amplitude The process of quantization is to round up the amplitude values of analog sampling signals.
The round up processing might cause certain errors, which is the so-called Quantization Error.

Quantized Output

5.3 10.2 7.6 2.1 5.0 8.1 13.6 14.2 7.5

10

Quantization is normally of two types:

Uniform Quantization

Non-Uniform Quantization

Coding

Multi-system digital signals are processed with binary coding to be converted into binary digital signals. A-law polygon method coding is adopted

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

The process by which many voice signals are arranged in different Time Slots according to certain rules and transmit along a single bearer.

A B C D D C B A D C B A

A B C D

T T T

Demultiplexing
Signals multiplexed in the originating terminal are transmitted to the receiving terminal via channels and then separated into the original individual signals. This process is called demultiplexing.

PCM Primary Group Format

The PCM primary group system is the basic system for digital multiplexing.
Its primary frame structure contains 32 time slots. TS1-15 &TS16- 31are used for Voice Channels, TS0 is normally used for Frame Synchronization.

TS16 is used as a Signaling Time Slot.

Each time slot has 8 bits.

Multi-Frame Structure

Each multi-frame is composed by 16 single frames

MULTI-FRAME 16 Frames, 2ms, 4096 bits 0 1 2 14 15

0 1 0 0 1

1 1 0 1 1 0 0

FRAME 32 TS, 256 bits, 125s, 15 16 17 0 0 1 A2 1 1

30

31

d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7

1 1

A1 1

1 1

c d

TS0 MULTIFRAME: MULTIFRAME SYNCRONIZATION TS0: FRAME:FRAME SYNCRONIZATION TS1TS15 & TS17 TS31 :VOICE CHANNELS TS 16: FRAME: SIGNALING INFORMATION

Features Of PCM30/32
Sampling Rate Frame Period Width per TS Multi - Frame period Bits/ Sample Value Bits/ Frame 8000Hz 125s 3.9s 125s*16=2ms 8 bits 32*8bits=256bits

Bits/ Multi-frame

256*16=4096bits

TS / Frame TS / Multi-frame Channel rate

32TS 32*16=512TS 64kb/s

Channel rate = 8k * 8 bits = 64kbits/per sec Single Frame Rate 2Mb/s

64Kb/s * 32 = 2048Kb/s 2Mb/s

The Constitution of SPC (stored-program control) Switching System

The digital SPC switch has mainly two big parts

The Hardware and The Software

The Hardware

Four parts:

Interface circuits Control system Digital switching network Public resource

Interface Circuits

Subscriber side interface

Analog subscriber Digital subscriber

Trunk side interface

Analog trunk Digital trunk

Analog Subscriber Interface (ASLC)

Battery feed

test

Over voltage protection

Hybrid or 2/4wire converter

supervisio n

Ringing control

CODEC&Filter

Digital Trunk Interface

The interface between the digital switch and the PCM transmission equipment.

A-interface: 2.048 Mb/s PCM Primary Group

B-interface: 8.192 Mb/s PCM Secondary Group

Control System
Control mode

The Centralized Control: Have only a central processor to handle the whole system Distributed Control: Have several processors distributed in the modules,and the basic functions are mainly realized by the modules

Working Mode

Load sharing Active /standby mode

Processor

Mainly perform call processing , connection and operation, management and maintenance

Digital Switching Network

Enables the switching of different Time slots

T-switch S-switch TS,ST,TST,TTT

T- Switch
Different Slot switching in same HW
TS9 TS2

TS28

TS20

TS9

TS2

TS28

TS20

C
IHW

C
OHW

Switching Time Delay

26TS delay
AT AR (TS2) (TS2) 26TS delay (TS28) (TS28) BR BT

T-switch mainly comprises two parts:

SM(speech memory)

Store the voice date of various time slots

CM(control memory)

Store the address of the voice data

Sequential Writing, Control Reading

0 S/P a TS3 11 31 CLK b 8 3

SM SM
a 8 P/S b TS3 CM 0 1 2 3 11 31 From CPU

IHW b TS11

1HW a TS11

11
3

Control Writing, Sequential Reading

SM 0 8 3 11 SM b a CLK 0 1 2 3 11 31 From CPU

8
P/S a TS11

IHW b TS11

a TS3

S/P

OHW b TS3

31
CM

11
3

Public Resources

Signaling device DTMF Receivers Tone Generators Synchronization device

Software

The Software of the SPC digital switch controls the actions of the Hardware.

Office data Semi-permanent database Data Subscriber data

Switch software system

Dynamic data

System program
Program Application program Supporting program

THANK YOU

Training Center Zhongxing Telecom Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd