Introduction

Overweight individuals face many discrimination in every where (school, work place, transportationect) Excess body fat risk of developing many diseases as:
D.M Heart diseases cancer

Some definitions
BMI: An index of weight in relation of height BMI = weight (kg Height (m2) Normal BMI =20-25 kg/ m2 (female) = 19-24 kg/ m2 (male)

Some definitions

Overweight:
A BMI of > 25-29.5 kg/ m2 Or body weight 10-19 % above desirable body weight

Some definitions
Obesity: A condition characterized by excess body fat It is defined as a BMI of 2. 30 kg/ m It is defined as a body weight that is 20% or more above the desirable body weight standard.

What is energy?
It is the ability to do work. It is obtained from nutrients in food. Cellular respiration converts the energy stored in nutrients into high energy compound (ATP).

Uses of energy

The energy in ATP is used to

Maintaining BMR

Fuelling physical activity

Processing the nutrients in food

Fate of excess energy

It is stored primarily as Fat The propensity for storing fat is determined by our genes. But environmental factors (food intake &activity level) have role.

Energy intake
The amount of energy depends on: The total amount of food Nutrient composition of these foods. CHO & prot. 4 k calorie Fat 9 k calorie Alcohol 7 k calorie. Micronutrients, though essential nutrients do not provide energy

Energy Expenditure

1.BMR 2.Physical activity

3. Thermic effect of food (TEF)

Energy Expenditure
1. BMR:
1. It is the minimum energy needed to an awake, resting body alive. 2. About 60-75 % of energy is used to maintain BMR. 3. It is used for basic functions as:
1. Breathing 2. Circulating blood 3. Maintaining temperature

4. Does not include food digestion & absorption

Energy Expenditure
4. It does not include food digestion & absorption. 5. It is related to:
Body weight Lean body mass Gender Growth rate Body temperature And age.

6.It is affected by low energy diet, energy intake below needs depress BMR by 10-20% / day.

Energy Expenditure

2.Physical activity:

It includes the energy needed for: Functions of daily living (sitting, standing, and walking0 Exercises.

Energy Expenditure
3. Thermic effect of food (TEF): it is the energy required for:
Digestion, absorption, metabolism and storage of food. It is about 10 % of daily energy intake.

Regulation of body fatness

This is done through information from hormones as insulin & Liptin.
Insulin is secreted when BGL rise Insulin's effect on the hypothalamus can :
Food intake Body weight

Liptin is produced by adipocytes, so more Liptin is released as fat store grow When Liptin :
energy expenditures Satiety.

Abnormalities in body fat regulation

As a fact, obese humans have Liptin level in their blood This suggest a defect in the response to this hormone (an abnormality in Liptin receptors).

Do obese people eat more?

As a fact, overweigh individuals consume energy than they burn Research suggests that overweigh responds more to sensory & environmental stimuli (sight & smell of food) Researches have also found that overweight individuals tend to choose highfat foods.

Do obese people expend less energy?.

Genetics determine our metabolic rate. Activity level is affected by genetics & individual choices. Most of obese have the lowest levels of physical activity.

The mathematics of weight loss

To promote the loss of fat and not lean tissue, a weight loss program should encourage the loss of only - 1 pound / week

Rapid weight loss lead to rapid weight gain. Rapid loss will be from:
Fluid Muscle and liver glycogen Muscle protein.

Factors affecting choosing a weight management program

It should offer a dietary pattern that suit your food preferences. Diet meet all nutrient needs Set realistic weight loss goals Stress the need to physical activity. Involve family support. Demonstrate safety & success in managing weight. Cost convenience Time commitment

Approaches of weight reduction

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Reducing energy intake Increasing energy output Regular exercise Low CHO diet Change eating behaviour Medications Surgery when conventional methods fail