1. An internal combustion engine is supplied with a mixture of octane vapour (C8H18) and air.

Under steady running conditions the dry exhaust gas analysis shows 13% carbon dioxide. Assuming combustion to be complete, determine the ratio b volume of fuel to air supplied, and express this as a percentage of the chemically correct ratio.

2. The mass analysis of the petrol used in an engine was 84% C and 16% H2. The dry exhaust gas analysis showed that the percentage by volume of carbon dioxide was six times that of oxygen, and that no carbon monoxide was present. Calculate (a) the air/fuel ratio by mass, and (b) the percentage excess air supplied Oxygen by volume is 20.9 per cent in air.

3. A mixture of hexane C6H14 and air is supplied to an internal combustion engine. Determine the theoretical mass of air required for complete combustion and estimate the composition of the products of combustion by volume if the mixture is 25% rich. Take air to contain 23.1% oxygen by mass. Assume hydrogen is completely burnt.

4. The fuel supplied to a petrol engine is assumed to have the composition C2H16. Calculate : (a) The stoichiometric air-fuel ratio by mass,
(b) The percentage volumetric composition of the products of combustion if 50 per cent excess air is supplied and combustion is complete. Assume air contains 21 per cent O2 by volume.

5. Petrol having an analysis by mass C 85 and H2 15 per cent is burned with 14 times its mass of air, this being insufficient for complete combustion. Assume that all the H2 is burned, no carbon is deposited and that there is no free oxygen in the exhaust. Given that air contains 23.2 per cent of oxygen by mass determine, per kg of petrol: (a) The mass of carbon burning CO2 (b) The mass of each of the gases in the exhaust.

6. The analysis of the dry exhaust from an internal combustion engine gave: 12% CO2; 2% CO; 4% CH4; 4.5% O2; and the remainder nitrogen. Calculate the proportions by mass of carbon to hydrogen in the fuel, assuming it to be a pure hydrocarbon.

7. The Orsat analysis of the exhaust gases from a diesel engine using a hydrocarbon fuel is : 7.5 per cent carbon dioxide, 9.4 per cent oxygen, 1 per cent carbon monoxide. The pressure of the exhaust gases is 1.02 bar. Calculate (a) the air-fuel ratio used, (b) the mass analysis of the fuel, (c) the wet products analysis, and (d) the minimum temperature to which the exhaust maybe cooled before condensation occurs.

8. A gas engine is supplied with coal gas of the following composition: H2 49.4%; CO 18%; CH4 20%; C2H8 2%; O2 0.4%; N2 6.4%; CO2 4%. Calculate the stocichiometric A/F used. Find also the wet and dry analysis of the products of combustion if the actual mixture is 20% weak.