LEADERSHIP

Koontz and Donnell Leading is the interpersonal aspect of managing by which subordinates are led to understand and contribute effectively and efficiently to the attainment of enterprise objectives. Urwick and Breach Leading is the guidance, the inspiration, the leadership of those men and women that constitute the real core of the responsibilities of management. Earnest Dale Leading is telling people what to do and seeing that they do it to the best of their ability. It includes making assignments, explaining procedures, seeing that mistakes are corrected, providing on-the-job instruction and ofcourse issuing orders.

ELEMENTS OF LEADING
Joseph Massie states the aim of leading is to :1. Issue clear, complete, comprehensive orders, within the capabilities of subordinates to accomplish. 2. Provide continuous training to subordinates. 3. Inspire the subordinates 4. Supervise the work performance 5. Maintain Order and Discipline. 6. Communicate with the worker.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LEADING 1. One of the major functions of Management. 2. It is a continuous activity. 3. Leading functions from top to bottom 4. Regular Supervision not just Orders 5. Deals with human factor 6. Other Managerial activities

MANAGERIAL ACTIVITIES
1. AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITY 2. DECISION-MAKING 3. COMMUNICATION 4. LEADERSHIP 5. PERCEPTION, LEARNING AND CREATIVITY 6. INNOVATION AND CHANGE 7. SUPERVISION

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD ORDER/INSTRUCTION

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. REASONABLE ATTAINABLE CRYSTAL CLEAR MATCH WITH OBJECTIVE OF ORGN. TIME-BOUND COMPLETE & COMPREHENSIVE TONE APPROPRIATE FOLLOWED PROPERLY SHOULD BE IN WRITING

WRITTEN ORDERS & ORAL INSTRUCTIONS

WRITTEN ORDERS ADVANTAGES 1. Purpose of order is very clear. 2. Continuity and clarity of thought 3. Understood quickly and properly 4. Avoids possibility of misunderstanding. 5. Can study instructions in detail and execute 6. Communicated to many 7. Precise, accurate and to the point. 8. Improves accountability 9. Documentary evidence.

DISADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN ORDER

1.Time-consuming 2.Expensive 3.Very rigid 4.Difficult to revise 5.Subordinate cannot be creative

PRINCIPLES OF LEADING
Effective leading can be accomplished by 1. Principle of Unity of Objectives 2. Principle of Unity of Command 3. Principle of Direct Supervision 4. Principle of Effective Communication

5. Principle of Good Leadership

6. Principle of Motivation

LEADERSHIP THEORIES
1. TRAIT THEORY

2. SITUATIONAL THEORY

3. FOLLOWER THEORY

4. COMPOSITE APPROACH

LEADERSHIP STYLES
KURT LEWIN Three different styles:1. AUTOCRATIC 2. DEMOCRATIC 3. LAISSEZ-FAIRE (Group Decision)

RENSIS LIKERT 1.Oppressive autocratic 2. Benevolent autocratic 3.Consultative 4.Participatory

MANAGERIAL GRID
ROBERT R.BLAKE AND JANE S MOUTON

1. CONCERN FOR PRODUCTION (tasks)

2. CONCERN FOR PEOPLE (relationship)

MANAGER
(a) Doing things right. (b) Efficient to success (c) Works well in peacetime (d) Plans and budgets (e) Performs organising and staffing functions (f) Utilises material resources (g) Uses Authority (h) Manages People

LEADER
(a) Doing right things. (b) Choosing right learning (c) Works well in crises (d) Sets direction (e) Performs aligning function (f) Utilises human resources (g) Uses Power (h) Inspires people