By Masood Alam

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the neural system interconnecting the distributed computer infrastructure of GSM (VLRs, MSCs, HLRs and other entities). Can be interfaced via procedure calls A Protocol first presented in 1988 Features

Roaming Call handling Non-interruptive handover Remote switching management Management of security functions
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 MAP

protocol stack

TCAP SCCP MTP

Maximum

outage allowed 15 min/yr Tight time budget 100 ms

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 When

a mobile subscriber roams into a new mobile switching center (MSC) area, the integrated VLR requests service profile information from the subscriber's HLR using mobile application part (MAP) information carried within TCAP messages.

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 Nortel

HLR features

network connectivity is implemented using IP

based signaling with full support for Sigtran 17 million GSM subscribers or up to 10 million UMTS subscribers in a single rack of equipment

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 Spoken

im-zee International mobile subscriber identity MCC(3)+MNC(2)+MSIN(10)

284 01 1234567890 (Bulgaria-MobilTel) 310 150 123456789 (USA-T-Mobile)
Not

dial-able, stored in SIM Card

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 Mobile

Station ISDN Directory Number CC+NDC+SN Dial-able

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 Mobile

Station Roaming Number CC+NDC+SN Provided by network for terminating a call Temporary in nature Used in calls terminated to MS

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 Global E.214

Title

E.214=E.164+E.212 861380204

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 IP SCTP User

Adaptation Layers (SUA;M3UA;M2UA/M2PA;IUA) TCAP;TUP;ISUP;SCCP;MTP3;Q931/QSIG

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 MTP2-User

peer-to-peer adaptation layer To transfer MTP3 messages over IP using SCTP RFC4165 specifications Needs MTP3/SCCP/TCAP/MAP layers above it. Services provided are equivalent to MTP2 in ITU specifications
Link status exchange to MTP3 Processor outage procedure Initial alignment procedure
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 IMSI IMSI

Attach Detach

On power on On power off

Location

update Incoming call Outgoing call Handover SMS

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MS starts Channel Request on power on

Sent over RACH

BSS provides assignment of SDCCH/TCH

on AGCH

MS starts Service Request on assigned

SDCCH/TCH for new TMSI (registration) against provided IMSI (in SIM card)

BSS (BTS+BSC) forwards this request to MSC MSC checks its VLR, if entry is present then it is updated with LAI, and TMSI is returned to MS via BSS. Or MSC gets new TMSI from HLR with the help of AuC (authentication process), and sends to BSS The new TMSI is stored in SIM card for use as long as the MS is powered on. The new TMSI is also used for incoming call (paging response)
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MS is in idle mode MS is requested to POWER OFF MS starts channel request on RACH BSS provides SDCCH over AGCH MS sends IMSI-detach command to BSS BSS forwards this to MSC MSC sends LocationCancel Request to HLR HLR removes entry against IMSI and responds with Acknowledge. MSC marks its entry in VLR as detached IMSI detach command is neither acknowledged by BSS, nor authentication is performed

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 Indicates

location updating due to change in physical position IMSI attach procedure (power on) Periodic registeration

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MS monitors LAI through BCCH information, and compares with that stored in SIM card If MS is in idle mode, it will initiate a location update procedure similar to that started in IMSI-Attach procedure. Since MS was already powered on, it will send current TMSI during location update process Only VLR is updated by MSC in this case. In case VLR doest not have info, the new MSC will contact previous MSC to get information from previous VLR Authentication will be started by new MSC using triplets from previous MSC or getting new one from AuC via HLR

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 Many

times MS is unable to send IMSIdetach command to network MSC periodically registers the MS The period of registration is broadcasted in BCCH Initiated by MS If not initiated by MS, then MSC after timeout, sends detach command to HLR and VLR
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MS starts channel request on RACH MS gets SDCCH via AGCH MS starts service request on SDCCH for outgoing call MS will be authenticated by the MSC via BSS. (MSC already has RAND) After getting Authentication Response(SRES) from MS, MSC will request Cipher mode using Kc (Auth. key) MS will switch to Cipher mode and respond as Cipher Mode Complete Now MS sends Call Setup command providing called MSISDN BSS forwards Setup to MSC which responds as Call Proceeding to BSS BSS provides TCH by responding Assignment Command MS switches to TCH & sends Assignment Complete on FACCH (FACCH is part of TCH) Subsequently MSC sends Address complete to BSS BSS sends Alert to MS on FACCH Subsequently MSC sends Answer to BSS BSS sends Connection to MS MS switches over TCH voice channel If MS sends Disconnect to BSS, it is forwarded to MSC for disconnection MSC sends Release to remote party and gets Release Complete Release Complete is forwarded to MS via BSS MS responds Release Complete. MSC sends Channel Release to MS via BSS MS responds and returns to idle mode

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Intra-PLMN call Serving MSC has received called MSISDN. If called party is in different MSC, GMSC will be involved for getting called party info. GMSC forwards MSISDN in SendRoutingInfo Request to HLR HLR determines IMSI by using MSISDN of called party HLR recovers VLR/MSC address HLR contacts MSC to get generated MSRN against IMSI and update its VLR HLR sends MSRN to GMSC GMSC then sends IAM to called MSC by using MSRN Serving MSC uses LAI and PGN to select paging BSC MSC then sends Paging command to selected BSCs to page. MS receives Page Request containing TMSI , on PCH MS starts channel request on RACH MS gets SDCCH on AGCH MS sends Paging Response on SDCCH, now MSC knows the paged MS. MSC starts Authentication of MS MSC provides new TMSI from its VLR, and sends Setup to MS This Setup may include CLIP MS responds by Call Confirmed to BSS BSS sends Assignment Command with TCH MS switches to TCH, responds with Assignment Complete MS sends Alert to MSC on FACCH, begins ringing

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 Call

from outside of PLMN GMSC receives the IAM on SS7 GMSC sends SendRoutingInfo to HLR and gets MSRN Now GMSC initiates call to called MSC

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 Used

when cell change is needed during a

call. To move data and control channel from serving BSC to new BSC Intra-BSC handover Inter-BSC handover Inter-MSC handover

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MSC receives handover request from serving BSC MSC forwards request to new BSC New BSC sends handover commands to MS via old BSC New BSC alerts its BTS that will take new MS Handover commands to MS enable it to locate radio channels of new BSC MS sends handover bursts to new BSC Handover bursts establish lower layer connections with new radio channels MS sends handover complete to new BSC Old BSC channels are released

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 SMS-MO

procedure

Orgininating MSC/VLR sends SMS to originating

SMSC. The address of SMSC is found in MS

SMS-MT

procedure

Originating SMSC delivers SMS to destination

MSC/VLR after contacting destination HLR

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 Serving

MSC sends MO FSM (SMSSUBMIT) to SMSC SMSC sends back acknowledge SMSC requests Routing Info to destination HLR to get Address of destination MSC/VLR HLR provides address of MSC/VLR SMSC sends MT FSM(SMS-DELIVER) to destination MSC Destination MSC acknowledges
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 In

TDMA or CDMA networks both SMSCs are involved (different to GSM where only originating SMSC is involved) In GSM there is no difference between sending SMS to subscriber in same network or in different network

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 SIM

card contains address of SMSC (Operators) which is an MSISDN SMSC has store-and-forward capability, with retry and validity period options Visiting MSC sends MAP MO FSM message to SMS-IWMSC SMS-IWMSC forwards to SMSC SMSC may query HLR to verify the address of originating MS
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 Starts

when SMSC has received SMS-MO SMSC submits SMS to SMS-GMSC SMS-GMSC contacts destination HLR for Routing Info for SM SMS-GMSC gets MSISDN(destination) from HLR SMS-GMSC forwards SMS to destination MSC/VLR
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 Still

in development Still under the phase of understanding

And

Thank You for your participation

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