HIGH VOLTAGE SUBSTATIONS:-

400KV SUBSTATIONS IN A P:-

Mamidipally Nunna Kalapaka Kurnool Nellore Malkaram

Mahbhoob nagar Dichpally(NZB) Gajwel Rajahmandri(Vemagiri) Chittor

UPCOMING 400KV SUBSTATIONS IN AP

Malkapur (RANGAREDDY) Yeddu Mylaram (MEDAK)

Narasaraopet (GUNTUR)

INCOMING FEEDERS:-

GHANA PUR

SSLM-1

KMM-2

SSLM2

KMM1

Out Going Feeders:-

EQUIPMENT IN THE SUBSTATION:-

The main elements in the 400KV substation are Lightning Arrester CVT Wave Trap Isolator CB CT PT ICT Lightning Mast Shunt Capacitor

LIGHTNING ARRESTOR:-

Used in electrical power systems & telecommunication. Protects insulation & conductors from damaging effects of lightning.

WAVE TRAP OR LINE TRAP:-

Wave

trap is an electronic filtering device designed to exclude unwanted signals or interference from a receiver.

ISOLATORS OR DISCONNECTING SWITCHES:Isolators are provided for isolation from live parts for the purpose of maintenance. Isolators are located at either side of the circuit breaker. Isolators are operated under no load.

CVT(CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER):A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power to step down extra high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for measurement or to operate a protective relay.

TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS:-

CIRCUIT BREAKER:A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch de signed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the circuit.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER:

A current transformer is used in high voltage circuits where it is not possible to measure current directly. A CT is a step up transformer with only one turn in primary.

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER: The

standards define a voltage transformer as one in which "the secondary voltage is substantially proportional to the primary voltage and differs in phase from it by an angle which is approximately zero for an appropriate direction of the connections."

LIGHTNING MAST:

Lightning protection is used to protect substation equipment from direct lightning strokes. Lightning Masts are located at the outdoor yard. Overhead Shielding wires are used to cover entire outdoor yard.

POWER TRANSFORMER (ICT): Power

Transformers are used to step up or step down a.c. voltages and to transfer electrical power from one voltage level to another. Tap changers are used for voltage control.

ACCESSORIES OF A TRANSFORMER:-

Windings Conservator Tank Oil Breather Radiators ON load tap changer Cooling System Transformer Bushings Temperature Indicator

PROTECTION OF THE EQUIPMENT

PROTECTIVE RELAYS:-

TYPES OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS:-

DISTANCE

INDUCTION DISC OVER CURRENT

STATIC

OVER CURRENT

PROTECTIVE RELAYS

DIGITAL

OVER CURRENT RELAY:-

It operates when load current exceeds preset value.

INDUCTION DISC OVER CURRENT RELAY:Robust and reliable electromagnetic relay.

Works on induction principle. Discovered by Galileo Ferraris in the 19th century.

The magnetic system detects over currents in the power system.

DISTANCE RELAY:IMPEDA NCE

Protection on high voltage transmission systems is distance relay protection.

Relay operation depends upon the ratio of voltage to the current.

DISTANC E RELAY

MHO

REACTA NCE

STATIC RELAY:

In static relays there is no moving elements. Response is developed by electronic , magnetic or other components. Components used are Transistors Diodes Resistors Capacitors

DIGITAL RELAY:These convert voltage and currents to digital form and process the resulting measurements using a microprocessor. Simplifies the protection design and maintenance.

MAINTENANCE OF SUBSTATION:FIG:SYNCHRONOSCOPE

BATTERIES DIESEL GENERATOR

TWO 33KV SUBSTATION FEEDERS

SYNCHRONOSCOPE (for 220&400kv).

CONCLUSION:-

The salient features of a HV substation are presented in this work.

Equipment in the substation and protection of that substation is presented in this work.