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56 Matushka EVGENIA RYMARENKO, Remmbrances of Optina Staretz Hieroschemamonk
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57 . .,

184185. .
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Monastery, 1964). . : D. POSPIELOVSKY, The Russian Church under the Soviet
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70
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78
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79
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80 Igumen LUKE, An Answer to the Orthodox Church in Americas Document. Why Deepen
the Schism? // Orthodox Life. Vol. 40, 6 (NovemberDecember 1990) 1314.
81 HOLY TRANSFIGURATION MONASTERY, BOSTON, A History of the Russian Church
Abroad (Seattle: St. Nectarios Press, 1961) 24.
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91 I. MELIA, The Orthodox Church of Georgia // A Sign of God. Orthodoxy, 1964 (Athens:
Zoe, 1964) 112113.

1994
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92 A Wreath on the Grave of the New Hieromartyr Vladimir of Kiev (Liberty, TN: St. John
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104 SWAN, A Biography of Patriarch Tikhon... 83.
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177.
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2) ALEXANDRIS, The Greek Minority 58.
3) B. Staypides, Istoria tou Oichoumenichou Patriarcheiou (Thessaloniche, 1987)
4) Fr. GEORGE MACRIS, The Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Movement (Seattle: St.
Nectarios Press, 1986) 45.
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". . : Tektonikon Deltion: Organon tes Megales Stoas.

.:
D. KITSIKIS, The Old Calendarists and the Rise of Religions Conservatism in Greece (Etna,
Ca.: Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies, 1995) 17. ,

"-",
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15 1910
.,

)
.
.: Monachos Paulos, Neoemerologitismos-Oikumenismos 4959.
11 Bishop PHOTIUS, The 70- th Anniversary of the Pan-Orthodox Congress in
Constantinople // O rthodox L ife. 1 ( 1994) 40.
12 Bishop PHOTIUS, The 70- th Anniversary... 40.
13 D. GATOPOULOS, Andreas Mihalkopoulos, 18751938 (Athenai, 1947) 9093.
.
.: KITSIKIS, The O ld Calendarists and the Rise... 911.
14 To emerologiakon shisma apo istorikes kai kanonikes apopseos exetazomenon// Agios
Agathangelos Esfigmenites130 (MartiosAprilios 1992) 16.
15 . , E
N (Ey, 1982) 6768.
16 , E

N 68.
17 Monk EPHRAIM, Letter on the Calendar Issue (BrooklineMass.: Holy Transfiguration
Monastery, 1968, 19792).
18 Bishop PHOTIUS, The 70- th Anniversary... 4142.
19 .: ALEXANDRIS, The Greek Minority of Istambul... 7576.
20 .:

Pj
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Bishop PHOTIUS, The 70-th Anniversary... 41.


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42 .: HOLY TRANSFIGURATION MONASTERY, BOSTON, A reply to Archbishop
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43
. : Bishop PHOTIUS, The 70-th Anniversary... 42.
44 , Quo vadis,

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50 . ,

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19.
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Life and Works of St. Tikhon the confessor Patriarch of Moscow (Old Forge, PA) 3738.
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under the Soviet Regime... Vol. 1. 483487; Bishop GREGORY (GRABBE), The Russian
Church in the wilderness // Orthodox Life. Vol. 29, 6 (NovemberDecember 1979) 33
35.
83 .: Archpastoral Encyclical of the Synod of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church
Outside of Russia, 1969 // Orthodox Christian Witness (March 8/21, 1982).


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// Radio Liberty Research (March 15, 1978) 14; C. LANE, Christian Religion in the Soviet
Union (London: George Allen C unwin, 1978) Ch. 4; Registered and unregistered
churches in Voronezh region // Keston News Service. march 3 (1988) 8.
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Moscow Patriarchate (Jerusalem: Russian Ecclesiastical Mission, 1971) 1415.
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116 .: . . ,
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1986
.!
7
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.:
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: HOLY TRANSFIGURATIO N
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. : The Orthodox Word. 160161 (1991) 268270.
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13 Hieromonk THEODORITUS (MAVROS), Avvakoum, le Zlote aux pieds nus (Paris:
FraternitOrthodoxe de St. Grgoire Palamas, 1986) 3742.

14 .: , ..... 93100.
15 Ibid. 112115.
16 , ..... 116119.
17 Ibid. 120137.
18 Ibid. 143149.
19 Ibid. 150157.
20 Ibid. 166172.
21 , ..... 173186.

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: Metropolite CALLIOPIUS de Pentapolis,


Saint Joseph de Desphina (Lavardac: Monastre Orthodoxe St. Michel, 1988).

,
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20) Metropolite CALLIOPIUS, Nobles et Saints Combats... 6768.
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.


, .
. , .

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(Ware)

5 1991
.

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,
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,

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: ,

... 195197.
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50-

.,

. . ""

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, VI,

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. ,

( ,

) 1955
.,

(). 13

( 47).
"1955 .,
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1955
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,
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.
1956
. ()

. 1957
.

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.;

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.;

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.).

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1964
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.

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50) .:

.
51) .: LARDAS, The Old Calendar Movement in the Greek Church... 16.
52) .: Monachos Antonios Deorganes,
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.: Foi Transmise et Sainte Tradition. 33 (Juillet 1987).

"i"

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.

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: " ,

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. 16 ( 1589) (1997) 7.
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