1.

1.
(twisted pair) ,
, (
), .

( )
,
. (
) UTP 5
.
.
, Ethernet, Arcnet Token ring.
, ,
() .
8P8C,
RJ45.
,

, :
(UTP Unshielded twisted pair) ;
(FTP Foiled twisted pair)
;
(STP Shielded twisted pair)
;
(S/FTP Screened Foiled twisted pair)
;
,
. . ,
.
CCA (Copper Cover Aluminum),
. ,
.
- .
-,
-.
. ,
, , . .
. ,
.
.

( ), . ,

 2 .
(patchcord),
.

.
0,40,6 . ,
AWG, 26AWG 22AWG
. 4-
0,51 (24AWG). 0,2 ,
( PVC), 5
(PP), (PE).
() , ,
, .
( ),

, ,
. ,
, .
4- 0,50,9
, .
. ,
,
( LSZH Low Smoke Zero Halogen).
, ,
,
.
, ,
c , , .
.
. , , .
. ,
.
.
. .
,
( ) , . ,

.

, CAT1 CAT7
( category , "CAT", "Cat" - "Cat.",
- )
.
.
EIA/TIA 568 ( )
ISO 11801, 53246-2008 (
ANSI/TIA/EIA-568B) 53245-2008 ( ).

CAT1 ( 0,1 ) , (
, ).
, .
.

CAT2 ( 1 ) , 2 ,
4 /, Token ring Arcnet.
.

CAT3 ( 16 ) 4- ,
10BASE-T token ring, 10/
100 / 100BASE-T4 100 .
, IEEE 802.3.
CAT4 ( 20 ) 4 , token
ring, 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T4, 16 / ,
.
CAT5 ( 100 ) 4- ,
100BASE-TX , 100
/ 2 .

CAT5e ( 125 ) 4- , 5.
100 / 2 1000 / 4 .
5e
. 5e.
100 /.
.

CAT6 ( 250 ) Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet, 4

1000 / 10
50 . 2002 .

CAT6a ( 500 ) Ethernet, 4

10 /
, 40 /. 2008 .
CAT7 ISO
11801, 10 /, 600700 .
. ,
, UTP, S/FTP (Screened Fully Shielded Twisted Pair).
, ,
, 10025 ,
.
,
, .

 :
* .
* ( MDI, MDI-X) ,
,
, (uplink-).
8P8C RJ-45 5 5 ( 5 )

4- ( UTP2/FTP2)
10Base-T/100Base-TX

(straight through cable)

EIA/TIA-568A

 EIA/TIA-568B ( )

(crossover cable)
(, -).

.
100 /


() HT-568 RJ-45, RJ-12

: -, ,
, .

1-2 (TDP-TDN) MDI MDI-X, 3-6 (RDPRDN) MDI MDI-X; 4-5 7-8
(, 3 100Base-T4)
.
, , ( )
,
.
, ,
LAN-.
. ,
, ,
, .
, , .
,
.
100- 2 4 ,
.
.

 , , .
.
4 .
,
Power over Ethernet (POE), Power over Ethernet IEEE
802.3af-2003). ( ),
.

(8
).
.

. ,
.
.