COMPUTER

NETWORKS
4th edition

HARCCMHR COtTlPUTER SCIENCE

Andrew S. Tanenbaum

4-

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Prentice Hall PTR

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
www.phptr.com

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COMPUTER
NETWORKS
4th edition

HARCCMHR COtTlPUTER SCIENCE

Andrew S. Tanenbaum

4-

NataHaus.RU

Prentice Hall PTR

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
www.phptr.com

-
--

2003

 32.973.202
681.324
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(Peterson) (Brown) 1961 ,
. , .
, ,
, .
. , . ,
, (Partridge ., 1995).

.
- (. ).
, , . , , ,
.
-, .
(, -; ,
, . .). ,
, .

241

, , . ,
. , , ,
.
, . ( .)
, .
, ,
.
, , , . ,

, .
, , (. . 3.1). ,
, ( ) ( ). . , , to_physical Jayer
from_physical_layer .
( ),
. , , .
. , , - .

-=wait_for_event(&event). , (, ). event ,
. .
, , , ,
. . , ,
.
,
. ( ),
(event = cksum_err).
, (euew=frame_arrival), from_physical_layer.

L,

242

3.

, , , , .
.
: . ,
, .
, .
3.1 ( ), , . : boolean,
seq_nr, packet, framejdnd frame. boolean
, true false. seq_nr
, . 0 MAX_SEQ , , . packet ,
. _
, .
frame : kind, seq, ack info,
,
, . .
kind , , , ,
. seq ack
. . , info, .
info .
info , .
.
,
. , info .
,
. , ,
.
3.1 . , , . , wait_
for_event - .
to_network_layer from_network_layer

243

. : from_physical_layer
to_phy s i 1 _1 aye
, tojietworkjayer from_
networkjayer . , tojietworkjayer from_
networkj ayer 2 3, from_physical_layer to_physical_1ayer 1 2.
, . , , .
, -, .
event=timeout,
wait_for_event. start_timer stop_timer . timeout
, . start_timer . , ( -, ).
start_ack_timer stop_ack_timer
.
enable_network_layer disable_network_layer
, ,
. , , .
event=network_layer_ready. , .
, , , .
0 _
SEQ (). MAX_SEQ . 1 ( MAXJSEQ) inc.
, ,
. ,
. , . , _
SEQ , ,
,
. .

244

3.

3.1 .
,
, , . #include protocol.h, .

3 . 1 . .
protocol.h

#define MAX_PKT 1024

typedef
typedef
*/
typedef
typedef

/* */

enum {false, true} boolean;

unsigned int seqjir:

/* boolean */
/*

struct {unsigned char data[MAX_PKT];} packet; /* */

enum {data, ack. nak} frante_kind: /* */

typedef struct {
*/
frame_kind kind;
seqjir seq;
seqjir ack;
packet info;
} frame;

. . . . . ,
.
, ,
3.2.
, sender () receiver (). sender , receiver .
, , _
SEQne . frame_arrival (
).
sender , while, . : ( )
, s
. info,
, .
. ,
- , . , wait_for_event ,
event frame_arriva1 ( ).
from_physi ca 1 _1
. ,
, .

/*
/*
/*
/*
/*

245

*/
*/
*/
*/

/* event */
void wait_for_event(event_type *event):
/* */
void from_network_layer(packet * p ) ;
/* */
void to_network_layer(packet * p ) ;
/* */
void from_physical_layer(frame * r ) ;
/* */
void to_physical_layer(frame * s ) ;
/* timeout */
void start_timer(seqjir k);
/* timeout */
void stop_timer(seq_nr k ) ;
/* ack_timeout */
void start_ack_timer(void):
/* ack timeout */
void stop_ack_timer(void);

3.2.

/* network_layer_ready */
void enable_network_layer(void):

/* 1 () -
. ,
. ,

. */

/* network layer ready */

void disable_network_layer(void):
/* inc : */
fdefine inc(k) if ( < MAX SEQ) = + 1; else = 0

typedef enum {frame_arrival} event_type:

246

3.

#include "protocol.h"
void senderl(void)
{
frame s;
packet buffer;
while (true) {
from_network_layer(&buffer);

*/

s.info = buffer;
to_physical_1ayer(&s):

(, ,
)
1, ,
.

, , , . , ,
.
.
.
.
. , , . , , .
, ,
, . 3.3 .

/* */
/* */
/*
/* s */
/* s */
/* , .

.
- . V, v */

void receiverl(void)
{
frame r;

event_type event; /* ,
*/
while (true) {
wait_for_event(&event); /* - ,
frame_arrival */
from_physical_layer(&r):
/* */
to_network_layer(&r.info);
/* */

3.3.

/* 2 ( ) .
. , .
, , ,
.
, . */

, 1,
(, , ,
). ,
. .
, , , ,
. t, from_physica1_layer to_network_layer,
, t. , , ,
, from_physical_layer. .

247

typedef enum {frame_arrival} event_type;

finclude "protocol.h"
void sender2(void)
{
frame s:
/* */
packet buffer;
/* */
event_type event: /* - (
frame arrival)*/
while (true) {
from network layer(&buffer): /*

s.info = buffer:
to_physi cal_layer(&s);
wait_for_evint(&event);
*/

/* s */
/* , , */
/* ,

248

3,

, , ,
.
, . , ,
,
.
.
1. 1 .
.
.
2. . . , , , , .
3. . , ,
, .
4. . ,
, , . , .
5. , ,
. . , .
, : ,
? + 1. ,
. , . . , , + 1.
+ 2 + 1. , . ,
.
, (
0 1). -

void receiver2(void)
/* */
frame , s;
/* frame arrival
event_type event;
*/
while (true) {
/* -
wait_for_event(&event);
( frame_arriva1)*/
/* */
from_physical_layer(&r);
*/
to_network_1ayer(&r.info); /*
/* ,
to_physical_layer(&s);
*/
1,
, . , 1, ,
.

: , : .
receiver2 receiverl ,
receiver2 , .
,
, .

: ,
. , . , , .
, , , ( ) .
, 2. . .
,
. , , , .
.
, , .

249

250

3.

.
. , , 2 ( 0 1, 1 0).
3.4. ,
, , PAR (Positive Acknowledgement
with Retransmission )
ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest ). 2, .
3.4.

/* 3 (PAR) . */
fdefine MAX_SEQ I
/* 3 1 */
typedef enum {frame_arrival, cksum_err, timeout} event_type;
#iinclude "protocol .h"
void sender3(void)
seq_nr next_frame_to_send:
/
*/
frame s;
packet buffer;
event_type event:

/*
/* */
/* */

next_frame_to_send = 0;
/*
*/
from_network_layer(&buffer):
/* */
while (true) {
s.info = buffer;
/* */
s.seq = next_frame_to_send: /* */
/* */
to_physical_layer(&s):
/* */
start_timer(s.seq);
wait_for_event(&event): /* frame_arrival, cksum_err timeout */
if (event == frame_arrival) {
from_physical_layer(&s): /* */
if (s.ack = next_frame_to_send) {
from_network_layer(&buffer); /*
*/
inc(next_frame_to_send); /* next_
frame_to_send */
}

void receiver3(void)
{
seqjir frame_expected:
frame r. s:

251

event_type event;
frame expected = 0;
while~(true) {
wait_for_event(&event); /* : frame_arrival. cksum_err
*/
if (event == frame_arrival) {
/* */
/* */
from_physical_layer(&r);
if (r.seq = frame_expected) { /* */
/* */
to_network_layer(&r.info);
/*
i nc(frame_expected);
*/
/* ,
}
s.ack = 1 - frame_expected;
/* */
*/
to_physical_layer(&s);
}
, ,
. next_frame_to_send, frame_expected.
.
, . ,
.
, , . ,
, , .
, -, ,
,
. , .
- . : , , .
. ,
. , ,
.
, .
, ,
.
.

252

3.

. . ,
.
, . . , .

. , 2 3
, , .
. kind .
,
. ,
, , . .
.
piggybacking (, , ).

. ,
. ,
, ,
, , , (
). 1 . .

.
, ? , , ,
. , , . , , ,
(, ), .

253

, .
(sliding window). ,
,
.
( 0 ).
,
2" 1.
, 0 1,
.
,
, , .
, .
, ,
.
.
, .

, ,
,
, . , .
, , .
,
, .
, . ,
. , .
, , , . ,
, . ,
, .
,
. , , . , , , -

254

3.

. ,
.
,
, .
, , ,
.
. 3.9 1.
, .

255

. , . ( )
, ,
, 3. , , .
3 . 5 . 1-
/* 4 ( ) , 3.
*/
f d e f i n e MAX_SEQ I
/* 4 1 */
typedef enum {frame_arrival. cksum_err, timeout} event_type;
finclude "protocol.h"

void protocol4 (void)

{

. 3.9. 1 3- :
(); (); ();
()

seq_nr next_frame_to_send:
seq_nr frame_expected;
frame r. s:
packet buffer;
event_type event:

/*
/*
/*
/*

0 1 */
0 1 */
*/
*/

next_frame_to_send = 0:
frame_expected = 0;
from_network_layer(&buffer);
s.info = buffer:
s.seq = next_frame_to_send;
s.ack = 1 - frame_expected:
*/
to_physical_layer(&s):
start_timer(s.seq);

/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*

*/
*/
*/
*/
*/
,

/* */
/* */

while (true) {
wait_for_event(&event):
/* : frame_arrival, cksum_
"err timeout */
if (event = frame_arrival) /* */
from_physical_layer(&r); /* */

,
, 1. , , , , ,
.
3.5. , . next_f rame_to_send , . frame_expected , .
0 1.
. , to_physica1_layer start_timer .
, -

if (r.seq == frame_expected) {
/* */
to_network_layer(&r.info); /* */
inc(frame_expected); /* ,
*/

if (r.ack == next_frame_to_send) { /* */
from_network_layer(&buffer): /*
*/
inc(next_frame_to_send): /*
*/

^j^.

256

*/

3.
s.info = buffer:
s.seq = next_frame_to_send;
s.ack = 1 - frame_expected;

/* */
/* */
/*

to_physica1_layer(&s);
startjtimer(s.seq):

/* */
/* */

. ,
, , ,
. .
4 , . ,
, 0 . ,
. , seq=0 ack=l.
, ,
frame_expected 1. , 1, 0. ,
=1, 0,
.
, , , seq=O =. , ,
(0, 1, )
(0, 1, )*
(0, 0, )
(, , )*
(1, , 1)
(1, 1, 1)*
(0, 1, 2)
(, , 2)*
(1,0, A3)

(1, 0, 1)*
8 (1, 1, 1)
( 0 , 1 , 2)*
(0, , 2)
(1, 0, A3)*
(1,1, )

(0, 1, ) \/ (0, 1, )
/** (0, 1, )*
/
. (0, 0, )
*
/
(0, 1, )*
/
(0, 0, ) -vC^w
/
* (0, 0, )

(1, , 1)
(0, 0, )
(1, 0, 1) - -__sw
^ " " ^ (1, 0, 1 )*
(1, 1, 1)
(1, 0, 1)*
(1, 1, 1)
(1, 1,1)
(0, 1, 2)

. 3 . 1 0 . 4: (); ().
: (seq, ack, ). ,

257

. , , .
, , , . 3.10.
.
.
, , , .
. , 6. . ,
. , . , ,
.

, , , , , . .
. 50 / ,
, 500 .
4 1000 .
t = 0 .
~1= 20 . = 270
.
520
. , , . ,
500/520, 96 % . , 4 % . ,
,
.
, , .
, . , ,
, -

258

3.

. w , . w ,
, 26. , , 0. ,
26 ( t = 520 ),
0. 20 . ,
. 25 26 , ,
26.
. /, / , 1/ .
R .
R/2
R/2 . R . 1/ R ,
//(/ + ). / < bR 50 %.
, . , .

. -, , ? , ,
. , , ,
, ? , , .
. 3.11 , . .
.
, . . 1. ,
- , , . ,
, . , , , , .
.

259

. 3.11, .
0 1 , .
2 . , 2. , 2 ( 2, 3, 4 . .)

>

2-8

. 3 . 1 1 . : 1 ();
> 1 ()

, , , , . .
, - ( ),
, ,
. 3.11, . , , .

260

3.

(NAK Negative Acknowledgement) ,

, . NAK , . , .
. 3.11, 0 1 , 2 .
3 ,
. 2
NAK, 3 .
4 5,
. NAK 2 , 2.
, 2, 3, 4 5,
. , , . NAK , 2 2 ( !), , NAK. , NAK .
1.
,
,
. .
3.6.
I* 5 () .
MAX_SEQ , . ,
, ,
. network_
layer_ready */
#define MAX_SEQ 7
/* 2An-l */
typedef enum {frame_arrival. cksum_err, timeout, network_layer_ready} event_type:
linclude "protocol,h"

261

s.info = buffer[frame_nr];
/* */
s.seq = framejir;
/* */
s.ack = (frame_expected + MAXjSEQ) % (MAXjSEQ + 1 ) ; /* ,
*/
tojphysical_layer(&s);
/* */
start_timerframejir);
/* */
void protocol5(void)
{
seqjir next_frame_to_send;
*/

/* MAXjSEQ > 1;

seqjir ack_expected;
/* */
seqjir frame_expected:
/* , */
frame ;
/* */
packet buffer[MAX_SEQ+l];
/* */
seqjir nbuffered;
/*

seqjir i:
event_type event;
enablejietwork_layer();
ack_expected = 0;
*/
next_framej;o_send = 0:
frame_expected = 0;
nbuffered = 0;
while (true) {
wait_for_event(&event);

/* */
/* networkjayerj^eady */
/*
/* */
/* */
/* */
/* : . event_type */

switch(event) {
case network_layerj"eady: /* */
/* , */
from_networkjayer(&buffer[next_frame_to_send]): /*
*/
nbuffered = nbuffered + 1 ; /* */
send_data(next_frame_to_send. frame_expected. buffer); /*
*/
inc(next_frame_tojsend): /* */
break;

static boolean between(seqjir a, seq_nr b, seqjir c)

*/

a) && (a <=
b)) false
|| ((b*/< c) && (c < a)))
/* if

(a <=b ((c
< <:

(((a <= b)true,

&& (b
< c))
return(true);
||
b
else
return(false);

*/

case frame arrival:

fromjDhysical_layer(&r);

/*
/*

if (r.seq = frame_expected) {
/* */
tojietwork_layer(&r.info): /* */
inc(frame_expected);
/*

s t a t i c void send_data(seq_nr framejir, seqjir frame_expected, packet b u f f e r [ ] )

/* */
frame s:
/* */
. . */

/* - 1. - 2

262

3.

while (between(ack_expected, r a c k , next_frame_to_send)) {

/* */
nbuffered = nbuffered - 1; /* */
stop_timer(ack_expected): /* ;
*/

inc(ack_expected):
}
break;
case cksum_err: ;
break;

/* */

/* */

case timeout: /* ;
*/
next_frame_to_send = ack_expected: /*
*/
for (i = 1; i <= nbuffered: i++) {
send_data(next_frame_to_send, frame_expected. buffer); /*
1 */
inc(next_frame_to_send); /*
*/

if (nbuffered < MAXJEQ)

enabi e j i e t w o r k j ( ) ;
else
disable_network_layer();
}

. , , . 3.6 , . , , .
,
. , , networkJ ayer_ready. MAX_SEQ,
.
enabl e_network_l disabl ejietworkj .
, _
SEQ, MAX_SEQ + 1 , _
SEQ + 1 : 0 MAX_SEQ. , , MAX__SEQ = 7.
1. 0 7.
2. 7 .

263

3. , 0 7.
4. 7 .
: , ,
( )? 7 . .

MAX_SEQ.
5 , ,
, ,
, . , - 1, - 2 ( )
.
- . , , -
. ,
network_layer_ready.
, , . ,
. 4 , ,
- .

.
5 , , . . , , .
,
, , .
/-

\ \ \
N. N^
N 4 / 4
^

. 3.12.

264

3.

. 3.12, . ,
100 .
10:00:00.0, -, 10:00:00.5,
10:00:01.3 10:00:01.9. , , . , -, , . 3.12, .
, start_timer stop_timer
. , ,
.

5 , , , . , , .
, .
, . , MAX_SEQ. , ,
, MAX_SEQ.
, .
, , .
, between , .
, . , , . ,
. 3.7.

/* (nak)
boolean nojiak = true;
*/
/* */
seq_nr oldest_frame = MAX_SEQ+1:
static boolean between(seq_n a. seqjir b, seqjir c)
/* . 5, */
return (( <= ) && ( < )) || (( < ) && ( <= b)) || ((b < )

#define MAX_SEQ 7
/* 2*-1 */
#define NR_BUFS ((MAX_SEQ
typedef enum {frame_arrival, cksum_err, timeout, network_layer_ready, ack_timeout}
event_type:
l i n c i u d e "protocol,h"

( < ));

static void send_frame(frame_kind fk, seqjir framejir, seqjir frame_expected. packet

buffer[])
{
/* ,
*/
frame s:
/* */
s.kind = fk:
/* kind == data, ack, nak */
if (fk = data) s.info = buffer[frame_nr % NR_BUFS];
s.seq = framejir;
/*
*/
s.ack = (framejexpected + MAXjSEQ) % (MAXjSEQ + 1);
if (fk = nak) nojiak = false; /* nak , */
to_physical_layer(&s):
/* */
if (fk = data) start_timer(framejir % NR_BUFS);
stop_ack_timer();
/* */
}
void protoco!6(void)
{
/* */
seqjir ack_expected:
/* + 1 */
seqjir next_frame_to_send;
/* */
seqjir frame_expected;
/* + 1 */
seqjir too_far;
/* */
jfit i;
/* */
^ f r a m e r;
/* */
packet out_buf[NR_BUFS]:
/* */
packet in_buf[NR_BUFS];
/* */
boolean arrived[NRj3UFS];
seqjir nbuffered;
/*
*/
eventjtype event;

3.7.
/* ( ) ,
, . .
,
, 5. */

265

*/

enabl ejietworkj ayer ():

ack_expected = 0;

/* */
/*

next_frame_toj3end = 0;
frame_expected = 0:
too_far = NR_BUFS:
nbuffered = 0:

/*
/*
/*
/*

for (i = 0; i < NR_BUFS:

while (true) {

*/
*/
+ 1 */
*/

arrived[i] = false:

266

wait_for_event(&event):

/* : . event_type

*/

switch(event) {
case network_layer_ready:
/* ,
*/
nbuffered = nbuffered + 1 ; /* */
from_network_layer(&out_buf[next_frame_to_send % NRJ3UFS]): /*
*/
send_frame(data, next_frame_to_send. frame_expected, out_buf): /*
*/
inc(next_frame_to_send): /* */
break;
case frame_arrival: /* */
from_physical_1ayer(&r); /*
*/
if ( . k i n d = data) {
/* */
if ((r.seq != frame_expected) && nojiak)
send_frame(nak, 0. frame_expected, out_buf): else start_ack_

timer!);
BUFS] == f a l s e ) ) {

*/
*/

3.

if (between(frame_expected, r.seq. too_far) && (arrived[r.seq^NR_

/* */

267

case cksum_err: if (no_nak) send_frame(nak, 0, frame_expected, out_buf);

break: /* */
case timeout: send_frame(data, oldest_frame. frame_expected. out_buf);
break: /* */
case ack_timeout: send_frame(ack.O.frame_expected, out_buf): /*
: */
}
if (nbuffered < NR_BUFS) enable_network_layer(); else disable_network_layer():

, ,
. . , 3 ,
, . . 3.13, . 0 6. 0 6 .
, 7, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 5, . 3.12, . .

arrived[r.seq % NRJ3UFS] = true; /*

in_buf[r.seq % NRJ3UFS] = .info: /*

while (arrived[frame_expected % NR_BUFS]) {

/* */
to_network_layer(&in_buf[frame_expected % NRJ3UFS]);
nojiak = true:
arrived[frame_expected % NR_BUFS] = false:
*/
inc(frame_expected): /*
inc(too_far); /*
*/
start_ack_timer(); /*
, */
}
}
frame_to_send))if(Cr.kind-nak) && between(ack_expected.(r.ack+l)UMAX_SEQ+l).next_
send_frame(data. (r.ack+1) % (MAX_SEQ + 1). frame_expected. out_
buf);
while (between(ack_expected. r.ack. next_frame_to_send)) {
nbuffered = nbuffered - 1: /*
*/
*,
stop timerCack expected % NR_BUFS): /* /
inc(ack_expectid); /* /
}
break:

0 12 3 4 5 6 7

0 12 3 4 5 6 7

0 12 3 4 5 6 7

0 12 3 4 5 6 7

0 12 3 4 5

0 12 3 4 5

0 12 3 4 5 6 7

0 12 3 4 5 6 7

'' . 3.13. 7 (); 7 ,

(); 4 (); ,
4 , ()

- , . ,
, 0. , 0 (. 3.13, ). 6,
0 6.
, , 7, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 5. 7 , .

0, .
, ; ,
.

268

3.

, . , (
), (
). .
, .
(
. 3.13, ). , 4 , 0 15. . , 0 7
8 15,
( 0 7) ( 8 15). 6
(MAX_SEQ + 1 )/2.
: ?
, . ,
. 4-
0 7. , mod 8. ,
i ( + 8), 8, , ,
9.

, . ,
. , .
5 , .
, .
. ,
. , , MAX__SEQ , .
6 . start_ack_timer .
, ,
.
ack_timeout. , ,
, .
. start_ack_timer,

269

,
.
, . ,
.
,
5. ,
, (NAK). :
, ( ). , ,
NAK . 6
no_nak, true, NAK (
f rame_expected) . NAK , ,
, , . NAK , no_nak true
. ,
()
.
, ,
, .
. ,
.
, , , .
,
.
- .
, ,
. . , ,

(NAK) . , .
- , -. 5

270

3.

ack_expected, . 6
, . , 0 4,
: 01234 ( ). ,
, 5
(), 1 2, 6
( ).
3405126, . ,
. , . , oldest_frame - , .

. () . .
,
.

, , . ,
( )
. , .

. , 3,
: 0 1. ,
. , ( wait (event)
). . 2",
, , .

.
. 3 : 0 1, , , ,

271

. , 16 .
. , , , . , , , . ,
from_physical_layer .

(0 ) . - . ,
, - , . .
: ,
.
, , , .
. , . (, ) .
(, ), , , . (Lin ., 1987).
.
(5, , /, ), S ,
; , ; / ; * .
.
, ,
, . .
,
.

. , - , ,
, ,
( ). , (
),
(). , ( ). .

272

3.

. 3.14, .
3, , , .
16 , . .
.
: SRC, S 0 1
, ; R
0 1 , ,
0, 1, (-), . (000). 0, 0, 0
.

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

0
1
(-)
(-)

( )

0
1

273

, 1
. . 3.14, .
, 3.
1, 2, 3 4
. , ,
0. 0,
(000) (00-).
( 7), (000).
, 7 5 ( 8 6 ).
, 1- , ,
,
, . . 3.14
: , , 1 3 , . , .
, (, 0 1 0)
. ,
, ,
. .
. ,
( ) .
_ , :
1. .
2. , .
, .
, 3 .

. 3.14. 3 (); ()

. 3.14 . 0 . 1 , 0 , 0 -

.
(Danthine, 1980). :
, , ( ). , . . 3.15

274

3.

, , , . , (
) .
. , , , .

1 : BD
2: A BE
3 : AD
4: ->
5: - >
6 : D -*
7: ->
8 : CF - DF
9 : EG - > DG
10: CG - > DF
1 1 : EF - > DG

: 0
D:
: 1

. 3.15.

,
. ,
.
. ,
. , ,
. ,
. 3.15, (, : , , , , . .). , .
. 3.16 , , 3.4. , . , .
1 2 ( -)
0. 3 4 , 1. 5, 6 7
0, 1. 8 9 . 10 11 .
, , . , -
10 11 ,
, .
.
, .
. . . 3.16 , 11 . ,
. , . 3.16, :

275

. 3.16. 3

,
11 , .
, ,
. , , ,
() . () , . 3.16, ACG, , , 10

276

3. _

(CG > DF) , 3 {AD - BE) , D

.

. , - HDLC, . , ,
, .

HDLC

, , . ,
IBM , SDLC (Synchronous
Data Link Control ). SDLC IBM ANSI
ISO
. ANSI ADCCP (Advanced Data
Communication Control Procedure ), a ISO HDLC (High-level Data
Link Control ).
CCITT, HDLC
LAP (Link Access Procedure
), .25,
LAPB,
HDLC. , , .
,
.
. -, , . , ,
, . - . .
- , . 3.17. Address () ,
. , .

277

Control ( ) , ,
.

01111110

i 0

16

8
0 1111110

. 3.17. -

Data () . ,
- .
Checksum ( )
,
.

(01111110). , , . , 32 ,
.
: , . Control . 3.18. 3-
. . Seq . 3.18, . Next . ,
Next
( ). ,
, , . ,
.

Seq

P/F

Next

P/F

Next

P/F

Modifier

. 3.18. : (); ();

()

278

3.

P/F Poll/Final (/). ,

( ) . . ,
, , P/F .
F.
P/F,
, .
.
.
= 0, , . RECEIVE READY ( ).

.
= 1 , REJECT ().
. Next ( , ).
,
Next. 5,
6.
- 2 RECEIVE NOT READY ( ). , RECEIVE READY, Next-i, , .
, - , . , , .
= 3 SELECTIVE REJECT ( ). . 6, 5, ,
. ,
,
SELECTIVE REJECT.
HDLC ADCCP , SDLC LAPB
, , 3
.
. , ,
, .
, - ,
. 5 , , 32 .

279

DISC (DISConnect ),
, (,
). , , (on-line),
. SNRM (Set Normal Response Mode ). , , .
( ) , (master), (slave). SNRM
, , , , .
, HDLC LAPB
SABM (Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode
), . , SABME SNRME, SABM SNRM
, 7-
3-.
, , FRMR
(FRaMe Reject ), , , . , 3 LAPB, 32 ,
,
. . , , .
, , .
, UA (Unnumbered
Acknowledgement ). , ,
.
, . ,
, UI (Unnumbered Information).
,
.
, HDLC . , ,
. (Fiorini ., 1994).

( ) . , -

280

3.

,
.
4, , .

. -, , ( , , . .) ( ).
. , . ,
.
, , , . ,
, , -.
, ,
, .
, , . 3.19. , .

,
TCP/IP!

-,
SLIP

. 3.19. ,

,
, , , . -

281

, , .
.

, , .
(Point-to-Point Protocol ),
RFC 1661 RFC (,
RFC 1662 1663). , , IP-
, , .
:
1. ,
. .
2. , ,
, , . LCP (Link Control Protocol). , - .
3. ,
.
(NCP, Network Control Protocol).
, , , ,
.
. , ,
, LCP-na -. .
, NCP . TCP/IP, IP-. IP- ,
,
. IP-,
,
. IP- NCP IP.
IP- , .

282

3.

, NCP ,
IP-. LCP
. ,
, .
, ,
HDLC. - HDLC,
-. ,
, . , 30,25 , HDLC.
, SONET
- HDLC- (, , ). . 3.20.
1 2 2 4

Flag
01111110

Address
11111111

Control
00000011

Protocol

Payload

Checksum

Flag
01111110

. 3.20.

-
HDLC (01111110). ,
. Address (), 11111111, ,
.
.
Control,
00000011. . ,

. ,
, .
RFC 1663, .
Address Control , LCP
0 , , 2
.
Protocol (). ,
(Payload). LCP,
NCP, IP, IPX, AppleTalk . , , IP,
IPX, OSI CLNP, XNS, 0. 1 , .
LCP, NCP . Protocol 2 , LCP
1 .

Z83

Payload ( , ) , .
LCP,
1500 . .
Payload Checksum ( ),
2 ,
4.
, ,
, , HDLC, SONET . , ,
, , ,
HDLC.
. . 3.21 , , .
,
.

NCP

. 3 . 2 1 .

: (DEAD),
, .
, ESTABLISH
(). LCP.

284

3.

AUTHENTICATE ().
, . NETWORK ()
NCP . , OPEN (),
. ,
TERMINATE (),
DEAD (), .
LCP
(ESTABLISH).
, .
. , , ,
. , LCP , .
RFC 1661 LCP-.
. 3.1. , Configure- (), (I) , (R) .
,
.
LCP-.
, Terminate (), , . Code-reject ( ) Protocol-reject ( ) , - . ,
LCP. , Echo (), . , Discard-request
. , , , .

Configure-reject

Terminate-request

Terminate-ack

Code-reject

Protocol-reject

Echo-reply

Discard-request

( )

, , ,
. ,
, . ,
.
.
.
.
. 1 ,

, , ,
, .
. 1 , ,
, . 2 ,
, . 3

. 4
. 5 . , 6 (NAK).

Configure-ack

Echo-request

Configure-nak

, ,
,
, .
NCP . , . , IP IP-.

3 . 1 . LCP-
Configure-request

285

286

3.

, ( ). .
- SDLC, HDLC, ADCCP LAPB.
, , , .
. .

1. 10 ,
80 %. , ?
2.
:
: 01000111; : 11100011; FLAG: 01111110; ESC: 11100000,
, , , ESC, FLAG,
:
;
;
.
3. , , :
ESC ESC FLAG FLAG D.
?
4. , , , ,
. . ?
5. : 0111101111101111110?
6. , ? , ? , ?
?
7. (,
) , ?

287

8. , ,
,
, .
?
9. 16- . ,
? : 1101001100110101? , .
10. , 10101111.
?
11. 12- , 0xE4F. ( ) ? , 1 .
12. k
. ?
? ?
13. k
. ,
4 ?
14. 1 + X" + 1 X" + 1 ?
15. 10011101 (CRC), . 3'+ 1. ? , .
, .
16. CRC ,
. ?
17. 4 /, 20 .
50 %?
18. 1 3000 64-
5.
6 /, ?
19. 3 , ? , ? ,
?

288

3.

20. ,
, .
?
21. , between 5 < <
< b < .
? .
22. , 6 ,
nojiak true.
NAK. . , else. ?
23. , 6 while.
? .
24. , case, , switch 6.
?
25. 6 , frame_
arrival, , (NAK).
, NAK, . , .
26. , , , . HDLC 3-
7 . , .
1 , , ? , ?
27. 6 1 /.
1000 . . - 10 . ,
-. ?
28. 6 MAX_SEQ=2" - 1. , ,
,
. , ,
MAX_SEQ=4?

289

29. 1000
1 /. . . 3- .
:
1) ;
2) 5;
3) 6.
30. 6 50 /.
40- 3960 . 270 . . NAK 40 .
1 %, NAK .
8 .
31. , 64 / 512-
, .
, 1, 7, 15 127?
270 .
32. 100 1.
2/3 . ?
33. 4 . ? ? ( )? .
34. , . 3.16, (000),
(01), (01-), (010), (01) . 3.14. , .
35. : -+,
-, CD-^E E-+CD. , ACD. ?
36. HDLC .
, HDLC .
, .
37. IP- ? ,
IP.

290

3.

38.

(CRC), . : (generator)
(verifier). -
- ,
ASCII-. ^-
( ASCII). + k , , . , . - ,
, . ,
(alter), ,
(, , , 1). . generator <file | verifier
, . generator <file | alter arg | verifier .
39. .
,
, . , ,
, ,
,
.

Ethernet


Bluetooth

1,
:
. .
,
, ,
. , , . , . , ,
, .
, .
, , , . , .

292

4.

,
.
, , , , MAC
(Medium Access Control ). MAC , . , ,
. . ,
, , MAC.
, ,
, 3. , , ,
, .

.

, , ,
.
. .

,

FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing ).
N N (. . 2.27), . , .
,
(, ), .


.
- ,

293

, . , , , , , , .
, - , .
, - , . ,
, . ,
( 1000:1).
, .
, ,
.
/, X .
,
1/ . X
, \. .
,
\iC-k
, , 100 /, 1/ = 10 000 , X = 5000 .
= 200 . : ,
10 000 100 /, : 100 . .
N ,
C/N /.
X/N . , :
1
N

(4.1)
= NT.
\i(C/N)-(\/N)
,
N , ,
- .

294

4.

(TDM, Time
Division Multiplexing ).
- . , .
. 100-
10-, , 200 2 .
, ,
.

, .
.
1. . JV (, , . .),
. .
At Akt, ( ).
, ,
.
2. . .
. ,
.
3. . , , . , . .
. , , , .
4. . . ,
.
46. . (). .
0, 1 , , .
5. . , ,
. , , .

295

56. . ,
, . . , .
.
, . ,
, , . , , .
, ,
. . ,
.
, ( )
, . , , token ring ( ), , , .
, .
.
.
(4), , .
, .
, , , - .
, . .
, 1.

.
.

ALOHA
70- (Norman Abramson)
.
carrier () . . .

296

4.

(Abramson, 1985). , ALOHA, ,

,
.
ALOHA: . , , , . ALOHA , .

ALOHA
ALOHA : , . ,
, .

, .
, .
, 270 , , . , .
. . ,
, , .
. 4.1 ALOHA.
,
.

. 4 . 1 . ALOHA

, . , .

297

. (
) . .

ALOHA. , ? ,
(). : .
. , ,
. , , , . , .
, .
,
( ,
). , , : N . (
, , N .) N> 1, ,
, ,
. , 0 < N< 1.
, , . , k G . , G>N.
( N 0) , , G&N.
, , G> N. ,
5 G,
, S = GPQ, ,
.
, ,
. 4.2. ?
t , . - t0 t0 +1,
.
, , ,
ALOHA ,
, . ,
t0 +1 tu + 2t, .

298

4.

299

ALOHA: S = Ge~G

I
00

to+2t

( + 3 f

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

3,0

G ( )

. 4.3. ALOHA

. 4 . 2 .

, k ,
:
[*] = -

(4.2)

, ~. , , 2G. ,
, = e~2G. ,
5 = GP0, :
S=Ge-2C.

. 4.3. 5= 1/2,
0,184 G = 0,5. , ,
, 18 %.
, , , ,
.

ALOHA
1972 . (Roberts) , ALOHA (Roberts, 1972). ,
.
.
, .

, ALOHA,
ALOHA ,
Enter. . ,
ALOHA .
,
, ,
~. :
S=Ge~c.

(4.3)

. 4.3, ALOHA G = 1.
S = 1/,
0,368, , ALOHA.
ALOHA 37 % ,
37 % 26 % .
G
,
. ,
, . , , ~. , , . , 1 - e~G.
k ( k - 1 , ),

k = ke'

'=

3 0 0 4.
G, .
ALOHA ,
. 1970- , , .
,
.
ALOHA. He ,
(,
- , ), ,
.
, ,
, , . , .

ALOHA , , 1/. , , , ,
.
. , .

, 1/. , .
, , .
. (Kleinrock)
(Tobagi) 1975 .
.

CSMA
, , 1- CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access
). ,
, , .
, - , ,
. , . -

3 0 1

, ,
, , .
CSMA 1, 1, , .
. ,
, . , , , ,
. ,
.
. , - , , ,
,
. , .
ALOHA, , . ,
ALOHA.

CSMA.
, . , . , . ,
, ,
, .
, . ,
, CSMA 1.
, , , CSMA
. . , . , . q-\-p
. , -
. ,
. , . ,
, . . 4.4
,
ALOHA.

302

4.

CSMA 0,01
CSMA

, ( ).

CSMA 0,1

CSMA 0,5

,
IIIIIIII

t*1

. 4.4.

CSMA
CSMA, , ALOHA, ,
, , . , ,
. , , , ,
,
. ,
, . . , CSMA/CD (Carrier-Sense Multiple
Access with Collision Detection
), MAC. ,
Ethernet, CSMA/CD.
CSMA/CD, , , . 4.5. t0 . , , .
, .
.
, ,
, ,
. , CSMA/CD -

II

G ( )

303

. 4 . 5 . CSMA/CD : ,

.
, t0.
, , ? , , .
.
, , ,
, , , .
, ,
, . . . ,
, . t0 .
- , , , . ,
, , ,
2 -
. , , , , 2 .
ALOHA 2. 1 * 5 . ,
2 1 . , , 1 2 .
, . .
, , , , ,
, .

304

4,

. ,
, -

(,
).
.
, , . CSMA/CD
. , .
,
MAC .

(, -
).

.
8

0 12 3 4 6 6 /
1
1 1

0 12

3 4 5 6 7

1
0

12

3 4 5 6 7

. 4.6.

.
,
d . - , .
, , 0 1. , , - -.
N/2
N () , , ,
.
. (N/2 ).
.
1,5JV
, ^ N/2 ,
N . . JV , d d/(N + d).
, - ,
N N . ,
d/(d +1). N(d + l)/2
, .

CSMA/CD ,
, .
,
( ) . CSMA/CD . , ,
.
N , 0 N- 1. ,
, . , . :
? - ,
. 4.5, .

, ,
,
N . 0 , 0- . . 1 1 ,
, 1 0. N
, .
(. 4.6).
, , .
, , , N . ( ) , , ,

305

- 1
. , . , , , . ,
. ( ). -

306

4.

. Datakit (Fraser, 1987).

, , .
:
0 , 0 , . ,
0010, 0100, 1001 1010 ,
0, 0, 1 1 .
1. , 0010 0100 , 1001 1010 .
0 ,
. 1, 1001 .
1010, . , , . . 4.7. ,
. , .

0 12 3
0 0 10

| 0 1 0 01 0
1 0 0 1|

10 0 -

10 10

10 10

10 10

\
0010
1001
0100


. 4 . 7 . .

d/(d + g^
, , logjiV 100 %.
() (Ward) 1979
, , . .
, , 0, ,
. , , , D, A, G, , , F 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 0 , D , 0.

307

(7 6),
1 (, 4, 5). ,
: , , A, G, , , F, D.
D , .
, ,
. , - .

,
: , CSMA, . :
. (
ALOHA) , .

, ,
. .
,
, , , .
,
, .
. ,
.
, . ,
, .
,
. ,
k . . , -
, kp(l -'1 ,
,
. , 1/k.
1/k, :
[ ] = .

(4-4)

3 0 8 4,

. 4.8. ,
, , 1/.
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0

10
15

20

25

. 4.8.

, - , .
.
( ). 0 0. - ,
.
, 1 1, . .

, (. ).
, . , . .
, . (, ).
, .
, , 2, .
, -,
, . ,
( ALOHA).
( , ), .

309

, (Dorfman, 1943). N. .
. ,
.
, .
, .
(Capetanakis, 1979) , . 4.9. .
- , 4 .
, , , 2 .
,
( 3 ). , , 4.

CD
E
F
G

. 4.9.

, 0,
.
. , . , , ,
.

1, , , .
2 3. ?
, ,

310

4.

. , q (
), .
. 4.9 - 1 0, 2 3
1 . . , i
2"' . q ,
i 2-'q. , , 1, , 2-'q - 1.
i = \og2q.
, (Bertsekas) (Gallager) 1992 . , , G . 1 ,
2. . 3 , . ( , 1 2 , 2 , 3.) 3
6. 6 , 7 G.

, .
, ( ).
(Humblet ., 1992).
(. . 2.8). , . ,
. , ,
.
.
( ), . 2.27. WDMA (Wavelength
Division Multiple Access ) . ,
.
,
. 4.10. , + 1, -

311

, ( , ).
,
0 , . .

i IX i 11

+ 1

. 4.10.

: 1)
, , ; 2) , , ; 3) , , ,
UDP-. , ,
CONNECTION REQUEST ( ) . ,
.
.
1. .
2.
.
3. .
4. .
,
,

312

4.

. , ,
.
, 2
, , .
.
, , . , . 4.10 , 0, 4 5.
( ).
, , 4,
(CONNECTION REQUEST). ,
, 4 . . , , .
,
, .
, 4 . .
,
.
.
, . , : , 3.
. ,
, . ,
, .
,
3.
,
.

. , :
3? ( 3
), . , .
()
. CONNECTION REQUEST

313

(4), DATA FOR YOU IN

SLOT 3 ( 3). 3, . . .
. , ,
. ; , .
, .
,
+ 1 . ,
,
,
.
WDMA-,
. , . , . , .
, . DWDM (Dense
Wavelength Division Multiplexing ). . (Bogineni ., 1993; Chen,
1994; Goralski, 2001; Levine and Akyildiz, 1995).

. . , . (on-line),
. , , .
, ( ).
,
. , ,
, : 802.11. , (MAC).
. (Geier, 2002; ' and Petrick, 1999).

314

4.

( ).
.
,
3-4 , , , , 2. ,
,
, .
1 2 /.
,
.
, ,
CDMA. , , . ,
.
CSMA (Carrier-Sense Multiple Access
) ,
. , , , . , . 4.11, .
, , . , , , D, .

h
k

. 4 . 1 1 . : (); ()

, , ,
. 4.11, . , , ,
,
. , , . ,

315

, ,
,
.

: ,
. 4.11, 5. ,
D,
, .
.
, , , - .
CSMA , . ,
. , ,
, , .
-. , . ,
, . , , , , . , ,
- , -
. , , .

MACAW
, , (Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
) (, 1990). ,
, , ,
, . . 4.12.
, .
, RTS (Request To Send -
), . 4.12, . (30 )
, . CTS (Clear To Send ), . 4.12, .
CTS (
RTS). CTS, .
, ,
. , RTS,
, CTS
. , CTS, , -

316

4.

Ethernet

, ,
, CTS.

317

. , CSMA RTS, - .
( ) , , - .
. , . , , .

Ethernet

. 4.12. : RTS (); S

CTS ()

. 4.12 , . RTS, ,
CTS, . CTS, , . D, , , . RTS, CTS,
, ,
. , .
, D,
,
.
, . , RTS . . , CTS ,
. , , ,
, Ethernet.
, (Bharghavan)
1994 , . MACAW
( for Wireless ). ,
, .
(), -

, , . , , . Ethernet
( 1), IEEE IEEE 802,
. ,
(. . 1.4). , , ,
IEEE , . -, . 802.3 (Ethernet) 802.11 ( ).
802.15 (Bluetooth) 802.16 ( ) . , , ,
. 802.3 802.11
(MAC) .
(LLC,
802.2) , .
Ethernet Ethernet ( 1)
.
Ethernet, , () Ethernet.
Ethernet IEEE 802.3 ( , ), .
Ethernet, IEEE 802.3. , Ethernet, (Breyer and Riley, 1999;
Seifert, 1998; Spurgeon, 2000).

Ethernet
Ethernet (ether , ), . Ethernet
, . 4.1.
, 10Base5 ( Ethernet)
802.3.

318

4.

Ethernet

, 2,5
. ( 802.3 ,
, .)
.
. 10Base5
: 10 /, (BASEband signaling), 500 . , _ 0 . Base (
BASE), ,
, . - 10Broad36, . , , Base
100- .
4 . 1 . Ethernet

10Base5

10Base2
10Base-T
10Base-F

500

100

185

30

100
2000

1024
1024

Ethernet 10Base2 ( Ethernet), , 10Base5, .

BNC, - .
BNC- . ,
, . , 10Base5,
185 ,
30 .
, ,
. ,
. : .
- , , . ,
. .
,
(), .

319

, ,
.
10Base-T. .
(switch),
.
. 4.13. 10Base5 () ,
. , . , ,
,
. , , .
10Base5 ( ) .
50 . .
.
. ,
. , .

^ +
+

. 4.13. 802.3:10Base5 (); 10Base2 (); 10Base-T (e)

,
. ,
. , .
, , .

320

Ethernet

4.

10Base2 - BNC-. , .
10Base-T ,
(, ),
. ,
. 10Base-T 100 , 200 , ( 5) . 10Base-T
Ethernet
.
10Base-T (100Base-T) .
Ethernet 10Base-F
.
, / .
. 4.14 .
. 4.14, , . . 4.14, ,
? , () .
10Base2, 10Base5.
, . 4.14, , .

_
1

a
. 4.14. : (); (); ();
()

802.3 . , . 4.14, .

321

. , () . , , , (
, ). ,
2,5 , .

Ethernet 0 0 1 5,
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354

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362

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390

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397

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'
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-i;
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, . , IP-. ,
. ,
. . , , , .

, . , , .

RSVP
, IETF,
(RSVP Resource reSerVation Protocol). RFC 2205 -. ,
; . RSVP
,
,
.

473

, .
. , .
, .
RSVP.
, ,
.
, . 5.32, . 1 2 , 3, 4 5 . , .
1 2 . 5.32, .

. 5.32. (); 1 ();

2 ()

( ) . , ,
. . , . ,
.

474

5.

. 5.33, . 3
1. 1 3 ,
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/ ,

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475

. , , , . , 2 , 3
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. . .
,
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IETF .

. ( ) . IETF
, RFC 2474, RFC 2475
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()
, (, ).
. ,
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.
, . , , . ,
, ,
, N . :

476

5.

477

,
, . .
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(, , , Ethernet).
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. ,
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.

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12 , 12 .
. 5.35 . . - ( ) .
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.

. . , IP-, ,
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,
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20 % , -

^>

. 5.34.

 5.

478

. .
.

. 5.35.

-, . ,
, .

MPLS
IETF , . , , ,
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.
, .
,
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,
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, , .
. , ,
, . , , , .

479

,
. , IETF , MPLS
(Multiprotocol Label Switching ).
MPLS. RFC 3031
.
. ,
.
, , . , ,
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: ? IP- , . ,
MPLS IP-. ,
, ,
, MPLS, IP TCP, . 5.36.
- MPLS 2.5.

MPLS

IP

TCP

CRC

20

. 5.36. TCP- IP, MPLS

MPLS , , . . S ( ). 0,
.
.
MPLS ,
. MPLS , . , , MPLS,
IP-, ATM , . , .

480

5.

(), MPLS,
MPLS- ,
, .
, , ,
. ,
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. , , ,
. , , .
, , ,
(FEC Forwarding Equivalence Class). ,
, ( ).
.


, . MPLS
, ,
, .
MPLS . , ,
. MPLS ,
( ).
. , , ,
,
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, ,
. . FEC
, . , , , ,

481

. , ,
ATM (, ).
, --, . . . , (,
). FEC,
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.
, . , .
MPLS .
;
, . MPLS.
MPLS ( ). ,
. 5 (. . 5.36) ,
, , .
, ,
. .
MPLS , , .
.
(Davie Rekhter, 2000; Lin ., 2002; Pepelnjak Guichard, 2001; Wang,
2001).

,
. , . , , .
. , , .
,
, ,
, [ ],
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482

5.

.
.
, ( , )
. ,
. TCP/IP. , SNA IBM.
ATM.
Novell NCP/IPX
AppleTalk. ,
.
, ,
.
-, , , ,
. , ,
100 000 , 100 000 . , UNIX,
TCP/IP, Macintosh AppleTalk.
-, (, ATM )
, ,

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: ,
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,
. 5.37. , ATM. Ethernet, 802.11
SNA FDDI.
, .
.
, ,
.

483

Ethernet

I|^-
|

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. 5.37.

.
, ,
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. 8000- , 1500 ?
, - ,
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, . ,
,

484

5.

, , , , ,
, . , ,
, ,
.
5.5.

IP, IPX, SNA, ATM, MPLS, AppleTalk .

(802) (IP)

( )

, ,

, , ,
.

, . .

-, .

, ,

, TCP SNA ( ), .
, . ,
(RFC 822) .400 .
. , , . 5.38. . . 5.38, S D.
Ethernet, . S . , - , 2. 1
2.

mm

4,
. . ,
. , ( -
).
, ,
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802.11.
, .
,
,
. , .
, . ,

485

. 5.38. Ethernet, (); Ethernet,

()

, .
, Ethernet , . ,
, , . ?
, .
(, IP-). . (,
, ) . Ethernet 2.
(
) ? () , -.
, , . -

486

5.

, . .

: . , . ( ) ( , SNA, 802.16 ATM ).
. , ,
. .

, , . , . ,
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. 5.39.

487

,
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,
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. , , , , SNA, , TCP- . , ,
.

,
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, . . 5.40 ,
1 2 . .
. , ,
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, . 5.40, , . -, , . , , ,
, .

488

5.

.
: - IP- ,
SNA. IP SNA . , . , . IP (,
). SNA , (, ). , ,
, .

. 5.40.

, .
IP: IP- . , , , ,
IPv4 , IPv6 ( )
, .
, , , .
. ,
:
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:
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, .

489

,
: , ,
, . , , .
, .
, (
) .
.

.
, . , - - ,
. , , TCP/IP- Ethernet , -
-IP (, ATM), . 5.41.


Ethernet

1|

Ethernet

.....

7*
Ethernet
IP-

. 5 . 4 1 .

Ethernet

. IP- 2, 1 , IP- 2,
Ethernet,
, Ethernet. , IP-,
-

490

5.

. , IP- 2
Ethernet.
, . IP-, ,
.
. Ethernet . . IP- .
,
.
,
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.
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-
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

. 5.42. ,

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491

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492

5.

, . , , , ,
.

. , :
1. (, Ethernet).
2. (, 512 ).
3. (, ).
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.
6. ,
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493

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()

. 5.44. (); ()

, , , . -,
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.
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. IP.
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,

494

5.

. , .
, . , .
,
.
. 0 , 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 . .
, : 0.0.0, 0.0.1, 0.0.2, ...,
0.1.0, 0.1.1, 0.1.2 . .
,
, .

, . ,
1024 .
0.0, 0.1, 0.2 0.3. 0.1 , . .
( ):
512- ,
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.

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495

27

27

27

27

5 0

27

27

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10 ();
8 ();
5 ()

,
.

.
-, ,
, , . .
RFC 1958,
( , ). , (Clark, 1988; Saltzer ., 1984).
10 , .
1. . ( )
, .
, , ,
. 1.1 . , .

496

5.

2. . , . (William Occam)
XIV ( ). :
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497

, .
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(Internet Protocol ). , IP . : ( ,
)
, .
.
. 64 ,
1500 ( Ethernet). , , , . ,
. . 5.46 , , 1, , 2. .

IP-

SNA

IP

IP Ethernet

. 5.46.

498

5.

IP
1-. IP- . 20- , .
. 5.47. ,
. ( SPARC , Pentium , .) , , , ,
Intel,
, .
- 32
i

IHL

(0 )

. 5.47. IP- IPv4

, . . , , ,
. IPv4
IPv6. , ,
(Durand, 2001; Wiljakka, 2002; Waddington Chang, 2002). , (Weiser, 2001). ,
, IPv5.
, IHL ( 32- ).
( ) 5.
4- 15, 60 ; ,
40 . , , , , 40 . .

499

,
. (, )
. .
.
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576
.
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.
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.
, . , ,
, 255 .
.

500

5.

. , , . ,
, -
.
, ,
. ,
. TCP, UDP - .
.
RFC 1700, - , www.iana.org.
.
, .
16- ,
. ,
( )
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, ,
( ).
.

. - . , , . ,
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.
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, . 5.6,
. , www.iana.org/assignments/ip-parameters.
5.6. IP-

501

IP-

IP-

. , ,
.
, .

IP-. . , , , .
, ,
.
. ,
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.
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( ,
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, , 32- IP-, 32- . .

1-
IP-, . : IP-. IP- 32

 5.

502

IP-. , IP-, , .
, , , IP-. , , .
IP- , . 5.48. . ,
. , .

. 5.49, 0 -1 ( ) . 0 . -1 .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

00

1111

1111

32 -

127
i

10

110

1110

11110

1.0.0.0
127.255.255.255

128.0.0.0
191.255.255.255

192.0.0.0
223.255.255.255

224.0.0.0
239.255.255.255

240.0.0.0
247.255.255.255

. 5.48. IP-

, , D 128
16 , 16 384 64 2 (, ) 256 ( ). , . ,
1111, .
500 000 , . , , ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers). , ICANN
, IP-
.
, 32- ,
, ,
. , 0290614 192.41.6.20. IP- 0.0.0.0,
255.255.255.255.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

503

. 5.49. IP-

IP- 0.0.0.0 . IP- .

, (
). , , ( )
. , , , , . , 127.xx.yy.zz
.
,
. , .

, . IP- . , , , Ethernet.
,
. , , ( Ethernet) .
.
,
, 60 000 . : , (,
) , .

504

5.

, .
. . ,
. 5.50. ,
Ethernet. Ethernet
(, , ).

9???????
99?????

32 i

1022 ( 0 -1 , , 1024 (2), 1022 ). ,

, .
, ,
, ,
(. 5.51). , , ,
. , . 5.51
255.255.252.0. /22, ,
22 .

Ethernet

. 5.50. ,

, -,
. 1, ,
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.
, (Ethernet) ? 65 536 , , . ,
, , , .
. 14 16
. , 35 , 6- , 10-
. 64 Ethernet

505

10

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
. 5 . 5 1 . , 64

, ICANN - . IP-, 130.50.4.1; 130.50.8.1; 130.50.12.1,

. . ,
, :
1: 10000010 00110010 000001|00 00000001
2: 10000010 00110010 000010100 00000001
3: 10000010 00110010 000011|00 00000001
(|) .
6- , 10- .
, , IP- . ,
IP- ( <, 0>) IP- ( <_
, >). , . , ,
.
IP- , ,
, .
, ,
. (,
), . ,
, ,
, .

506

5.

,
, <, >,
.
<_, , 0> <_, _, >.
, k ,
.
. , ,
,
, ,
( ). , , IP- 130.50.15.6 , 255.255.252.0/22
130.50.12.0. ,
3. ,
, , .

CIDR
IP . , -
. , IP
: . -.
, .
1987 , , 100 000 . , - , , .
1996 . , ,
IP-. , 2 , (. . 5.48) . , .
16 , 256 . 65 536 , .
( ).
,
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50 . ,
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, , ,

507

10- ( 1022 ). , , , , . , 16 384,

.
,
( ) . , , - (
,
). ,
, . - , :
2000 .
,
16 000,
. ,
.
20 , : . ,
IP , . , . ,
, , , , , - .
, , ,
,
-. , , , . ,
- , 1000 , 10 000
. .

(, ). ,
,
.
. , IP- , , , . , ,
,

508

5.

. ,
32 ,
( ,
).
, ,
. , , CIDR (Classless InterDomain Routing ). CIDR, RFC 1519,
, . - , , 2000 , 2048 , 2048 .
. , , .
IP-,
28 , 4- . 16- , , D (
): ,
, D . 8-, 16- 32- , 32- .
, , ,
-. ,
.
CIDR . 32- . , ,
(IP-, , ).
CIDR? -,
IP- . () , . ,
( ).
. /20 /24,
, /24.

(Ruiz-Sanchez ., 2001). , , VLSI, .
, . , , 194.24.0.0. ,
2048 ,
194.24.0.0 194.24.7.255, 255.255.248.0. 4096 . 4096 , 4096,
194.24.8.0. 194.24.16.0

509

194.24.31.255 255.255.240.0.
1024 194.24.8.0 194.24.11.255
255.255.252.0. . 5.7.
5.7. IP-

194.24.0.0

194.24.7.255

2048

194.24.0.0/21

194.24.8.0

94.24.11.255

1024

194.24.8.0/22

()

194.24.12.0

94.24.15.255

1024

194.24.12.0/22

194.24.16.0

94.24.16.255

4096

194.24.16.0/20

, . :

: 11000010 00011000 00000000 00000000 11111111 11111111 11111000 00000000

3:11000010 00011000 00001000 00000000 11111111 11111111 11111100 00000000
0:11000010 00011000 00010000 00000000 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
, , 194.24.17.4.
32- :
11000010 00011000 00010001 00000100
( ) ,
11000010 00011000 00010000 00000000
fir ,
,
11000010 00011000 00010000 00000000
.
, ,
, , :
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11000010 00000000 00000000 00000000 11111111 11111111 11100000 00000000
,
, -. , .
- , . ,
.
.

510

5.

. -. , ,
, , .
- - , :
194.24.12.0/22.

NAT
IP- . /16-
( ), 65 534 . , . , , IP- , . /16-
65 534 , , ,
, .
, IP- .
, , ,
, .
, , .
, , ,
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IP-. - , ,
IP-. /16 , , 65 534. ,
.
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. IP-. IP- ,
, ,
, .

511

,
ADSL (,
) ,
. IP-, ! :
. ,
. !
IP- . ,
.
IPv6 128- . , , . , , -
. , NAT (Network Address Translation), RFC 3022. , (Dutcher, 2001).

IP- (, , )
-. IP, .
, . IP-.
. ,
. :
10.0.0.0
- 10.255.255.255/8
(16 777 216 )
172.16.0.0
-172.31.255.255/12
(1 048 576 )
192.168.0.0
- 192.168.255.255/16 (65 536 )
, 16 777 216 (
0 - 1 , ), ,
.
. 5.52.

10jc.y.z. , , NAT-, IP- (10.0.0.1 ) IP-,
(198.60.42.12 ). NAT- , . 8. NAT-
.

512

5.

18
IKIATK
INAT-// BbW"
""

. 5.52. NAT-

: (, -), 198.60.42.12. NAT , ?

.
IP- , , . . ,
, IP-
. ,
IP-.
. NAT , IP- TCP, UDP.
6 TCP UDP, ,
, . , TCP, , UDP . 16-
, , TCP-. ,
NAT.
TCP- ,
TCP- .
, TCP- ,
.
. ,
. 0 1023
. , 80- -, ,
.

513

TCP .
, .
, . , . , , ,
, . IP-
, . 16- , ,
.
. NAT-, 10_r.z/.z
IP-. , TCP NAT-, 65 536 . IP- . , TCP IP.
, 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2
(5000-, ). .
NAT- , TCP. NAT-. IP- TCP.
. TCP IP. 10_o/.z.
ADSL
. 10-r.z/.z.
, NAT-, IP- . .
, ADSL
, .
IP-,
IP NAT , . .
-,
IP, , IP- .
.
, ( ) 10.0.0.1.

514

5.

-, NAT
, . , NAT , . , , . NAT , -, , .
TCP.
. NAT , .
-, NAT : k
, k + 1 .
. - TCP -2,
(, 32- ), . , . NAT .
-, TCP
UDP. ( , , - ), - , NAT-
TCP.
-, IP- . . NAT
, , . , FTP (File Transfer Protocol),
,
. -
.323 ( 7) .
NAT .323, , .
-, 16-,
IP- 65 536 .
: 4096
. , IP-,
61 440 .
, , RFC 2993. NAT ,
IP-

515

,
IPv6. NAT , .

IP, , , ,
ICMP, ARP, RARP, DHCP. .

ICMP
. - , ICMP (Internet Control
Message Protocol ), . ICMP
. . 5.8. ICMP- IP-.
5.8. ICMP-

,
,
, ,
, ,

, DF ( ) , .
, ,
. ,
, .
, . , , .
, . , ,

516

5.

. , , .
. 6.
, , , .
, ,
. , .
, .
.
, .
www.iana.org/assignments/icmp-parameters.

1
192.31.65.5 IP-
. IP
, , -
Ethernet- . ,
,
IP- Ethernet-. , , ,
.

2 IP-

2 IP-
192.31.60.7
192.31.63.3

ARP
( ) IP-, ,
-.
,
. , - Ethernet 48- Ethernet-.
Ethernet , Ethernet- (
). , 48- Ethernet-. 32- IP- .
, : IP- , Ethernet-? , , . 5.53 ,
( /24). Ethernet: IP- 192.31.65.0, IP- 192.31.63.0
. FDDI IP-
192.31.60.0. Ethernet Ethernet-
( \ 6), FDDI FDDI-
( .
, 1 2.
, , , mary@eagle.cs.uni.edu.
IP- 2, eagle.cs.uni.edu.
DNS (Domain Name System), 7. ,
DNS IP- 2 (192.31.65.5).

517

192.31.65.7

192.31.63.8

1
Ethernet

192.31.65.0

FDDI
192.31.60.0

Ethernet-

Ethernet

192.31.63.0

. 5.53. /24: Ethernet FDDI

1 Ethernet : IP- 192.31.65.5?

Ethernet 192.31.65.0, 2 Ethernet- 2. , 1 ,
IP- 192.31.65.5 Ethernet- 2. , , ARP (Address
Resolution Protocol ) RFC 826. .
ARP
. IP- . ARP.
IP 1 Ethernet-
2, IP-, 192.31.65.5,
Ethernet. Ethernet 2
, , , .
Ethernet- IP-
IP-, , , , .

518

5.

ARP.
-, , ARP, ,
. , , , . ,
2 , ARP . , ARP- IP- Ethernet-. ARP- 2, (192.31.65.7, 1)
2 ARP- . ,
Ethernet.
, . ARP-na, IP-.
, .
, , IP-.
.
, ,
( Ethernet-), ARP-
.
. 5.53. 1 4
(192.31.63.8). ARP , 4 ( Ethernet-). . -,
,
ARP- 192.31.63.0 ( ).
1 ARP- (192.31.63.8, )
4 . ARP-. , 1
Ethernet-, ,
3. , .
1 IP- Ethernet, 3. Ethernet-,
IP-
IP- . , ,
192.31.63.0, 192.31.60.7.
FDDI- 192.31.60.7, ARP- , F3. IP- FDDI-, F3, .
, FDDI IP- IP-, , 192.31.63.8. -

519

IP- ARP-, ARP- Ethernet ,

6, Ethernet-, 6, IP-
Ethernet. Ethernet-, 4
IP- IP- .
1
, , , , FDDI- F2.

RARP, DHCP
ARP IP- Ethernet . , Ethernet- IP-. , .
.
IP-?
RARP (Reverse
Address Resolution Protocol ), RFC 903. Ethernet- : 48- Ethernet 14.04.05.18.01.25. - IP-? RARP- , Ethernet-
IP-.
RARP IP- ,
. IP- - ,
.
RARP ,
RARP- , (
).
, RARP. . RARP, UDP-,
. , IP- , , IP- , . RFC 951,
1048 1084.
, , ,
.
,
, IP-
(Ethernet-, IP-).

520

5.

:
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ). DHCP
, . RFC 2131, 2132. RARP .
RARP , DHCP , IP- , .
,
. DHCP , ,
. 5.54.

,
IP-

DHCP

DHCP- DISCOVER
()

DHCP

DHCP
DHCP

. 5.54. DHCP

IP-
DISCOVER (). DHCP , DHCP. DISCOVER, DHCP-,
. : IP- DHCP-.
: IP ? ,
. . IP- , . .
DHCP- IP-. , .

OSPF
, .
. -

521

, . - . , X, Y Z
,
. . , .
.
. .
.
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol ),
(BellmanFord) ARPANET.
,
, , 1979
. 1988 (IETF, Internet Engineering Task Force) , 1990
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First ).

. OSPF. . RFC 2328.
, ,
.
-, , (Open ) OSPF. , , , .
-,
, , . .
-, , .
- ( OSPF),
, . - . IP-
, .
-, .
. -

522

5.

.
.
.
-, . 1988 ,
. , .
-, ,
-, . , , . .
OSPF :
1. , .
2. ( ).
3. ( ).
,
, . . . 5.55, , . :
OSPF.
OSPF , ,
( , , . .). ,
, . ,
. . ,
. ,
, .
,
. OSPF , .
, , . . .
, 0. , , ,
.
. , , . , .

523

II

. 5.55. (); ()

, ,
.

, , , ,
. , ,
. .
: , . ,
. : , . ,
, . .

524

5.

, , ,
. . 5.56 .
OSPF :
1. , .
2. , .
3. , .
4. , .
. , . , , , , .
. 5.56.
1

2 V_

BGP

525

HELLO ,
, . , , . .
OSPF , , . ,
.
. . , , .
.
(LINK STATE UPDATE)
. ,
. , . ,
, : , . ,
.
(DATABASE DESCRIPTION) , . ,
, .
.

(LINK STATE
REQUEST). ,
, , , . IP-. . 5.9.
5.9. OSPF

. 5.56. ,
OSPF

526

5.

.
. . . , ,
.
, . , , ,
.

BGP
OSPF ( ).
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol ). ,
.
. .
(Metz, 2001).
, . , , ,
( , ). , , ,
, . ,
, .
BGP
.
, , . :
1. .
2. , .
3.
.

527

4. , .
5. , IBM,
Microsoft.
BGP- (
- ). .
BGP-,
. , .
BGP . , BGP-. , .
.
, , , , . , (, ),
, .
BGP- , -.
, .
BGP ,
, ,
RIP (Routing Information Protocol ). , BGP- .
BGP-, . 5.57, .
, F. ,
D FGCD. ,
, . 5.57, ( D).
, F . , I , F. ,
G. BGP-
,
. , , .
. BGP, .
BGP ,
- . , G FG. F -

528

5.

. BCD, IFGCD EFGCD.

F, F, D FBCD. -
, ,
, , . BGP RFC 1771 1774.
,
F

D
S: BCD
G: GCD
/: IFGCD
: EFGCD

. 5.57. BGP- (); ,

F()

IP- . . , ,
,
( ).
IP D. D . 28 ,
250 .
D, , .
.
: . .
. :
224.0.0.1 ;
224.0.0.2 ;
224.0.0.5 OSPF- ;
224.0.0.6 OSPF- .

529

.
- . , . ,
.

, .
( ) ( 224.0.0.1)
, .
D.
IGMP (Internet
Group Management Protocol ), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol ). IGMP
,
D . RFC 1112.
. - , , . ,
, , . ,
, .

IP
,
. , IP ,
, .
. (Perkins,
1998).
.
IP- . ,
IP- 160.80.40.20/16. 160.80 (8272
), 40.20 (10 260 ). , ,
, 160.80.
IP- 160.80..,
.

530

5.

- ,
( ).
. . , , , ,
.
IP- , .

,
.
, (IETF, Internet Engineering Task Force)
. , ,
. :
1. IP- .
2. .
3. .
4. , , .
5. ,
.
,
. , , , , , . , ,
. , .
. IP- .
, , . ,
ARP-, , : Ethernet- 160.80.40.20? , Ethernet-.
160.80.40.20 . , , IP-, .
.
,

531

. .
, , .
, , , Ethernet ( ). , ,
ARP-. ,
,
, .
, .
,
, ( ) .
() IP- .
, IETF, ,
. ,
?
, ( , :
, , ). ,
, . , .
,
, . . , ,

.
. , , IP-, , , , - .
,
8.
, , . Ethernet, . ,
. -
Ethernet- , .
, : ,
Ethernet, , -

532

5.

. , . , ,
.

IPv6
CIDR NAT IP , , IPv4 . , ,
. , ( ). ,
90- , , ,
. -,
. -,
,
, , , ,
. , IP .
, IETF 1990 IP, , . ,
. :
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. ( ), IP.
5. , ,
.
6.
.
7.
.
8. .
9. .

533

, , IETF RFC 1550 . . ,

. 1992
. IP .
IP CLNP,
160-
. , . , , - OSI ,
-. CLNP, ,
IP. , IP , CLNP. CLNP , .
IEEE Network
Magazine (Deering, 1993; Francis, 1993; Katz Ford, 1993). ,
(Deering) (Francis),
SIPP (Simple Internet Protocol Plus
- ). IPv6 ( IPv5 ).
IPv6 . IP (
), . IPv6 IPv4,
, TCP, UDP,
ICMP, IGMP, OSPF, BGP DNS, ( ). IPv6 . RFC 2460 2466.
, IPv6 , IPv4. 16 , ,
, -.
.
IPv6 IPv4
. 7 ( 13 IPv4). , , .
.
. ,

534

5.

. , , .
-, IPv6
. IETF , 12-
. , - . IP.
, . IPv4 8-
( ),
.

535

, : .
- 32 i

(16 )

IPv6
IPv6 . 5.58. 6 IPv6 ( 4
IPv4). IPv4 IPv6, , ,
,
.
, , , ,
IPv4 IPv6 .
. ,
. , , , .
,
. IP ,
. ,
, , .
,
. ,
, . . ,
, , .

(16 )

. 5.58. IPv6 ( )

, , IP-
. , . ,
, 1,
.
, 40-
, . 5.58. IPv4 . 40
.

. , 40-
() . , ( )
. IP- , (
TCP UDP) .
. ,
IPv4. -

536

5.

. , IPv4 , ,
.
. ( SIPP) 8- ,
, 8- , 16- .
, 16 ,
20- OSI. . ,
16- .
16- .
IPv6 ,
, :
8000:0000:0000:0000:0123:4567:89AB:CDEF
,
. -, , , 0123 123.
-, , , . ,

8000::123:4567:89AB:CDEF
, IPv4 ,
, :
::192.31.20.46
, , 16- 2128, 3 1038. ,
, IPv6 7 1023 IP- . , , . IP ,
.
, , , . , ( 212) , ( 307) . RFC 3194
(Durand) (Huitema) . , ,
1000 IP- ( , ).

537

. , , . , 28 % . 72 %
.
IPv4 (. 5.47) IPv6 (. 5.58),
, . IHL , IPv6 . ,
, IP- ( UDP- -).
, ,
IPv6 . -, , IPv6,
. . -, 576 1280, 1024 , . , 16- , ,
, , . , .
, .
, , . , ,
, . ,
.

, IPv6 () . ,
. 5.9. ,
, .
5.9. IPv6

&

538

5.

5.9 ()

, .
(, , ). , . ,
, , , .
: , , ICMP-, ,
, ICMP- (
ICMP-).
1 . , ( 0 255 ). ,
255 .
,
. : , 64 .
. 5.59.

194

. 5.59.

, ,
. , 8 , .
.
, ( 194) 4- . 65 536 , ,
ICMP- . , , (
jumbo, ). , .

, .

539

IPv4 , ,
. . 5.60.

. 5.60.

. . . 0, ,
32- , IPv6. , ,
- . , ,
.
. ,

.
, .
, IPv4. ,
, , .
IPv4, IPv6 -.
.
. ,
, ICMP-, - ,
.
. ,
, : , . .

, IPv6,
-

540

5.

, . .
RFC.
.
: 16- .
-
. ,
255 (
8- ) . , 32 , 10
. ,
, . , , , , -
.
, , . , , , 65 535
. , .
125 , , , -
. 8- .
. , 64 .
,
, 64 .
, 1 1 1,5 /, 5 ,
, . :
64 , .
IPv4.
- . , - , .
, ,
, , ( ,

541

). , , IPv4.
,
IPv6, , .
. ,
16- ? . ,
, , . IPv6 . ,
.
, .
, . , . -, .
, , . , -
, ,
. , , ,
. ,
IP
.
, , ,
,
, .

, ( ) , . ,
, , . IP, , (
). , , , .
, , ,
, 14- ,
16-. IPv6, . IPv6

542

5.

. ,
.
, 14-, , , . , . , IPv6, (Loshin,
1999).

. , . .
. .
.
. -
.
. , , ,
.
,
.
, , . , . ,
.
, . ,
.
, , . .
, .
, .
. ,
, ,
, , . ,
, -

543

( RSVP),
MPLS.
,
.
,
, . , .
,
. IP, ICMP, ARP RARP,
OSFP BGP. IP-, IP, IPv6.

1. , . , .
2. , ? .
3.
. . ,
.
.
4. ,
.
5. , . ,
3- , 8 .
, 15-
, . 1 106 . 1
(
40 ). 1000 ,
200 . .
?

544

5.

6. ,
, ,
, ?
7. . 5.6, . , .
, D, , 3. , .

?
8.
,
( ).
,
.
9. . 5.11, . . : (5, 0, 8, 12, 6, 2); D (16, 12, 6, 0, 9, 10); (7, 6, 3, 9,
0, 4). , D 6, 3 5 .
? .
10. , 50 , 8- ,
. () ? ,
.
11. . 5.12 ACF- 111 .
?
12. ,
4800.
, k k k
. , k 4800 ( 16). , 16.
13. , ,
, , .
IP- 802.3?
14.
. 5.5 :
1) ;
2) ?

545

15. . 5.14, . , F
G, , . 5.14, , . . 5.14, ?
16. , , , , , ,
D, E,F,In .

17. . 5.18. , , - I ?
18. , . 5.18
.
. TTL 1, 2, 3 . .
?
19.
.
. ,
? .
20. , . 5.22.
, 10 . 1, , ?
21. , , : 1) , ; 2)
. ,
, .
( ) .
. ? , , .

546

5.

22. . , ,
. , . ,
. ( ) ,
:
1) , ;

23.
24.
25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

2) ;
3) , ?

RED?

, ?
. , 1024- 512- . .
?
ATM .
5 .
( )?
, ,
6 /, .
1 /. 8 .
6 /?
,
1000 , 10 /,
1 ,
50 /. ?
. 5.32 RSVP 1 2. , 3
2 / 1 1 / 2. 4
2- 1, 5 1- 2.

, , , , H,J,Kn L?
2
. -

547

,
10 ?
31. ,
. ,
, ? .
32. ?
33. :

. ? , ?
34. , R1. , , , R2, a R2 . TCP,
900 20 TCP-, IP-, , .
, , DF, MF
IP- , . , AR1 1024 , 14- , R1-R2
512 , 8- , R2B
512 , 12-
35. IP-, ( ) 1024 . ,
10 , ,
1-.
36. IP-, , .
, ?
.
37. , 16 20 . ?
38. IP-,
C22F 1582, , .
39. 255.255.240.0. ?
40. , IP- 198.16.0.0. , , , D , , 4000, 2000, 4000
8000 . , wjc.y.z/s.

548

5.

41. IP-:
57.6.96.0/21, 57.6.112.0/21 57.6.120.0/21.
, ? , ?
, ?
42. IP- 29.18.0.0 19.18.128.255 29.18.0.0/17.
, 1024 , 29.18.60.0
29.18.63.255, ,
.
, , ,
- ? , ?
43. (CIDR) :
/

135.46.56.0/22

135.46.60.0/22

192.53.40.0/23

44. IP-?
1) 135.46.63.10;
2) 135.46.57.14;
3) 135.46.52.2;

45.

46.

47.

48.
49.

4) 192.53.40.7;
5) 192.53.56.7.
, , ,
. NAT? .
ARP. , : . ARP , , . ?
ARP RARP
. . . ?
.
IP- , - , , . , .
, .

549

, ,
, . . ?
50. IP, ATM ,
. , , ?
51. , , . , IP, . , ,
,
?
52. IPv6 16- .
, 1 ?
53. , IPv4, IPv6. ?
54. ARP IP? ,
?
55. , . , . , . ,
. : ,
, , k
( ). {k = 1) .
56. , .
.
. ,
, .
- , ,
, -.
.
57. , IP-. IP-.
, . : IP-, . IP- , CIDR, .

550

5.

traceroute (UNIX) tracert (Windows),

.
. :
wvvw.berkeley.edu ();
www.mit.edu ();
www.vu.nl ();
www.ucl.ac.uk ();
www.usyd.edu.au ();
www.u-tokyo.ac.jp ();
www.uct.ac.za ().

: UDP
: TCP

.
. - -
. .
, , , .

. , .
, . ( ) ,
, .

552

6.

,
, () ,
. , . / , , .

, , , ,
. ,
. 6.1.
2

( )

/
^

( )

. 6 . 1 . ,

, ,
. .
: , . . ,
.
:
, ? ?
. 1.7. ,
, -

553

, ( , ). , , ? ,
? , ,
.
.
,
, .
, , . , , -
, , .
, , , .
, , .
, . , ,
, (,
).
,
, ,
.
. .
, , , . , .

. ,
.

, .

554

6.

, , .
. ( ) , . .
,
. ,
, , . , .
, ,
. , ,
.
, UNIX. , .
, , . .
.
, . , ,
.
, () , ,
, .
, , , -
, , .
,
.
. ,
. , , , , .
.
, , . 6.1. ,
. , , .

555

6.1.

LISTEN ()

()

,
-

CONNECT
()

SEND()

RECEIVE
()

()

DISCONNECT
()

, , , . LISTEN
, . ,
. , CONNECT. ,
. , .
. ,
, ,
TPDU (Transport Protocol Data Unit ). , , ( ). , , , .
, , .

, . . 6.2.

TPDU-

TPDU-

-
. 6.2. ,

556

6.

, .
CONNECT , CONNECTION REQUEST ( ). ,
, LISTEN
( ).
CONNECTION ACCEPTED ( ). , , .

SEND RECEIVE. RECEIVE ,
SEND.
, . . ,
, , .
, , .
, , . ,
, , . .
. ,
. , .
, .
, ,
. : .
DISCONNECT,
TPDU DISCONNECTION REQUEST ( ). TPDU .
, . DISCONNECT, , , . ,
DISCONNECT.
. 6.3.
- ,
. , TPDU .

557

, ,
. . .
TPDU-

TPDU-

TPDU- (

TPDU-

. 6.3. . ,
, .
.

( ),
Berkeley UNIX TCP (Transmission Control Protocol
). . 6.2.
,
. TPDU, , ,
TCP.
. SOCKET
.
, (, ) . SOCKET , -

558

6.

559

, ,
OPEN.

:
-

6.2. TCP

, , 6.1. -,
. ( ), ,
, , , UNIX-, . ,
, .
, .
, , ,
- .
, . , , . SERVER_PORT 12 345. .
1024 65 535 ,
- . ,
.
( , , ), 1024,
www.iana.org.
. .
,
.
. , IP . . memset
. . . htonl htons ,

(, SPARC),
(, Pentium). .
(
s < 0) .
. setsockopt , , , .
IP- bind. listen,
, QUEUE_SI2E ,
.
.

SOCKET (COKET)

( )

BIND ()

LISTEN ()

ACCEPT()
CONNECT ()

SEND ()

RECEIVE ()

CLOSE()

. BIND. ,
. SOCKET ,
(,
, ),
.
LISTEN,
, . LISTEN , LISTEN
.
, ACCEPT. TPDU- , , , .
, .
.
SOCKET ,
BIND , . CONNECT
. (
TPDU-, , ),
. SEND RECV . UNIX-
READ WRITE, SEND RECV.
. , CLOSE.

560

6.

, . . accept
, . , accept ,
, , . , ,
, ( )
sa ( ).
. , , . , ,
. , . , ,
. .
, . , , , .
client, :
client flits.cs.vu.nl /usr/tom/filename >f

,
flits.cs.vu.nl, usr/tom/fi lename
. ,
f, . , .
. ( = 3 ,
).
, argv[l] (, flits.cs.vu.nl) IP- gethostbyname. DNS. DNS 7.
, - connect. ,
, SERVER_PORT ,
1 i sten ( ),
. , . , -, , .
,
. .
fatal . ,
. -

561

,
fatal .
( , ) - http://www.prenhall.com/tanenbaum (
).
UNIX- (, Solaris, BSD, Linux). :
- client client. -1 socket -Insl
- server server. -1 socket -Insl

,
server

, . Windows- .
6 . 1 .
/* ,
, . */
/* .*/

f i n c l u d e <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netdb.h>
I d e f i n e SERVER_PORT 12345 /* */
#define BUF_SIZE 4096 /* */
i n t main(int argc. char *argv)
{
int s,bytes;

char buf[BUF_SIZE]: /* */
struct hostent *h;
/ */
struct sockaddMn channel: /* 1= */
if (argc!=3) fatal(" : _ _"):
h = gethostbyname(argv[l]);
/* IP- */
if(!h) fatal(" gethostbyname")
s = socket(PF_INET, SOCK STREAM, IPPROTOJCP);
if (s<0) fatal(""):"
memsetC&channel, 0. sizeof(channel)):
channel.sin_family=AF_INET:
memepy(.channel.si n_addr.s_addr,h>h_addr,h>h_length);
channel.sin_port=htons(SERVER_PORT);
- connect(s,(struct sockaddr *) channel. sizeof(channel)):
if (c<0) fatal("0iuH6Ka "):

/* . */
write*s. argv[2], strlen(argv[2])+l):
/* , */

5 6 2 6.

while (1) {
bytes = readts. buf. BUFJIZE); /* */
/* */
if (bytes <= 0) exit(O);
/*
writed. buf. bytes):
*/

if (fd < 0) fatal(" ");

while (1) {
bytes - read(fd. buf. BUF_SIZE); /* */
if (bytes <= 0) break; ~
/* */
write(sa, buf, bytes);
/* */
}
close(fd);
close(sa);

fatal(char *string)
printf("Ss\n". string);
exit(l);
/* */
linclude <sys/types.h>
finclude <sys/fcntl,h>
linciude <sys/socket.h>
finclude <netinet/in.h>
linclude <netdb.h>
#define SERVER_PORT 12345 /* */
/* */
#define BUFJIZE 4096
#define QUEUE SIZE 10
int main(int argc. char *argv[]);
int s, b. 1, fd. sa. bytes, on = 1:
/* */
char buf[BUF_SIZE];
/* IP- */
struct sockaddr in channel;
/* */
meraset(&channel, 0. sizeof(channel));
/* */
channel.sin_family = AF_INET;
channel, si n_addr.s_addr = htonUINADDR_ANY);
channel.sin_port - htons(SERVER_PORT):
/* . */
s = socket(AF_INET. SOCK_STREAM. IPPROTOJCP); /* */
if (s<0) fatal(" ");
setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET. SO_REUSEADDR. (char *) Son. sizeof(on)):
b = bind(s, (struct sockaddr *) Schannel, sizeof(channel)):
if (b<0) fatal(" ");
1 = l i s t e n ( s . QUEUE_SIZE);
/* */
if (1<0) fatal("0iiin6Ka ");
/* . */
while (1) {
sa = accept(s. 0 , 0 ) ;
/* */
if (sa<0) fatal(" ");
read(sa, buf. BUF_SIZE);

/* */

/* */
fd = open(buf. O_RDONLY);

/* */

563

/* */
/* */

, . ,
. , ,
UNIX .
,
, ,
. ,
( ). , - . (Stivens, 1997).

,
. ,
3. , , , .
, , ,
. 6.4.
, . .

. 6.4. (); ()

564

6.

-, , ,
.
.
-, (. 6.4, ) : ( ).
, . , , .
, . , , - - , ,
30 .
, ,
- , .
.
, . ,
, . , 3, , ,
, . -
.
.

, , . (
:
?) , . . ATM AAL-SAP (Service Access Point).
TSAP (Transport Service Access Point
).
NSAP (Network Service Access Point ). NSAP IP-.
6.5 NSAP, TSAP . ,

565

TSAP TSAP. NSAP , . TSAP

, ,
NSAP, , NSAP.
1

f\ TSAP 6

W /

! \

? ?
,

TSAP 1522

NSAP

>

TSAP 1836

NSAP

. 6.5.

:
1. 2, , TSAP 1522 . , TSAP, . ,
, LISTEN.
2. 1 , , CONNECT, TSAP 1208 TSAP 1522 .
1 1, 2.
3. , , .
4. .
5. .

566

6.

, 2 , TSAP , NSAP.
, : 1 , , , TSAP 1522? , , , TSAP 1522 ,
. TSAP-, , , etc/services
UNIX-. , .
TSAP- (, ),
, TSAP-,
. , , ,
TSAP-. .
. 6.6.
. TSAP-, , , , ()
. ,
. , CONNECT, TSAP-
. , , . 6.6, .
, , . ,
, . 6.6, .
, , , . ,
( )
, - .
, .
,
. TSAP-, , , (TSAP- ). ,

567

TSAP- .
.
1

2
,
'

'

TSAP

. 6.6. 1 2

, ,
, ( ASCII) TSAP-. , .

. , ,
TSAP- ( ) .
, .
, , ,
.

, , . ,
, TPDU-
CONNECTION REQUEST CONNECTION ACCEPTED ( ).
, , .

568

6.

,
, - . , .
.
.

, . , .
, . , . , ,
. , , .
.
, , , . , , . ,
, . , .
, . 6.6.
,
( , ), TPDU-, ,
.
,
( , ). , ( ).
, : ,
.
, , ,
.
. ,
. ,
,
.
:
1. .

569

2. .
3. .
,
, , . .
, .
, , . ,
. , , GPS
, .
, ,
. ,
. , ,
. , ,
.
. (Tomlinson) (1975). ,
. ( 1978 )
(Sunshine) (Dalai). , TCP.
(
), .
. , ,
. ,
( ).
, , .
,
TPDU- . k ( k ). , , 3, TPDU-
. ,
, , TPDU-
.
. 6.7.

570

6.

2
.

120 -

""""
70

30

I
I
J
60 90 120 150 180

. 6.7. TPDU- ();

()

, . ( ) , ,
. , .
. ,
, . ,
, TPDU-MO . , .
,
.
.
=60 , .
. 6.7, , , , . ,
t = 30 5 ( ) TPDU-, 80.
TPDU X. TPDU X . t = 60 0 4. t = 70 5,
, , 70. 15 TPDU- 70 80.
, = 85 TPDU-
80 5 . , TPDU X
. TPDU 80, TPDU X
, TPDU 80 .

571

, .
. 6.7, .
TPDU- ,
,
.
.
,
. ,
TPDU-
. , ,
, , ,
,
. , ( ).
, ,
. . 6.7, ,
, , . ,
. , TPDU- , , , , TPDU-
.
TPDU-,
, .
TPDU- , . , 1 TPDU-
CONNECTION REQUEST, , 2. , TPDU- CONNECTION ACCEPTED
( ). TPDU- CONNECTION REQUEST , 2,
.
(1975) -. ' , , ,
.
. 6.8, . 1 , , TPDU- CONNECTION REQUEST,
, 2. 2 TPDU- ,
. , 1


572

6.

2 TPDU-.
1

573

, , .
, .
TPDU- CONNECTION REQUEST - . . 6.8, . , 2 CONNECTION REQUEST .
, 2 2 1, , TPDU-, ,
. 2 TPDU-, , ,
, a z. , TPDU-, , .

, . ,
. , : . : ,
.
, .
. , . 6.9. 1 TPDU-, 2. 1 TPDU-. , 2
DISCONNECTION REQUEST ( ) , TPDU. , .
1

. 6.8. .
CR CONNECTION REQUEST. ();
CONNECTION REQUEST (); CONNECTION REQUEST
()

TPDU-. . 6.8, TPDU CONNECTION REQUEST

. TPDU- 2 1. 2 TPDU- 1 TPDU-
, 1 , . 1 , 2 -

. 6.9.

574

6.

, , . , .
,
.
, , . ,
, .
, 1 : . ? 2 : . ,
.
, . , . , , . 6.10. . ,
, .
, , , .

2-

. 6.10.

. ,
, (
). : , ?
, 1- :
29 , . .
, 2-
, 1- . ? , , 2- ,

575

. , 1- ,
.
.
. , . .
, , , , . , .
, .
, ( ), , . , ?
, , , , . , . .
, , .
, , , .
, , . . 6.11
, .
, .
. 6.11, ,
DR (DISCONNECTION REQUEST), . , DR , . ,
TPDU- . ,
, .
,

( ). DISCONNECT.
TPDU- (. 6.11, 6), . ,
.
DR. , , ,
, . . 6.11, ,
, .
(. 6.11, ) , ,

576

6.

DR , TPDU- . N
. , .
2

DR

QR
^_

DR
~~^1

^ ^ * ^
(-)

__
"

^<.

(-)

(/ -)

(-)

. .
, N , ,
.
, , . ,
, . 6.11, .
, , ,
TPDU-, . ,
, . , TPDU-.
, TPDU- , . ,
TPDU- , , .
,
, ,
.

^ ^ * ^

577

^
<
<
4
<

(-)

. 6 . 1 1 . :
(); (); ();
()

,
, DR N
. ,

, ,
. , , .

, . ,
, . , ,
. -
,
, .
, 3, , . ,
6 , _
SEQ + 1 ,
. , , 64, 4- 1024 .

578

6.

, . ,
. ,
TPDU- ,
,
. , , . TPDU-, . ,
TPDU- , .
, TPDU- , TPDU- , . , .
, , TPDU-, .
. ,
, ,
TPDU-.
, TPDU- , TPDU-. ,
, TPDU- , , . .
TPDU-, , .
TPDU- ,
,
TPDU-, . 6.12, . TPDU ,
, ,
.
TPDU-,
TPDU- .
, TPDU-
.
, . 6.12, 6. , .
, . 6.12, .
, , .

579

TPDU1

TPDU2

TPDU3

TPDU4

. 6.12. ();
(); ()

. , , , , ,
, .
, ,
TPDU-, . , ,
,
. , , .
. ,
.
.
,
, , , , X .
. .
, 3, . , , . ,

580

6.

, . , . TPDU- , , .
TPDU-
.
. 6.13 4- . ,
TPDU-, . 8 , 4. TPDU-, . 6
TPDU- 1, ( 2, 3 4). , TPDU 2 , , 3
4, . ,
, . 9 , TPDU- 2. . 10 TPDU-, 4-,
.
, 3. TPDU-, , TPDU-.

1
2
3
4
5

< request 8 buffers>

<<ack=15, buf = 4>
-> <seq = 0, data = m0>
- > <seq = 1, data = m1>
-
<seq = 2, data = m2>

<

7
8
9
10

<ack = 1, buf = 3>

- > <seq = 3, data = m3>

<seq = 4, data = m4>

<seq = 2, data = m2>

<<ack = 4, buf = 0>

11 <12 <-

<ack = 4, buf=1>
<ack = 4, buf = 2>

13
14
15
16

<seq = 5, data = m5>

<seq = 6, data = m6>
<ack = 6, buf = 0>
<ack = 6, buf = 4>

<

8
0-3
3
2
, ,
1
0 1,
2- 4-

0 ,
,
,
5
-
1

. 6 . 1 3 . . .
(...) TPDU-

581

TPDU-. 16. ,
. TPDU-
, , TPDU-
-, . TPDU-,
. .
, ,
,
.

, , .
, : . k , ,
,
kx TPDU- . , .
, ,
. , , TPDU-. 1975 (Belsnes) ,

. TPDU- ,
( , , , ) ,
. , . .

.
TPDU-, , . , ,
, . ,
, .
, ,

582

6.

. , .

,

.
. , ,
. - , , TPDU-. , , . 6.14, .
(, IP) .

. 6.14. (); ()

. , , .
,
, , ,
. 6.14, . .
k . , ,
ISDN. -

583

64 /.
128 /.

, . ,
. , TPDU- ,
. ,
, . , TPDU , . TPDU- .
.
, . ,
, ,
. TPDU- .
, , , , .
, TPDU- , , ,
. :
TPDU- ( S1) TPDU- ( SO).
, , TPDU-
.
, : ,
TPDU-.
, S1.
, ,
. , , , , . TPDU-
,
.
, , , SO.

584

6.

, TPDU- , , TPDU- , TPDU-.

, , : , ,
, ?
, , .
S1 TPDU- , TPDU- .
, , ,
, . : , , , TPDU-.
: TPDU-, TPDU-, TPDU-
SO TPDU- S1. ,
, , ,
, .
: (), TPDU- (W) ().
: AC(W), A WC, C(AW), C(WA), WAC
WC(A), ,
( ). . 6.15 , . , , . ,
TPDU-, A WC ,
.
.
TPDU-, , , , , :
. : .
:
N N+ 1
, . , ,
.

. , ,
, . -

585

. ,
TPDU-
, . , . ,
, , , , , , .
(Saltzer ., 1984)
,
,

AC(W)

AWC

C{AW)

C{WA)

WAC

WC(A)

DUP

OK

OK

DUP

DUP

LOST

OK

LOST

LOST

OK

OK

SO

OK

DUP

LOST

LOST

DUP

OK

S1

LOST

OK

OK

OK

OK

DUP

OK =
DUP =
LOST =
. 6.15.

, .

. 6.1. ,
( ) TCP.

,
. CONNECT () :
connect,
.
TSAP-. , -

586

6.

, ( ) ,
.
, .
, listen (), TSAP-, .
, - TSAP-.
: .
1 i sten - . . : ,
? : .
(, ),

.
, , ,
connect
. , ,
1 i sten , , . , .
disconnect. , .
, .
, : , .
, :
send, , recei ve, , TPDU-.
, : CONNECT, LISTEN,
DISCONNECT, SEND RECEIVE. , . :
connum connum =
status =
status =
status =

LISTEN ( l o c a l )
CONNECT ( l o c a l , remote)
SEND (connum, b u f f e r , bytes)
RECEIVE (connum, b u f f e r , bytes)
DISCONNECT (connum)

LISTEN , TSAP-. , - . - .
CONNECT : TSAP- local
TSAP- remote. -

587

. , connum ,
. ,
connum .
TSAP- ,
. :
,
.
SEND
, , . , status, : , .
RECEIVE
. bytes.
(, ), status , .
DISCONNECT . connum , . , , : connum connum
. status
, .

, , , 3: ,
. (, , ), ,
.

TPDU-. , .
. ,
, . ,
3.
.

588

6.

, . , ,
.
, ATM.
, ,
. , , ,
(
).
, ,
,
. , , LISTEN, .
, , .
to_net
from_net ( ). .
,
. Q , , 1, , , , . , , . 6.3.
,
.
6.3. ,

CALL REQUEST
CALL ACCEPTED
CLEAR REQUEST
CLEAR
CONFIRMATION
DATA

CREDIT

. CALL REQUEST
.
. CLEAR REQUEST

to_net . f rom_
net .
.

589

, , tojiet ,
. enable_transport_
layer ctisabie_transport_layer, 3.
.

sleep wakeup ( ), .
sleep , , .
sleep ( , ) .
6.2. :
1. IDLE .
2. WAITING CONNECT , CALL REQUEST .
3. QUEUED CALL REQUEST . LISTEN .
4. ESTABLISHED .
5. SENDING .
6. RECEIVING - RECEIVE .
7. DISCONNECTING - DISCONNECT .

: , .
6.2.
#define MAX_CONN 32
*/
#define MAX_MSG_SIZE 8192
I d e f i n e MAX_PKT_SIZE 512
I d e f i n e TIMEOUT 20
#define CRED 1
I d e f i n e OK 0
#define
Idefine
Idefine
Idefine

/*
/* */
/* */

ERRJULL -1
ERR_REJECT -2
ERR_CLOSED -3
LOWJRR -3

typedef i n t transport_address:
typedef enum {CALL_REQ.CALL_ACC,CLEAR_REQ.CLEAR_CONF,DATA_PKT,CREDIT} pkt_type:
typedef enum {IDLE.WAITING.QUEUED.ESTABLISHED.SENDING.RECEIVING.DISCONN} estate:
/* */
transport_address 1isten_address:
/* */
i n t 1isten_conn;
/*
*/

unsigned char data[MAX_PKT_SIZE];

/* */

590

6,

struct conn {
transport_address local_address, remote_address;
estate state;
7* */
unsigned char *user_buf_addr;
/* */
int byte_count;
/* / */
int clr_req_received;
/*
CLEAR_REQ */
int timer;
/*
CALL_REQ */
int credits;
/* ,
*/
} conn[MAX_CONN+l];
/* 0- */
void sleep(void);
/* */
void wakeup(void):
void to_net(int cid, int q, int m, pkt_type pt, unsigned char *p, int bytes);
void from_net(int *cid, int *q, int *m7 pkt_type *pt. unsigned char *p, int *bytes);
int listen(transport_address t)
{/* . , CALL_REQ. */
int i = 1, found - 0;
for (i - 1: i <= MAX_CONN; i++)
/* CALL_REQ */
if (conn[i].state QUEUED && conn[i].local_address t) {
found i;
break;
if (found == 0) {
/* CALL_REQ. . ,
. */
listen_address = t: sleepO; i = listen_conn ;
conn[i].state - ESTABLISHED;
conn[i].timer = 0:
listen_conn = 0;
to_net(i, 0, 0. CALL ACC, data. 0);
*//
return(i);

/*
/*
/*
/*

*/
*/
0 */

/* */

int connect(transport_address 1. transport_address r)

{/* ;
CALL_REQ. */
int i;
struct conn *cptr:
data[0] = r; data[l] = 1 :
/* CALL_REQ */
i = MAX_CONN;
/* */
while (conn[i].state !- IDLE
i > 1) i - i -1if (conn[i].state =- IDLE) {
/* , CALL_REQ */
cptr - &conn[i];
cptr->local_address = 1; cptr->remote_address - r;

591

cptr->state - WAITING: cptr->clr_req_received - 0;

cptr->credits - 0; cptr->timer - 0;
to_net(i. 0, 0, CALL REQ. data, 2):
sleepO;
~
/* CALL_ACC CLEARJEQ */
if (cptr->state ESTABLISHED) return(i);
if (cptr->clr_req_received) {
/* */
cptr->state - IDLE;
/* */
to net(i, 0, 0, CLEAR_CONF. data, 0);
return(ERR REJECT);
}
/* :
} else return(ERR_FULL);
*/
int sendtint cid, unsigned char bufptr[], int bytes)
{/* . */
int i. count, m:
struct conn *cptr - &conn[cid];
/* */
cptr->state = SENDING;
cptr->byte_count = 0:
/* */
if (cptr->clr_req_received == 0 && cptr->credits 0) sleepO;
if (cptr->clr_req_received == 0) {
/* ; , */
do {
if (bytes - cptr->byte_count > MAX_PKT_SIZE) {/* */
count = MAX_PKT_SIZE; m = 1: /* */
} else { /* */
count - bytes ,cptr->byte_count; m = 0;/* */
for (i = 0; i < count; i++) data[i] = bufptr[cptr->byte_count + i];
to net(cid. 0, m, DATA_PKT, data, count);/* 1 */
cptr->byte_count = cptr->byte_count + count;/*

*/
} while (cptr->byte_count < bytes); /* ,
*/
cptr->credits--:
/* 1
*/
cptr->state = ESTABLISHED;
return(OK);
} else {
cptr->state = ESTABLISHED:
return(ERR_CLOSED):
/* :
*/

int receivednt cid, unsigned char bufptr[]. int *bytes)

{/* */
struct conn *cptr - &conn[cid]:
if (cptr->clr_req_received 0) {
/* ; */

592

6.
cptr->state = RECEIVING:
cptr->user_buf_addr - bufptr;
cptr->byte_count = 0;
data[0] = CRED;
data[l] = 1;
to_net(cid, 1. 0. CREDIT, data, 2); /* */
sleepO: /* */
*bytes = cptr->byte_count;

cptr->state = ESTABLISHED;
return(cptr->clr_req_received ? ERR_CLOSED : OK):

case CLEAR_REQ: /*
*/
cptr->clr_req_received = 1;
if (cptr->state DISCONN) cptr->state = IDLE;/* clear collision */
if (cptr->state == WAITING || cptr->state RECEIVING || cptr->state ==
SENDING) wakeupO;
break:
case CLEAR_CONF: /* */
cptr->state = IDLE;
break:
case CREDIT: /* */
cptr->credits += data[l];
if (cptr->state == SENDING) wakeupO:
break;

int disconnectdnt cid)

{/* */
struct conn *cptr - &conn[cid];
if (cptr->clr_req_received) {
/*
*/
cptr->state = IDLE;
/* */
to_net(cid, 0, 0, CLEAR_CONF, data, 0):
} else {
/* */
cptr->state = DISCONN:
/* ,
*/
to_net(cid, 0, 0, CLEAR REQ, data. 0);
}
return(OK);
void packet_arrival(void)
{/* . . */
"int cid;
/* , */
int count, i, q, m;
pkt_type ptype:
/* CALL_REQ. CALL_ACC. CLEAR_REQ, CLEAR_CONF, DATA_PKT, CREDIT */
unsigned char data[MAX_PKT_SIZE];
/* */
struct conn *cptr;
from_net(&cid. &q, &m. &ptype, data. &count); /* */
cptr - &conn[cid];
switch (ptype) {
case CALL_REQ: /* */
cptr->local_address = data[0]; cptr->remote_address = data[l];
if (cptr->local_address == listen_address) {
listen conrf- cid; cptr->state = ESTABLISHED; wakeupO;
} else {
cptr->state = QUEUED: cptr->timer = TIMEOUT;
cptr->clr_req_received - 0: cptr->credits = 0:
break:
case CALL_ACC: /* CALL_REQ */
cptr->state - ESTABLISHED:
wakeupO:
break;

593

case DATA_PKT: /* */
for (i = 0: i < count: i++) cptr->user_buf_addr[cptr->byte_count + i] =
data[i];
cptr->byte_count += count;
if (m == 0 ) wakeupO:
void clock(void)
{/* , - */
int i;
struct conn *cptr;
for (i = 1; i <= MAX_CONN; i++) {
cptr = &conn[i]:
if (cptr->timer > 0) { /* */
cptr->timer--:
if (cptr->timer 0) { /* */
cptr->state = IDLE:
to_net(i, 0. 0. CLEAR_REQ. data. 0);
}

6.2 . . packet_
arrival clock . . , . ,
, ,
. .

594

6,

Q (Qualifier ) . Q = 0.

Q= 1. CREDIT.
.
, , conn.
,
,
, , ,
, , ,
,
. ,

, , . , conn IDLE.
CONNECT, CALL REQUEST, . ,
packet_arri val, , . , CALL ACCEPTED,
. TIMEOUT.
LISTEN, , , CLEAR REQUEST. , ,
.
, , , ,
, . . ,
conn. k, k, conn[k]. , ,
.

, , -

595

. : RECEIVE, ,
.
conn. SEND, , . , ( ),
,
. , , RECEIVE. , , .
,
.
, , 6.2,
. , ,
, , , SEND
RECEIVE.

,
, .
, .
, .
12 ,
. .
.
. . 6.16
. , 12 .
( ) : , . , . ,
, LISTEN
( 1), LISTEN ,
. , CALL REQUEST ( 2), . , 2 ,
CALL REQUEST . IDLE, CALL REQUEST.

596

6.

. ?

LISTEN

CONNECT

1: -/
2:1/
2: 2/
1:-/
1:/

4: 5/
4: /

SEND

5: 7/
5: 8/

RECEIVE

-/

DISCONNECT

9/
: 1/
: 4/
-/
1 /- 1 /- 1 /- -/

-/

-/

12/

ws -
()
1:
2:
: LISTEN
4:

5:

597

7/

-/

7:
1:
8:
2:
9:
A3:
10:
4:
5:

6:
11:
12:

. 6 . 1 6 . .
, . ,
. .

,
. LISTENING,
LISTEN. LISTENING
, , LISTEN

,
LISTEN , CALL REQUEST.
1 12 ,
.
, , , .
, , , . , CALL REQUEST
, CALL ACCEPT, , CALL REQUEST. , . 6.16.
. -,
, - .
. ,
, . , (waiting), DISCONNECT , . ,
(sending) ,
. .

. , a[i]{j]
/
. ,
.
. , .
. , . 6.17. ,
.
,
,
. ,
, . 6.17.

598

6.

- >

CONNECT

TIMEOUT
\

IDLE

/CLEAR REQ'
LISTEN,

\CALLACC W

SENDING

SEND

LISTEN

RECEIV E
DATA,
CLEAR REQ

599

UDP , 8- , .
. 6.18.
. UDP, , . BIND.
6.1 TCP ( UDP
). , UDP IP .
, .
.
32

ESTABLISHED

SCONNECT

CLEAR REQ L

QUEUED

DATA,

1 ^

CALL REC

WAITING

CALL REQ

: UDP

RECEIVING

i i i i i i i 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1

i t

i i

i i

UDP

UDP

. 6.18. UDP

DISCONNECTING

CLEAR REQ, CLEAR CONF

. 6.17. . ,
,

: UDP
,
, . . UDP.
TCP, , . UDP - ,
, IP ,
. UDP.

UDP
, UDP (User Datagram Protocol - ). UDP
IP- . UDP RFC 768.

,
. , , , , .
UDP ,
. UDP .
, 0 ( ).
, (, ).
, , UDP . , UDP , ,
. .
? UDP IP , . , .
, ,
, UDP , .
, UDP ,
- . . ,
. , -

600

6.

, .
DNS (Domain Name System ) , UDP , . 7.
, IP- , ,
www.cs.berkeley.edu, UDP- DNS.
UDP- IP- .
, . .

. ,
. , - , .
. ,
get_IP_address(nf^_xocTa), UDP- DNS,
- ( ). , , , .
1984 (Birrell)
(Nelson). ,
, . 1 , 2,
1 2.
.
. RPC (Remote Procedure Call ) . ,
. .
RPC , . , ,
. , . , .
, ,
. 6.19. 1 . -

: UDP

601

, . 2 .
. 3 . 4 , . .
, .
, , ,
( ) ,
, . , .
, , . , . , - .
RPC, . .
.
, , . , .

. 6.19. .

.
, k.
k .

602

6.

k . . , k ,
(
). , , , . ,
, , .
.
, (, ) ,
(),
. - , . :
.
, . printf, (
), , , , , , .
printf - . , , ,
,
(C++), RPC.
.
( ). , , , ,
.
, . , , .
, RPC UDP-,
, UDP RPC. ,
UDP- (
, ), TCP- TCP,
UDP.

: UDP

603

- , UDP
. . , -, -, ,
, ,
. , .
RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol ). RFC 1889 .
RTP . , RTP
( ) UDP. . -, -, . RTP, , , .
RTP, , , .
( ) UDP-, IP-. IP- . Ethernet, IP- Ethernet.
. 6.20, . . 6.20, .
,
RTP. , , , , . , , , , .
. ,
: RTP , .
RTP UDP. UDP , . RTP UDP,
- , IP. ,
, ( ) . .
, RTP, , .
.
- , , , -

604

: UDP

6.

. , , .
RTP , , .

RTP

UDP

IP
Ethernet

RTP
IP

UDP
Ethernet

605

,
. , , .

, ,
. (, ), . , .
,
. ,
, ,
,
.
RTP . 6.21. 32-
. , 2. ,
,
(, 3 , ).

JL

32
RTP

< UDP
IP

Ethernet

. 6.20. RTP (); ()

RTP , , . RTP (, ),
. , (8- 8 ), -, , GSM, MP3 . .
RTP ,
, .
, , . ,
. -

. 6 . 2 1 . RTP

, 4
.
. X ,
. . ,
. .
, . 0 15 (. ). , -

606

6.

.
, -, . (, 8- ,
. .). , . , RTP.
.
. ,
. , .
,
UDP-. , ,
, , . , .
RTP RTCP
(Real-Time Transport Control Protocol
). , , , - . , , ,
, . ( ),
, - . . ,
, , , 8-
-. ,
, .
RTCP .
,
. RTCP .
, RTCP (, ASCII-). , .
RTP (Perkins, 2002).

: TCP

607

: TCP
UDP .
, - .
, - , . UDP ,
. TCP, . .

TCP
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol )
.
, , , , . TCP
.
TCP RFC 793.
, . RFC 1122.
RFC 1323.
, TCP, TCP, , , . , TCP- IP-. -
,
, 64 (
1460 , Ethernet IP TCP), IP-. IP- TCP- , -,
.
TCP TCP (
) TCP ( ).
, . , TCP , , TCP.
IP , TCP . , .
TCP. , TCP , IP.

608

6.

: TCP

TCP
TCP ( ), , . . (), IP- 16- , ,
. TCP TSAP-. TCP
. . 6.2
.
, .
(socketi,
socket2). .
1024, , . , , FTP, 21 - , ,
FTP-. www.iana.org.
300. . 6.4.
, , FTP- 21 , telnet 23, . .
, , ,
, . , UNIX inetd,
. , inetd , , . , inetd,
, . Inetd ,
. , , (, 80) , inetd.
6.4.

21

FTP

23

Telnet

25

SMTP

69

TFTP

79

Finger

80

HTTP

110

POP-3
NNTP

119

609

TCP- . , . ,
. TCP .
TCP- , .
. ,
TCP- 512- ,
512-
, 1024- , 2048- (. . 6.22)
- . , , .
IP- -

1-

. 6.22. 512- , IP- ();

2048 ,
READ ()

UNIX . ,
, , : ,
. UNIX, TCP- .
.
, TCP
, , . ,
. , ,
. Enter, , ,
, . , PUSH
().
PUSH
. ,
TCP PUSH . , PUSH ,
TCP- (
), TCP-
, .
TCP, , . ,

610

6.

, Delete Ctrl-C,
,
TCP-
URGENT (). TCP- ,
.
,
( , UNIX),
.
, , . . . ,
.

TCP
TCP .
, .
TCP, , , TCP- 32- .
56 /.
, ,
, .
,
. 32- , .
TCP- . 20- (
), . TCP.
, ,
, , . . -, , TCP-, 65 515- IP-. -,
(MTU, Maximum Transfer Unit),
MTU. 1500 ( Ethernet), .
, TCP-,
. .
, TCP-
( , , )

: TCP

611

, .
,
.
, , . . , , , 3072- 4095-
, ,
2048- 3071- .
, .
, , . ,

, .
TCP
. TCP- . , TCP.

-
. 6.23 TCP-. 20- . .
65 535 - 20 - 20 = 65 495 , 20 IP-,
TCP-. . .
TCP- .
. www.iana.org, , , , . IP- 48-
. , , .

. : , . 32-, TCP- .
TCP- TCP-,
32- . , , , .
, , 32- . , .

612

6.

: TCP

-32
'

I1

1 1 _j

| |

R S F
R S S Y 1
G N N

(0 32- )
( )

i
ip

. 6.23. TCP

6- . ,
, , TCP.
1- . URG 1 ,

. TCP . , TCP
, .
1, ,
. , .
PSH , , PUSH-,
,
, . ( .)
RST , -
. , . RST, - .
SYN .
SYN= 1, = 0, , .
, -

613

: SYN= 1, = 1. , SYN
CONNECTION REQUEST CONNECTION ACCEPTED, - .
FIN . , . , ,
. FIN SYN ,
.
TCP . ,
, .
, , - 1 , - ,
.
.
3 ,
. . TCP
. , : &-, . (
) . .
.
, , . 6.24.

, ,
. 16- , . ,
, ,
0.
- 32
J

i i i i

i i

ii

I I

00000000

= 6

. 6.24. , TCP

I I 1_

614

6.

32- IP- , TCP (6) TCP- (

). TCP , , IP- IP-, TCP-. UDP
.
,
. ,
. , ,
20- ,
. . 536 . TCP-
536 + 20 = 556 .
.
/
64 . ,
(44,736 /) 12 .
50 (
), 3/4 . . ,
16- . RFC 1323
,
. 14 , 230
(1 ). TCP .
, RFC 1106
, . , TCP-
, ,
. RFC 1106 (NAK), . ,
,
.

-
- , . -

: TCP

615

, (, ) ,
LISTEN ACCEPT, ,
.
(, ) CONNECT, IP , ,
TCP- , , (, ). CONNECT TCP- SYN
.
, TCP- ,
- LISTEN, , . , RST .
1

. 6.25. - (); ()

- - , . . , . TCP-,
, . 6.25, . , SYN 1 , .
, . 6.25, . ,
, . (, ), (, ).

616

: TCP

6.

. , , 4 .
. ,
- .

TCP
TCP- , , , .
. , TCP- FIN, , . TCP- ,
. , . ,
.
TCP-: FIN . FIN , .
, , TCP- FIN- . , . ,
.
, .
-
, - .
, , . , , , , .
.

-
, , , 11
. 6.6. . - . .
CLOSED (). , (CONNECT),
(LISTEN) . -

617

, ESTABLISHED. .
CLOSED.
6.5. , -

CLOSED

LISTEN

SYN RCVD

SYN SENT

ESTABLISHED

FIN WAIT 1
FIN WAIT 2
TIMED WAIT
CLOSING
CLOSE WAIT
LAST

,

,


,

. 6.26. ,
, . . . 6.26
/.
(CONNECT, LISTEN, SEND CLOSE), (SYN, FIN, RST), , , , . (SYN, FIN RST). ,
, .
.
,
( ), ( ).
CONNECT, , SYN SENTn 5/-. ,
, , , .
SYN + , TCP- -
ESTABLISHED.
.
, CLOSE, TCP- -
(- (

618

6.

: TCP

). , FIN WAIT 2, .
FIN-, , .
, TCP- , , , , . , -
.

619

. 5^-, ,
SYN RCVD ( ). 5^- ,
ESTABLISHED. .
CLOSE,
FIN- ( ,
).
CLOSE, a FIN- . , .

()
CONNECT /SYN

TCP

CLOSED
CLOSE/LISTEN/-

CLOSE/-

SYN/SYN + ACK
LISTEN
SYN
RCVD

RST/-

SEND/SYN

SYN/SYN + ACK

(
)

SYN
SENT

( )
ACK/-

ESTABLISHED

CLOSE/FIN
CLOSE/FIN
f

FIN/ACK

( )

FIN
WAIT1

( \ )

CLOSING
/-

/FIN
WAIT 2

SYN + ACK/ACK
(3- )

, FIN + ACK/ACK
FIN/ACK

TIMED
WAIT

(-/)
CLOSED
( )
. 6.26. TCP-.
. .

.
LISTEN -

, TCP
, .
, , 4096- , . 6.27. 2048- , , . 2048
( - ),
, (2048)
.
2048 , , 0. ,
.
, . -, , , , . -, 1- ,
. TCP
.
,
. . , . 6.27 TCP-, 2 , 4 ,
, , 2 , 4 .
.
TELNET- , . ,
TCP-, 21- TCP-
IP-, , , 41- 1-.

620

6.

: TCP

TCP- 40-
(20 TCP- 20 IP-). ,
, TCP-
, 1 .
40 . , , , 41- .

162 .
.

. 6.27. TCP

TCP 500 , . 500 ,

41- , , .

621

, , , 41- . ,
, (Nagle,
1984). : , , , . TCP- . ,
, , , . , ,
.

TCP, , . , X-Windows . (-Window
UNIX).
, , , .
, TCP, (Clark, 1982).
, TCP-
,
. , . 6.28.
: TCP- , ( 0).
TCP-. TCP-
, , 1 .
1 . ,
, 1-
. .
(David Clark) .
, . ,
, , , .
,
, .
,

622

: TCP

6.

, , ,
. (
, .)

1
|

| |
1

. 6.28.

. ,
TCP- . , TCP. . ,
.
TCP- , . TCP-,
READ, ,
, . , TCP- , , . , ,
, , , , .
, . . , ,
. -

623

0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 7,
2. ,
3 . 3 4- 7-,
, 7.

TCP
- , ,
. .
, (
) . , , ,
TCP.
, , , . ,
, ( ) . TCP .
, .
. , .

.
, ( , - ,
). ,
. TCP- , , - , , .
, TCP ,
, . . , .
, ,
- - .
. 6.29 .
. 6.29, , . , , , . . 6.29, -

624

6.

: TCP

, .
,
, , .

V_y

L-)

. 6.29. ();
()

, ,
:
. : , , . , .
. , : 8 ,
, 4 , ,
4 . , , 32 ,
, ( 8 ).
. . , ,
, ,
.
-

625

. , . , ,
. , .
, -, . ,
1024, 2048 4096 , 8192 ,
4096 .
4096 , ,
, . , .
(Jacobson, 1988). . TCP .
, . ,
,
64 . - (
), , . , , ,
. , , . ,
, , .

. 6.30. 1024 .
64 ,
-, 32 , 1 ( 0).
,
(32 ). , .
13 ( ), -. (40 , 20 ),
.
.
- ,
. , , -
. ICMP- SOURCE QUENCH ( ) , -. ( ) RFC 3168.

626

6.

: TCP

(. 6.31, ). ,
, .
(, , . 6.31, ),
, .
(2), -
. ,
.

44

627

40
36
32
28
24
20

16

0,3

0,3

0,2

0,2

12
8
4
0

I
2

I I I
4
6

10
12
14

J I

16

18

I I I I

20

22

24

,1

0,1

, 6.30. ,

TCP
TCP ( , ). . , . , ,
. , , ,
, (
). :
?

, , 3. ( ), (. 6.31, ).
( , ),
.
TCP .

J
I
10
20
30
40
50
,

"
10
20
30
40
50
,

. 6 . 3 1 .
();
()

, ,
. , TCP, (Jacobson) 1988 . TCP RTT (Round-Trip Time
), .
, , , , .
, , (). RTT :
7=7+(1-),
, 7/8.

628

6.

RTT . TCP
$RTT. -
. = 2, , , .
1988 . , () . ,
, . , .

D, . \RTT - \.
D,

> = > + ( 1 - ) | 7 - | ,
,
. D , . , , , , ,
. TCP,

: TCP

629

. , .
. TCP.
TCP .
. . , ,
. , .
.
, ,
.
. , ,
. , .
, .
, , ,
. , . , -
.
, TCP-, ,
TIMED WAIT . , ,
.

= RTT + 4D.
4 ,
. -, 4
. -,
. ( D 2, , 4 .)
RTT , RTT . , , , ,
.
RTT.
(Phil Karn). TCP/IP- , ( ). . : RTT

TCP UDP
, , . , TCP
, . , , ,
TCP , , ,
.
TCP, ,
.
. TCP , -
, . , ,
TCP (,

630

6.

: TCP

), .
, . .
. . , , 20 % , 100 , 80
. 50 ,
40 .
, ,
. , , , , ( . . .). , ,
.
. 1000 ,
. - , . , TCP (Bakne
Badrinath, 1995), TCP- , . 6.32.
, . .
32
I

UDP

UDP

. 6.32. TCP-

, , TCP-, . -
, - .
. , TCP.
TCP-, . , , , .
, (Balakrishnan ., 1995),
TCP.

631

, . ,
, , , . , -,
, , , .
,
. , , ,
- . ,
.
, ,
.
TCP-, ,
, .
, . , .
, TCP .
UDP ,
TCP, . , , UDP,
. , , , , , UDP . . , UDP- ( ),
, , , , ,
.
, . , , ? -
- , . , - . , 10
, .
,
TCP . , , (Barakat ., 2000; Ghani
Dixit, 1999; Huston, 2001; Xylomenos ., 2001).

632

6.

TCP
, - . , , , UDP. ,
UDP . , , . ,
, TCP.
, , . TCP
.
, , . . 6.33,
, .
. :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

SYN .
SYN.
.
, , .
FIN, .
FIN.
.
FIN, , .

9. FIN .
! , FIN . FIN .
, : RPC UDP ( ) , TCP? : . TCP, TCP (T/TCP,
Transactional TCP). / RFC 1379 1644.
, , ,
. / . 6.33, . SYN, FIN. , :
, ,
.
,
. , ,
. 6.33, , :

633

FIN, , . FIN , . : .

. 6.33. TCP ();

()

, FIN . , , .
, / TCP.

(SCTP, Stream Control Transmission Protocol).
, (, ), ( ), (Stewart Metz, 2001). , - , ,

: , .

.
,
.
,
. , -

634

6.

,
.
, ,
. , - , . , , , ,
. , TCP,
TCP.
.
. ,
. , , ,
.
.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. TPDU-.
5. .
, . , TCP,
TCP. ATM- CS-PDU (
), SAR-PDU CPCS-PDU ATM. , . ,
, TPDU-. TPDU , , : , . ,
TPDU-.

. ,

635

, , . .
, . , ,
, . ,
,
.
. , TPDU- (, ), .
, , TPDU- 10 000 . .
. UDP , , TPDU UDP.
. , .
DHCP- ( ), , ,
. ,
.

- . , ,
. , TPDU- . ,
, TPDU .
. TPDU-,
, .
TPDU-. ,
TPDU-.
.
. ,
, 64 - -

636

6.

64 .
1 /, ,
, 20 . ( = 0),
. 6.34, , . 500 TPDU-
(. 6.34, ). TPDU- - ,
. , , .

637

40 , . , .
, 1,25 % , 1,25- .
,
, , , ,
. , , 5 .
, ,
. - , , , .

, . . .
.

. 6.34. - : f = 0 ();
500 (); 20 (); 40 ()

20 TPDU-, . 6.34, ,
, . , 40
,
. 0,5 40 , 1,25 %.
.
. ( )
( ). .
. 6.34 40 . ,

,
, . , ,
. , .
. (Mogul, 1993).
.
1. .
2. , .
3. .
,
,
.

( , ). - . ,
,
TPDU-. -

638

6.

, (, TPDU-). ,
, .
. . .

,
- , , TPDU-. , , .
,
.
.

,

, . , , ,
. , , , 10,11,13 14 ,
( ).

,
, . ,
1 .
, 1 , , .
, , TPDU, (, ) . ,
TPDU-, 300 , 0, 1 . , ,
1 .

,

, , . ,

639

, , - ,
. , . . ,
3 , ,
. ,
,
, , -.

, , , ,
, . ,
. , ,
, . , , . (
).
, . , 10 , , 10- , . ,
, , .
. TCP/IP- ,
, UDP ,
.
? UDP , .
1000 UDP
, .
.

,
, , , , . ,
.
, .

640

6.

641

,
, , - , -
10 % .

.
.
(Mogul, 1993).
. (Metcalfe, 1993).

1:

, - (,
), 0 () 0,4 (40 % ), . 6.35.
().
1/(1 - ), ,
, .

,
. ,
(RPC, Remote Procedure Call) Ethernet 102 ,
(64 ), (64-) . - ,
.
,
,
, , . ,
. ,
.

2: ,

J_
0,1

0,2

J_
0,3

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0,4

0,5
0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1,0

. 6.35.

, .

. .
,
.
, , ,

TPDU- ( ) (, ). 1
TPDU-. 128- TPDU- 32 , TPDU- 4 . .
TPDU-, .
. RISC- , ,
. ,
TPDU- .
-

642

6.

. .

3:

(, ) , .
.
,
, .
, TPDU-
, .

, . ,
. ,
, ,
, , , .
. 6.36.
.
,

. 6.36. ,

4:
.
, TPDU- . ,

643

.
, , , , .
, , (, ,
,
). 32-
,
15/4, 4 .
500 (500 MIPS) 2 , ,
8 ( 1 ). , 1 /. , , 500 /, . ,
10- .
500 / . , 500 MIPS 500
. ,
, .
,
( 20 ).
20 % (
) , 5,6
(0,8 2 + 0,2 20). , 4 ,
22,4 / ( 2,8 /), 357 /. , , 178 /. , .
,
.

5:
,
, .
, ,
. , , . ,
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, .

644

6.

6: ,

, , ,
. , , ,
. . . , ,
.

7: -
, , -. , - . ,
, .
,
. , , () TPDU-. ,
, , .

TPDU-
,
. . . (Clark ., 1989; Chase ., 2001).
TPDU- : . .
TPDU- ( ) .
ESTABLISHED TPDU-, , TPDU- , .
,
ESTABLISHED, . , , , , , . . 6.37 ,
SEND, . , -

645

, , ,
ESTABLISHED, , TPDU- . , ,
. .
- ^
TPDU- (
.

TPDU-

. 6.37. .

TPDU- . , . .
. , TPDU-.
TPDU- . ( . 6.37
). ,
.
, ,
TCP/IP. . 6.38, TCP-. , TPDU- , . ,
,
- , ( ), , . IP-,
TPDU-. IP-
- (. . 6.38, ) , .
.

646

6.

. 6.37. TPDU- . TCP , - IP- .
, , .

'
! ^

IHL

TTL

. 6.38. TCP- (); IP- ().

, .
, 1989 , , 90 %. ( Dove, 1992).
TPDU- :
ESTABLISHED, , TPDU- , , . , ,
. , -.

. , . , . , ,
, , , , . TCP.
, , TCP
90 % , .
, , .
, . ,
. -

647

TPDU-, TPDU- , .
, . , ,
. , , . ,
3, 10 12 ,
3, 7 2 .

. , ,
. , ,
.
, . , (. 6.39).
. , ,
=4. 3, 10 12 .
7 , , ,
11 . ,
, + 10, , 14. ,
. 6.39 74 15.

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

+ 12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

7 + 3

+ \10
0
. 6.39.

648

6.

() . , , , ,
. (Varghese Lauck, 1989).

90- .
, . , , , .
,
32- . , 56 /, , ,
, ,
, . TCP, 232 ,
. Ethernet 10 /
57 . , , ,
. Ethernet
1 /,
34 . ,
120 . , 232
, , ,
, ,
,
. RFC 1323 .
, , . ,
,
- , . .
, ,
, . ( : !
.) 70- ARPANET
56 /
1 MIPS (1 ).
1008 , ARPANET 56
. 18 , 18 000 . ,
,

649

9000 , .
,
1000 MIPS 1500-
. 80 000
, , , 6,25 .
1000
6250 ,
ARPANET. , RISC- , CISC-, , , . : ,
.
,
. , , 4000 ,
1 /. 40 . 5 . , 40 , .
, 5 , . , .
, , . . 6.40
, 1 4000 , .
1 / , , .
1 / 40 1 (,
).
.
. 6.40
. , ,
(RPC, Remote Procedure Call), .
. (
).
, , , ,
,
. , , .

650

6.

1000
100

100

1 -

10

12

(/)

. 6.40. 1
4000

. ,
, .
,
, :
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.

, , .
:
. ,
. IPv6, , .
, ,
. ,
,
. , , , . ,
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, , . , , .

651

.
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.
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.
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.
.
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652

6.

(, ).
, , , .
.
, , . , . ,

. . .
, 1024 , ,
1024 MOVE ( 1024 ). ,
,
.

.
, , ,
. ,
, .
.
, .
.
, , -
.
, . , , .
TCP UDP.
UDP , IP- IP-. UDP - , ,
. , , RTP.
TCP. .

653

20- .
,
. TCP . (Nagle), (Clark), (Jacobson),
() .
TCP. TCP TCP,
- .
TPDU-, .
TPDU-, TPDU-. .

1. , . 6.1, LISTEN
. ? , ,
.
, ?
2. , . 6.3, ,
. , 100- . , . 6.3, ,
?
3. 6.1 SERVER_PORT
. ?
4. ,
15- . 100 , 60 .
:
1) ?
2) 240 ?
5. ,
, , ?
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( ). ? ,
.

654

6.

7. ,
. , ?
8. (. 6.15).
, ,
, , ?
9. ,
( 6.2)?
10. , 6.2, sleep conn. , (i = 1, ..., 7).
FORTRAN , , = MAXjCON .
, ?
11. , ,
6.2, ? .
12. , , 6.2, ,
, sending.
13. .
14. UDP?
IP-?
15. ,
UDP, ,
.
, , .
. , ? .
16. 128- , 100 ,
1 /. ?
17. , .
1 / 1- . ,
?

655

18. UDP, TCP

. , ( ) ,
?
19. MTU TCP, TCP IP, ?
20. IP
TCP. , TCP , ?
21. RTP ,
-. 16- , 44 100 .
RTP?
22. RTP UDP?
.
23. 1 , 2 q.
?
24. . 6.23 , 32- 1 -
? .
25. TCP-
65 495 . ?
26. , SYN RCVD
. 6.26.
27.
?
28.
, 10 , . 24 ,
2 . ?
29. , TCP 18 , -. , ? 1 .
30. TCP RTT 30 , 26,
32 24 . RTT? = 0,9.
31. TCP- 65 535 ,
10 .
? - ?
^

656

6.

32. , , 1500 ,
120 ? , . TCP, IP Ethernet. , Ethernet .
33. , TPDU- 128 ,
TPDU- 30 8- TPDU-?
34. , , TPDU-. ,
. TPDU- . 0
270 000 1 730 000 . ?
35. 1000 (1000 MIPS).
64- .
10 .
, ?
, , ,
1000 MIPS.
36. , , 64- . 75 /.
,

75 / 64- ? ,
, TCP.
37. RPC UDP /. / RPC.
38. . 6.33, , 9 . , 10 ?
39. ,
80 000 ,
6250 . , 1500 . ARPANET
(128 ). ,
.
40. 4000 , . -

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

657

20 .
?
: 1) 1 (1,5 /), 2) Ethernet (10 /), 3) (45 /),
4) STS-3 (155 /). , RTT = 100 . ,
TCP 16- . ?
50- ?
1500 ( ),
?
, 6.1, .
. :
1) , ;
2) -w ,
.
, 6.2, ,
. reset , . , , , , , , , .
,
6.2 .
, . ,
. , , , ,
.
(),
.
, UDP, - -.
.
TCP. , . , .

 DNS

DNS

(WWW)

,
, . ,
OSI ,
, .
.
, , . , ,
. , DNS, . : , , , .

DNS
,
(, IP), . ,
Tanya 128.111.24.41 , -

659

IP-
e-mail. ASCII-.
: Tanya@art.ucsb.edu. ,
, ASCII- . , .
- ARPANET hosts.txt,
IP-. , . , , , .
, ,
. -,
. , ,
, . , . (DNS, Domain
Name System).
DNS ,
, , .
IP-,
. DNS RFC 1034 1035.
DNS . IP-
, , . UDP- DNS-,
IP- , , , . IP-, TCP- UDP-.

DNS

. ( ) , , , , , . , , -, -
, . DNS .

660

DNS

7.

200 . , . , ,
, , . .
, . 7.1.
, ( , ). .

int

com
sun

1
eng
/
ai
robot

edu
vale

cs / \
eng
\

linda

gov

mil

org
/ \
acm leee
/ \
jack
Jill

net

jp

us

1 nee
1
keio
1 csl
1
cs

nl
/ \

vu

cs
/ \
flits
fluit

pc24
. 7 . 1 .

: . com (commercial
), edu (educational ), gov (government ), int (international
), mil (military ), net (network
) org ( ).
ISO 3166 .
2000 ICANN 4
, : biz (), info (), ( )
pro (, ). , : aero ( ),
coop () museum (). .
,
. pro. . , ?
? ,
, . , , , , , , , ?

661

pro? , ?
, name-of-company.com . , -
- .
( ). ,
.
. - , , , , . . .
, , () . . , Sun Microsystems eng.sun.com, , UNIX
(/com/sun/eng). , eng.sun.com eng eng.yale.edu,
.
.
(, eng.sun.com.), . ,
. .
. , , edu EDU . 63 , 255 .
, . , cs.yale.edu us
cs.yale.ct.us. , ,
, . - , , (
, , sony.com sony.nl).
, . , ac.jp co.jp edu
. , nl. .
1. cs.yale.edu ( , ).
2. cs.vu.nl ( , ).
3. cs.keio.ac.jp ( , ).

662

7.

, . , VLSI,
vlsi.cs.yale.edu, , cs.yale.edu. , , , , edu unsd.edu.
, . ,
, cs.unsd.edu, .
, . ,
, , ,
. , , ,
,
.

, , , . IP-, .
DNS-, , ,
, . , DNS .
.
, ASCII-, . :
Domain_name Time_to_live Class Type Value

Domainjiame ( ) , . , .
, . .
.
Time_to_live ( ) ,
. ,
, 86 400 ( ). -

DNS

663

, , 60 (1 ). , .
Class ().
IN. , .
() . . 7.1.
7 . 1 . DNS IPv4

SOA

IP-

MX

32-
,

NS

CNAME

PTR

IP-

HINFO

ASCII-

ASCII-

SO A (Start Of Authority )
( ),
, ,
-.
A (Address ). 32- IP- .
IP-, . .

( IP-). DNS
, ,
, . .
MX. ,
. , . -
, , bill@microsoft.com, microsoft.com. MX
.
NS . ,
DNS /5- , . .
CNAME . , , , -

664

7.

paul (M.I.T.).
, paul@cs.mit.edu.
, ks.mit.edu.
, , , M.I.T.
CNAME, .
:
cs.mit.edu 86400 IN CNAME 1cs.mit.edu
CNAME, PTR . CNAME, , , , PTR DNS, .
PTR IP-, IP- .
.
HINFO ,
. , - .
. , , (
).
, Value (). , ASCII-. . Value . 7.1.
, DNS , 7.1. ( )
cs.vu.nl, . 7.1.
.
7 . 1 . cs.vu.nl
; cs.vu.nl
cs.vu.nl. 86400 IN SOA star boss (952771.7200.7200.2419200.86400)
cs.vu.nl. 86400 IN TXT "Faculteit Wiskunde en Informatica."
cs.vu.nl. 86400 IN TXT "Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam."
cs.vu.nl. 86400 IN MX 1 zephyr.cs.vu.nl.
cs.vu.nl. 86400 IN MX 2 top.cs.vu.nl.
flits.cs.vu.nl. 86400 IN HINFO Sun Unix
flits.cs.vu.nl. 86400 IN A 130.37.16.112
flits.cs.vu.nl. 86400 IN A 192.31.231.165
flits.cs.vu.nl. 86400 IN MX 1 flits.cs.vu.nl.
flits.cs.vu.nl. 86400 IN MX 2 zephyr.cs.vu.nl.
flits.cs.vu.nl. 86400 IN MX 3 top.cs.vu.nl.
www.cs.vu.nl.86400 IN CNAME star.cs.vu.nl
ftp.cs.vu.nl. 86400 IN CNAME zephyr.os.vu.nl
rowboat IN A 130.37.56.201

DNS

665

IN MX 1 rowboat
IN MX 2 zephyr
IN HINFO Sun Unix
little-sister IN A 130.37.62.23
IN HINFO Mac MacOS
laserjet IN A 192.31.231.216
IN HINFO "HP LaserJet IlISi" Proprietary
, , , . ,
. ,
,
person@cs.vu.nl. zephyr ( ) .
top.
, , , , flits Sun,
UNIX, IP-.
, ,
flits.cs.vu.nl. , , flits. ,
, zephyr top.
www.cs.vu.nl ftp.cs.vu.nl, cs.vu.nl
WWW FTP-, ,
.
,
rowboat.cs.vu.nl. IP-, . little-sister,
MacOS, UNIX (
).
, .
IP- , cs.vu.nl. ,
IP- DNS, DNS-. , IP- . IP-
, DNS.

DNS
. , . , -
- , .

666

7.

,
, DNS . , . 7.1, ,
. 7.2. , , . ,
,
, .
, , .

DNS

667

, . 7.3. flits.cs.vu.nl IP- linda.cs.yale.edu.

, cs.vu.nl.
, () (IN).

flits.cs.vu.nl

DNS-

DNS- edu
1
cs.vu.nl

edu-server.net

DNS-

DNS-

yale.edu

cs.yale.edu

. 7.3.

. 7.2. DNS,

. , .
, . 7.2 yale.edu, eng.yale.edu, cs.yale.edu, . ,

, . ,
cs.yale.edu , eng.yale.edu .

. , , , ai.cs.yale.edu
cs.yale.edu, DNS- , . , ,
.
, , .
, ,
. -

,
.
, ,
UDP- edu, . , edu-server.net. , linda.cs.yale.edu. ,
cs.yale.edu, , yale.edu ( 3).
, , cs.yale.edu ( 4), .
, ( 5-8).
cs.vu.nl,
, . , cs.yale.edu , . .
Time_to_live. , . - , ,
. , , 1.
, , , , ,
, , , , . . , ,
, , , , , - DNS . . .

668

7.

,

, , . , , .
, .
, DNS- , , . , , ,
( , ).
DNS
, IP-. , , . , LDAP
(Light-weight Directory Access Protocol ). OSI X.500, LDAP RFC 2251.
, .
.
, (Weltman Dahbura, 2000).

, e-mail, ,
. 1990 . 90- ,
. , , ,
, .
, , . , . , ,
,
.
, BTW (By The Way - ), ROTFL (Rolling On The
Floor Laughing ), IMHO (In My Humble Opinion
) . . ,
, .
. 7.2. , ,

669

90 ( 90 ).
(Sanderson Dougherty, 1993), 650 .
7.2. .
:-)

:-)
:-(
:-|

:+)

=)>)

:-))

*<:-)

:-{)

;-)

<:-(

#:-)

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()

8-)

:-(*)

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( ). . :
1. . .
2. , . , , .
3. , .
4. - ,
, .
5. .
,
.
6. , , (, , ) .
, , . 1982 , ARPANET,
RFC 821 ( ) RFC 822 ( ). -

670

7.

, RFC 2821 2822,

, , , RFC 822.
1984 (CCITT) .400.
, RFC 822,
, , .400,
. , , -, ,
- , . .
RFC 822 ,
.400. , . , , RFC 822, , , , .400. , - - . ,
.

. : ,
,
, .
, .
( ) , .
, .
.
.
, ,
. ,

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.
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671

, .
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, .
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PostScript
. .
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.

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.

. , , , . .

, .
,
.
, , .
: (Carbon copy),
(Blind carbon copy),
, ( ) ,
, , .
, (, ) . ,
'

672

7.

, ,
. , - , , - .

. . , , , . .
.
, , .
: .
.
-. . 7.4.

18 -
,
- 10604

180 -
,
02120
1 1996

Name:
Street: 18
State: -
Zip code: 10604
Priority:
Encryption:

From:
Address: 180 -
Location: ,
02120
Date: 1 1996
Subject: 1081

,

,

$0.00.
,
$0.00.

( ),
,
.
, ,
, . . ,
.

,
, , , , .
, , .
, .
DNS- nonb3oeamenb@DNS-adpec.
DNS ,
.
, . , .400 DNS-
= , , :
/C=US/ST=MASSACHUSETTS/L=CAMBRIDGE/PA=360 MEMORIAL DR./CN=KEN SMITH/

Subject: 1081
,

,

$0.00.
,
$0.00.

673

. 7.4. : (); ()

,
: . . ,

, , ,
(Ken Smith). , ,
, , (,
). .400 , DNS, ,

. .400 , , .
,
. , .
, . ,
, birders (),
meadowlark.arizona.edu. ,
birders@meadowlark.arizona.edu,
,
, .

674

7.

. , birders , , Gabriel
. Birders.

. ,
Subject, ,
.
, : , . .
, ( ), ( ), D ( ) F (). . , , ( ,
, ).
, . . , ,
.

.
,
.

. ,
. (.
. 7.3). .
.
7.3.
#

1030

asw

MINIX

6348

vovka

KF

4519

Amy N. Wong

1236

bal

104110

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1223

Frank

Re: ?

3110

guido

1204

dmr

Re:

, . .
, , . . , Flags () , ,
, ; ,
, ; / F,
, - .
.
, .
, , , , , , . , Subject () -

675

. ASCII RFC 822. .

RFC 822

X'

( RFC 821), , , , . () ASCII-, , ( ) . RFC 822

, . RFC 2822,
, RFC 822 .
, ,
.
, , . 7.4. : DNS- . . : . ,
.
, . : (carbon copy ,
) , - , ,

676 7.

. : (Blind carbon copy )

, , ( , ). , , - .
7.4. RFC 822,

7.5. ,
RFC 822

Date:

Reply-to:
Message-Id:

References:

()
()

Keywords:
Subject:

( Message-Id)
,

()

From:

()

Sender:

Return-Path:

() ()

Received:

In-Reply-To: Message-Id ,

677

, From: Sender, , ,
. . , , . From:, Sender:.
From: , Sender: ,
From:.
, . , , ,
.
, Received:,
. , , , .
Return-Path: .
, , .
, Received: ( ),
.
, . 7.4, RFC 822
, . . 7.5. ,
, .

Reply-to: , ,
. , , . , Reply-to: , .
RFC 822 , ,
-. ,
, . -
X-Fruit-of-the-Day: ( ) X-Disease-of-the-Week:
( ), , .
. , . , , ASCII-, , (,
. , ).

MIME

ARPANET , ASCII. RFC 822
: , .
, . | .
1. (, ,
, . .).

678

7.

2. , , (, ).
3. (, , , ).
4. , (, ).
RFC 1341,
RFC 2045-2049. , MIME
(Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions,
), .
. MIME . RFC.
MIME
RFC 822, He-ASCII-. RFC 822,
MIME-
. , ,
, .
MIME , . 7.6.
, , MIME, MIME, . , .
7.6. RFC 822, MIME

MIME-Version:

MIME

Content-Description:

. ,

Content-Id:

Content-Transfer-Encoding:

Content-Type:

Content-Description ASCII-, , .
, .
: , , , ,
,
.
Content-Id .
, Message-Id:.
Content-Transfer-Encoding , , , . (

679

). ASCII-. ASCII 7 , 1000 .

, 8- , 0 255 .
() ,
, .
, , ,
. , 8- , .
. , 8 , 1000 .
. , , ,
, .
base64 (64- ), ASCII
armor (ASCII-). 24
6- ,
ASCII-. 6-
0 ASCII- , 1 ASCII- . . 26 10 , , + / 62 63 . = = ,
8 16 . ,
, .
.
, ASCII, -ASCII-, .
quoted-printable ( ). 7- ASCII, , ASCII- 127, , ASCII- .
, Base64 quoted-printable. , Content-Transfer-Encoding: .
. 7.6 . . RFC 2045 , .
, ,
Content-Type: video/mpeg

680 7.
; .
, RFC 2045, . 7.7. .
.
7.7. MIME , RFC 2045

Text

Plain
Enriched

Image

Gif

GIF

Jpeg

JPEG

Basic

Video

Mpeg

MPEG

Application

Octet-stream

Postscript

PostScript

Audio

Message

Multipart

Rfc822

MIME RFC 822

Partial

External-body

Mixed

Alternative

Parallel

Digest

RFC 822

. text
. text/plain , . .
MIME .
text/enriched . - , , , ,
.
SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language
), HTML (HyperText
Markup Language), WWW. ,
<bold> </bo1d> , - <italic> </ita1ic> ...

, ...

681

.
, . ,
, , , . . .
- , ( RFC 2854)
text/html, -
RFC 822. RFC 3023 , text/xml. HTML XML.
MIME image. . , ,
. GIF JPEG , , , ,
.
audio video , , . , video
, . , , , .
. , MIME, MPEG (Motion Pictures
Experts Group ).
application () ,
, . octetstream ( )
. , , , .
.
postscript PostScript, Adobe Systems , . PostScript.
PostScript-
PostScript, ,
, . PostScript .
PostScript
. PostScript PostScript,
. , ,
,
.
message .
.
RFC 822, rfc822.

6 8 2 7.
partial (, , ).
.
external-body ( )
( ). MPEG-
, FTP-,
, .
. ,
, .
, , .
, multipart ,
. mixed . alternative, ,
, . , ASCII-, RTF PostScript. , ,
PostScript. -
,
RTF. , ASCII-. , ( MIME) ASCII.
alternative ,
. , , multipart/alternative.
7.2. .
birthday.snd,

.
. ,
( ) , boundary ().
7.2. , RTF-

From: elinor@abc.coni
: carolyn@xyz.com
MIME-Version: 1.0
Message-Id: <0704760941.AA00747@abc.com>
Content-Type: multipart/alternative: boundary=qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
Subject:
. . -.

--qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
Content-Type: text/enriched
Happy birthday to you
Happy birthday to you
Happy birthday dear <bold> Carolyn </bold>
Happy birthday to you
--qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
Content-Type: message/external-body:
access-type="anon-ftp":
si te="bicycle.abc.com":
directory="pub";
name="birthday.snd"
content-type: audio/basic
content-transfer-encoding: base64
--qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm--

683

: Content-Type . ,
. . ,
.
, , .
, 7- ASCII, content-transfer-encoding.
, , . parallel ,
. , ,
, , .
, digest ,
. , -
,
multipart/digest.

. - -,
. , , , , .

SMTP
-
TCP- 25 -. , SMTP (Simple

684

7.

Mail Transfer Protocol ).

. , , .
SMTP ASCII-.
-^ 25, , , , . , ,
( )
. , .
, , . ,
. ,
. ,
TCP .
, . .
7.2 7.3. ,
, :, S:.
7.3. elinor@abc.com carolyn@xyz.com
S: 220 xyz.com SMTP
: HELO abc.com
S: 250 xyz.com abc.com
: MAIL FROM: <elinor@abc.com>
S: 250
: RCPT : <rolyn@xyz.com>
S: 250
: DATA
S: 354 : , "."
: From: elinor@abc.com
: : carolyn@xyz.com
: MIME-Version: 1.0
: Message-Id: <0704760941.AA00747@abc.com>
: Content-Type: multipart/alternative: boundary=qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
: Subject:
:
: . . -.
:
: --qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
: Content-Type: text/richtext
:
: Happy birthday to you
: Happy birthday to you
C: Happy birthday dear <bold> Carolyn </bold>
C: Happy birthday to you
C:
C: --qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
C: Content-Type: message/external-body:

685

C: access-type="anon-ftp":
C: site="bicycle.abc.com";
C: directory="pub";
C: name="birthday.snd"
C:
C: content-type: audio/basic
C: content-transfer-encoding: base64
C: --qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm
C: .
S: 250
: QUIT
S: 221 xyz.com

7.3. , , . ,
HELO,
HELLO . , .
,
RCPT ( recipient ). .
. , (, - ),
, .
, , . . , , .
, SMTP , . ,
, . UNIX :
telnet mail.isp.com 25
mail.isp.com DNS- .
Windows , .
telnet- ( TCP) 25 .
. 6.3, 25 SMTP-.
- :
Trying 192.30.200.66...
Connected to mail.isp.com
Escape character is ' * ] " .
220 mail.isp.com Smail #74 ready at Thu. 25 Sept 2002 13:26 +0200
telnet . SMTP -

686

7.

687

. ,

. , .

HELP

, , 7.3. .
, ASCII-
. .
ASCII- . , , . .
, SMTP ,
. .
64 .
-. , , .
, . ,
1 , 2 , , ,
, - .
SMTP, ESMTP. RFC 2821. ,
, EHLO . , , SMTP .
, , ESMTP
.

, :
? : , (
) ( ) .
(Post Office Protocol v. 3 , 3-
), RFC 1939.
, , . 7.5, . , , , . 7.5, .

, , . ,
, TCP- . ,
ARPANET ( ) , ,
-.
, , . :
, ,
? , , ,
SMTP, .
, -

SMTP

SMTP

. 7.5. ,

();
()

, . (
) TCP- . .
1. .
2. .
3. .

688

7.

.
. .
, ,
telnet mail .isp.com ,

mail.isp.com DNS- . Telnet

TCP- 110, -.
TCP- ASCII-,
. +0, .
TCP- 7.4.
, , :. , (), S: ( ).
7.4.
S: +0K -
: USER carolyn
S: +0K

: PASS vegetables
S: OK
: LIST
S: 1 2505
S: 2 14302
S: 3 8122
S: .
C: RETR 1
S: ( 1)
: DELE 1
: RETR 2
S: ( 2)
: DELE 2
: RETR 3
S: ( 3)
: DELE 3
: QUIT
S: +0K -
. LIST
, . , . .
RETR DELE. (, ,
) QUIT . -.

689

, ,
. ,
.
- , .
,
. ( )
, . . , carolyn@xyz.com, DNS MX xyz.com (
xyz.com ). DNS- xyz.com.
DNS (, gethostbyname): IP- . 25 - SMTP-. SMTP,
7.3,
-.
,
. 110 -, .
DNS IP- .
TCP-
.
, 7.4.
- .
, . ,
, , .

IMAP
,
,
. .
: , , , ( ). .
,
, (),
( ), -

690

7.

.
( ),
,
,
, .
, (Interactive Mail Access Protocol
), RFC 2060. , ,
, ,
. . , , -
. , , , , . ,
, ,
.
, , , . 7.3,
(, ). , ,
.
, 7.4. . 143.
. 7.8. , . , , , , , .
7.8. IMAP

IMAP

RFC 1939

RFC 2060

TCP

110

143

IMAP

-^

,
, .
,
. . , , 1, , - ,
2, ,
Subject, .
.
( ) . , .
Subject. , , . .
()
. , , , Subject .
. ,
! . 24 . !

692

7.

, , ,
. . , , . ,
, , . (, ,
.)
, , , 600 . ,

. .
,
, , . ,
, ,
. , FAQ- (Frequently Asked Questions ). , .
,
, . ,
, ,
. ,
, , , , , . . , , , , .

-
-. -, Hotmail Yahoo!, . . , 25 SMTP-. , , Hotmail,
DNS- MX. , ,
UNIX
host -a -v hotmail.com
, mx10.hotmail.com,
TCP-, SMTP, :
telnet mxlO.hotmail.com 25

(WWW)

693

, , , -.
. , - , ,
. , ,
. , , . 7.3,
- HTML. - . , , ,
. .

(WWW)
(WWW, World Wide Web) ,
, . 10
, ,
.
, . ,
, .
1989
CERN (Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire) . ,
.
- . ,
. Web ()
, , , , .
, CERN - (Tim Berners-Lee)
1989 . () 18 .
1991 Hypertext'91 -
.
, ,
. (Marc Andreessen)

694 7.
, Mosaic.
1993 ,
Netscape Communications
Corp., ,
-. 1995 Netscape , , , , Microsoft, 1,5 . .
, , ,
Netscape , . Netscape
Navigator Internet Explorer Microsoft . ( ,
) . 1998 America Online
Netscape Communications 4,2 ,
.
1994 CERN (M.I.T., Massachusetts Institute of Technologies) WWW (World Wide Web Consortium,
W3C) , Web, . - . , , , . http://www.w3.org.
, .

, .
. () . (, ),
, , .
. ,
(), 1945 ,
, (Vannevar Bush), , .
, .
Internet Explorer Netscape. , -

(WWW)

695

. -, , . 7.6,
, , .
, , . , ,
. ,
, , .
, , , Lynx, ,
, . , , .
-

D

D
D UEP

D
D

D
D
Webmaster@eastrodunk.edu

D




D

D

Webmaster(S)animalpsvc.eastrodunk.edu

. 7.6. - (); ,
()

, , ,

696

7.

(WWW)

. , , ( . 7.6, )
. , . . , , , , , .
. .
, , ( ), ,
.
(, Campus Information) .
, .
. 7.7.
- . , , abcd.com,
. abcd.com . ,
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 (WWW)

7.

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: <input type- text" name- age >

<p>
<1nput type-"button" value-''" onclick-"response(this.form)">

</form>
</body>
</html>

733

, .
JavaScript ,
, ( ) JavaScript, , , ( ) .
JavaScript ,
, Java. , , ,
, . , -,
, cookie, . JavaScript 7.12.
7 . 1 2 . JavaScript

, , 7.10
7.11, -, . ( 7.10)?
Submit,
, .
PHP- . PHP- HTML-,
. ( 7.11), Submit JavaScript, . ,
. .
, , . ,
, . 7.16. , .
. 1 . , .
_

JavaScript

. 7.1 . PHP- (); JavaScript

()
, JavaScript , .
. ( JSP, ASP) -

<htm"l>
<head>
<script language="javascript" type-"text/javascript">
function response(test_form) {
function factorial(n) { i f (n 0) return 1; else return n * factorial(n - 1):}
var r=eval(test_form.number.value); //-
document.myform.mytext.value - ":\";
for (var i - l:1<-r:i++)//BbiBecTH 1
document.myform.mytext.value += (i + "!- " + f a c t o r i a l ( i ) + "\n")}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form name="myform">
: <input type="text" name="number">
<input type="button" value-'' "
oncli ck="response(thi s.form)">
<p>
<textarea name="mytext" rows="25" cols="50"> </textarea>
</form>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript . - JavaScript
, - - .
. JavaScript -. 7.13.
7.13. ,
<html>
<head>
<script language-"javascript" type="text/javascript">

736

7.

, , . TCP.
HTTP 1.0 ,
. TCP- . - HTML-, . , , . , TCP-
.
HTTP 1.1, . , TCP-, , ,
. , , .
, 2 1.

HTTP , , , - . , .
SOAP. ASCII, . . 7.12.
, . , GET , a get .
7.12. HTTP-

GET

HEAD

PUT

POST

(, -)

DELETE

TRACE

CONNECT

OPTIONS

GET (
, ), -

(WWW)

737

MIME.
GET. GET:
GET filename HTTP/1.1,
fi 1 ename (), 1.1 .
HEAD , .


URL.
PUT GET: , . -
. . MIME. , PUT,
, , Content-Type ,
.
POST PUT. URL,
( ) .
BBS.
PUT, POST .
DELETE, , . PUT,

. , DELETE ,
HTTP-
.
TRACE .
. , , .
CONNECT .
.
OPTIONS
- .
, , , , (, -
). ,
. ,
. 7.13. , 1 (1), . , 2, , ( ) .
, URL,
.

738

7.

7.13. ,

1
2

200 ; 204

100

301 ; 304

403 ; 404
500 ; 503

____^^

, 4, , - , , : , . , 5
, , - .

(, GET) . . , . ,
. , .
. 7.14.
7.14. HTTP

User-Agent
Accept
Accept-Charset

Accept-Encoding

Accept-Language
Host

DNS-

Authorization
Cookie

cookie-

Date

Upgrade

Server

Content-Encoding

(, gzip)
,

MIME

Content- Language
Content-Length
Content-Type

(WWW)

739

Last-Modified
Location

Accept-Ranges

Set-Cookie

, cookie

User-Agent ,
. 7.9 , - PHP-.
User-Agent .
, Accept, , ( ). MIME, (, text/html). Accept-Charset ,
(, ISO-8859
Unicode-1-l). Accept-Encoding (, gzip). , Accept-Language , (, ). ,
.
, , .
Host . URL. . ? IP- DNS , - , .
Authorization , . .
, cookie RFC 2109, RFC 2616,
. , Cookie
cookie-,
- .
Date , . .
Upgrade (, ) HTTP.
, .
,
. , Server, .
.

740

7,

, Content-, .
Last-modified . .
Location ,
URL. , URL (, ,
). , - ,
, IP- .
,
. , , . ,
. Accept-Ranges , .
Set-cookie , cookie-.
, , , , cookie .

HTTP
HTTP ,
( ) . TCP- 80 .
, (
UNIX, ). , :
telnet www.ietf.org 80 >log
GET /rfc.html HTTP/1.1
Host: www.ietf.org
close

telnet- ( ) 80 - IETF, www.ietf.org.

log, . GET. . Host.
, , .
, . close ( telnet) .

(WWW)

741

, log,
. , 7.14, IETF -
.
7.14. www.ietf.org/rfc.html
Trying 4.17.168.6...

Connected to www.ietf.org
Escape character is 1 A ] \
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Wed, 08 May 2002 22:54:22 GMT
Server: Apache/1.3.20 (Unix) mod ssl/2.8.4 OpenSSL/0.9.5a
Last-Modified: Mon, 11 Sep 2000 13:56:29 GMT
ETag: "2a79d-c8b-39bce48d"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 3211
Content-Type: text/html
X-Pad:
<html>
<head>
<tit1e>IETF RFC Page</t1tle>
<script Ianguage-"javascr1pt">
function u r U ) {
var x - document.forml.number.value
1f (x.length - 1) {x - "000" + x}
1f (x.length 2) {x - "00" + x}
1f (x.length - 3) {x - "0" + x}
document.forml.action - "/rfc/rfc" + x + ",txt"
document.forml.submit
</script>
</head>

telnet, , , /1.1, - IETF, , /1.1.

, , . , ETag,
, , X-Pad , .

. ,
. WWW (World Wide Web)
(World Wide Wait). -

742

(WWW)

7.

.
: , .

.
(
www.yahoo.com www.cnn.com). - . , -, . ,
, , . - , .
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.
.
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. 7.18. -

743

.
. , , ,
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.
, , ,
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.
, . RFC 2616, .
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- -. , , ( Last-Modified ). , Not Modified
( , 304, . . 7.12). ,
. - , . , , .
.
AT
.
If-Modified-Since . AT ,
.

744

7.

- (, PHP-)
, . ,
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. ,
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. -, - . ,
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, . , , , , .
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2001). .

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. , .

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. . , . ,
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, , , , , . , 6 2000 - , www.dos.
state.fl.us,
.
7 2000 , -

(WWW)

745

,
. , .
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.
, .
- .

, . (Pierre ., 2001; Pierrre
2002).

? ,
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Networks ), (, , , -)
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(
) .
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.
, :
CDN . , CDN,
,
, . CDN
.
10 000 , .
, ,
. ,
,
CDN. ,
. DNS
- . -

746

7.

Akamai CDN.
-
CDN. . URL . , , ,
( HTML-),
(- , ). HTML- ( ), CDN .
- ( 7.15, ). , 7.15, , www.furryvideo.com/index.html.
URLwww.furryvideo.com, DNS IP- - , .
- , DNS
cdn-server.com. IP- HTTP-, MPEG.
, cdn-server.
. HTTP-
. , . , IP- ,
.
, , CDN
. ,
. , . ,
cdn-server.com , 301 Location, URL , CDN.
, URL : www.CDN-0420.com/furryvideo/bears.com.
, MPEG-.
7.15. - (); CDN ()
<html>
<head><title>riyiiMCTbie <1></1>
<body>

<hl> </1>
<> :</>
< '-"5."> </><>

(WWW)

747

< href="bunnies.mpg">3a6asHbie </><>

< href-"mice.">-</><>
</body>
</html>

()
<html>
<head><titl > </1;></1>
<body>

<hl> </>
<> :</>
< href="http://cdn-server.com/furryvideo/bears.mpg">
</><>
< href=" http://cdn-server.com/furryvideo/bunnies.mpg"> </><>
< href=" http://cdn-server.com/furryvideo/mice.mpg"> -</><>
</body>
</html>
()
. 7.19. IP- www.furryvideo.com. HTML-.
cdn-server (. 7.15, ). , ,
. DNS- ( 5),
( 6). bears.mpg cdn-server ( 7) CDN-0420.com ( 8).
( 9), -
( 10). 8, HTTP -, .

DNS

www.furryvideo.com

3 .

2
>

7.

4
t

6
CDN
(
HTTP)

10

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CDN-0420.com
. 7.19. URLnpn CDN

CDN, , , -

748

7.

. , ,
, ,

. CDN- , ,
.
, , (Hill, 2002; Rabinovich Spatcheck, 2002).

,
. ,
. , , ,
Web. , . -, : WAP i-mode.

WAP

,

, . , Nokia, Ericsson, Motorola phone.com (
Unwired Planet) .
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, WAP,
, PDA , . , .
.
WAP- . .
, , , ;
. ,
, WAP 1.0
. , -
. WAP, , . , , .

(WWW)

749

, WAP i-mode ( ) , , WAP 2.0 . WAP 1.0

, .
WAP ,
, , . , . .
. 7.20
(WAE)
(WSP)
(WTP)

(WTLS)
(W0P)

(GSM, CDMA, D-AMPS, GPRS . .)
. 7.20. WAP

,
GSM, D-AMPS CDMA. WAP 1.0 9600 /. ,
WDP (Wireless Datagram Protocol ).
, UDP. ,
, . WTLS Netscape SSL ,
8. ,
. . TCP,
. , HTTP/1.1, , . ,
(WAE).
, , , WAP: HTML.
(WAE) WML (Wireless Markup Language ), XML. , ,

750

(WWW)

7.

WAP- ,
WML. , , , WAP, , HTML- WML- .
. 7.21.

HTML-WML

WAP

WAP-
. 7 . 2 1 . WAP

, WAP, -,
. , XML W3C,
: WAP HTML. , WAP HTML. ,
, WAP 1.0 . .

l-mode
, HTML,
. (Mari Matsunaga)
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).
, ,
1999 NTT DoCoMo (: ) .
35 , 40 000 - i-mode.
,

751

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i-mode :
,
-. :
( D-AMPS)
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), . , .
.
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DoCoMo i-mode, , , -,
. ,
, , . , i-mode . i-mode ,
,
1995 Windows 95 UNIX.
i-mode
. ,
20 . , -, . , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , . , ,
. , 40 , ,
. , , ,
500 . , , SMS (Short Message Service
), 160 . .
40 000 - i-mode,
URL, . ,
-, , URL.
NNT DoCoMo .
, . ,

752

7.

, - , ,
, ,
- NNT DoCoMo (Frengle, 2002). 40 000
, .
i-mode- , , , .
. , ,
. , .
10 1 .
.
, .
:
PIN-.
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. 91 %
, 9 % . , , , , $1 .
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, . ,
. ,
, ,
. , ,
, i-mode, i-mode,
.
i-mode ,
.
, , .
-, (, , , )
56 /, . , , - (- $700 $1,50
). i-mode .

(WWW)

753

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. , .
-, i-mode
. , , . i-mode ,
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1 / , - . , ?
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. CDMA 128-
9600 /. . 7.22.

LTP (Lightweight Transport Protocol
). , ,
i-mode -
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, i-mode, . . ,
, i-mode .

100 , -, 1 . i-mode , , 72x94 ,
120x160 .
8 (256 ). , , , . , .
i-mode . 7.23. , .
,
LTP ( NTT DoCoMo).
, ,
(GIF-). 120x160 , .

754

(WWW)

7.

i-mode

LTP

I-mode

. 7.22. i-mode

cHTML

Java

. 7.23. i-mode

- ( ).
i-mode HTML,
cHTML (compact HTML HTML), HTML 1.0. .
JVM.
, , , .
cHTML . , HTML 1.0 ,
. W3C , , cHTML ( ) .

755

cHTML
HTML, <html>, <head>, <title>, <body>, <hn>, <center>, <ul>, <ol>, <menu>,
<1i>, <br>, <p>, <hr>, <img>, <form> <input>. <b> <i> .
<>,
tel. , tel mailto. mailto , . tel,
. , , , .
- . URL RFC 2806.
cHTML, , .
JavaScript, , , .
JPEG, . Java- ,
( ) 10 , .
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, , <> ,
, a <blink> , . ,
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).
align <>. , 6 16 ,
( . 7.24, a). Align , , . 7.24, .
, . 9x10 12x12 ,
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, . .

?

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 (WWW)

756 7.
,
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7.16. cHTML
<html>
<body>
<hl> :</hl>
<a href-"messages.chtml" accesskey-"l"> </a><br>
<a href="mail.chtml" accesskey="2"> E-mail </a><br>
<a href-"games.chtml" accesskey-"3"> </>
</body>
</html>
, i-mode
, .
CGI, Perl, PHP, JSP, ASP , -.
WAP i-mode
. 7.15. ,
. , ,
. i-mode
(Frengle, 2002; Vacca, 2002).
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WAP

i-mode

, PDA,

(dial-up)

9600 /

9600 /

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cHTML

WMLScript

757

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GPRS. -, WAP , .
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1. .
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5. .
6. , .

758

7.

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.
, . .
WAP 2.O. . WAP 2.0 WAP (. . 7.20), - TCP HTTP/1.1. TCP (
): 1) 64 ; 2) ; 3) MTU 1500 ;
4) . TLS IETF ;
8. , , , . 7.25.
WAP 2.0 WAP 1.0 . WAP 2.0 XHTML Basic,
.
NNT DoCoMo , -
, , -

(WWW)

759

, .
, -.
HTML
WSP

HTTP

WTP

TLS

WTLS

TCP

WDP

IP

WAP1.0

WAP 2.0

. 7.25. WAP 2.0

, , HTML Basic. , , PDA, ,

, , . ,
, . .
11 . ,
. XML. . 7.16. :
www.w3.org.
7.16. XHTML Basic

body, head, html,

title
br, code, dfn, em, hn,
kbd, p, strong

dl.dt, dd, o l . u l . l i
form, input, label,
option,textarea
caption, table, td, th,

img

, . .

object, param

tr

760

7.

7.16 ()

met a

<>

URL

link
base

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.

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761

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767

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774

7.

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776

7.

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LL, LA, IR OS. (
4), , . , : MD, , LL, LL,
IA, OR NS. , . , .
. k , k(k - 1) ,
. .
. , , .
, . ,
(,
million milloin, , ).

. , , . , . 8.2
64- .
4, 12, 20, 28, 36, 44, 52, 60, 5, 13,..., 62. ,
, , , , /, . .

, , .
. , . , , ASCII. ,
2 (
, XOR). -

825

, ,
. , , , , -
. :
, ,
.

. 8.3. I love you. ( .) 7- ASCII-. , 1, 2 . . ,
, , . , 2 (. 8.3),
Elvis lives ( ).
, , , ,
. ,
11 ASCII . , , : .
1:
1001001 0100001 1101100 1101111 1110110 1100101 0100000 1111001 1101111 1110101 0101110
1:
1010010 1001011 1110010 1010101 1010010 1100011 0001011 0101010 1010111 1100110 0101011
:
0011011 1101011 0011110 0111010 0100100 0000110 0101011 1010011 0111000 0010011 0000101
2:
1011110 0000111 1101000 1010011 1010111 0100110 1000111 0111010 1001110 1110110 1110110
2
1000101 1101100 1110110 1101001 1110011 0100000 1101100 1101001 1110110 1100101 1110011
. 8.3.

, . -,
, ,
. , , . , ,
, . , , -

826

8.

, .
. ,
, , .
. DVD, . ,
-
. , , , -
30 . , DVD
, .

, . , . ,
, . ,
. , 84,
,
(Bennet Brassard, 1984).
, , . , . , ,
, .
, , . .
,
( , , , ). , , .
.
, , .
: ,
DVD? , ,
. ,
, . , . , , -

827

. , , .
, ,
.
, , . , ,
. , , , , . ( ), ,
(, ). ,

. ,
. .
, . . . . ,
45, ,
,
. . ,
,
. -
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, . ,
, .
, , , . , , ,
, .
0,
1. .
, , , ( , , ), . , .
, ,
, , . ,
: , , , , . .
, 1001110010100110, , , . 8.4, .

,

 8.

828

. , , .

Jk

3
0

4
1

5
1

6
1

7
0

8
0

11

12

13

14

ik

0
J

15
0

0
ik

ik

1'

10
0

9
1

2
0

1
1

1'

ik

. 8.4.

, ,
, . 8.4, .
, .
, , , 45 ,
,
.
. , , , , .
. 8.4, .
, ,
? , , ( ),
. . 8.4, .
, , . 8.4, . , ,
, . , ,
, . .

829

, ! ,
, , . ( ), , . , , , . , ,
. 8.4, . , , , , , ,
, , - . ,
0, 1,2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 13.
(. 8.4, ) ,
1, 3, 7, 8, 10, , 12 14. (1, 3, 8 12)
, . (7, 10, 14)
, . , , 01011001 (. 8.4, ), , , 01?1??0?
(. 8.4, ).
, , , , .
. , 1024 , ,
, 2048 . 2048- . , . , ,
, . , .
. , , ,
. -,
, , . , ,
, , .
,
.
, , , , . ,
,
, . , . , , , , , .
( ), , ,

830

8.

(, ,
, . .). , , ,
. ,
.
60 , .
. (Mullins, 2002).

, , .

,
, , . . ,
60 000 . ,
, , 16 ,
3- (1
2 ). ,
.
, , , , . , , . , -
.
. , .
,
.
,
.
, 3- , .
, 837
540 , , . ,

( )
, , .
,
. ,
, , , . , ,
.
,,
. , ,
, , . . 3-
, , ,
. -,
. 12-
. :
1:
.
,
, , . ,
, . ,
, . ,
, ,
. (CRC) , , , . -,
.
, ,
. - , , , ,
. ,
, .
. ,
, , - .

832

8,

, . .
, , . ,
.

, , , ,
. , .
, . , :
2:
.

, , , 10 . 10 , . 10 . .

, , , . .
: , , .
, ,
. ,
. . 8.1 . , , - - .
(
), ( ).
,
, ,
.

833

. . 8.5 , - ( permutation ) . (01234567),

- 36071245. - ( )
, , -
.
: , .
, .
-

S-

Si
Pi

s2
s3
s4

p?

s5
s6
s7
s8

Pi

s9
s

Pi

S11

s12

. 8.5. : - ();
S- (); ()

( ) S- (S substitution , ), . 8.5, .
3- , 3- .
1. 0. -,
S-. 3- . 01234567 24506713 . 0 2, 1 4 . . ,
- S- .
,
( 1 ),
- 1 .
, , . 8.5, .
.
(,) 12 . ,
S-, 12-
12- . -

834

8.

212 = 4096 .
3 , .
, .
, .
, ^-
^- , . k 64 256.

DES
1977 , IBM,
. , DES (Data Encryption
Standard ),
. , .
.
DES- . 8.6, .
64 , 64- . , 56- , 19 . 64 . .
32 . 16 ,
. ,
, .
. .
, ,
. 8.6, . 32
32 .
. 32 2 .
.
32 i? M 48- .
( 2.
, S- 4- . , 8 4 -.
16 .
56- . 28 , -

835

, .
, 56 . 56 48 , .
64-

.1

-.

L /_ )

V
V v V
1

16
V V V V

32

| |

64-

32
Li

32
/

. 8.6. DES: ();

()

DES ,
. , 2 64- ,
DES, 2 64- .
( ,
).
, . :
( ).
DES . (Lucifer), IBM, , IBM 128-, 56- .

836

8.

- , IBM
, NSA (National Security Agency), . ,
:
: NSA?
: No Such Agency .
IBM 128
56 DES. , , , NSA
DES,
. ,
,
DES. (IEEE) , .
.
1977 , , (Diffie) (Hellman), DES 20
. 256
56- .
1 .

DES
1979 IBM , DES , ,
(Tuchman, 1979). ,
8732, . 8.7. .
( Encryption ) DES Kv DES ( Decryption), 2. ,
Kv

. 8.7. DES (); ()

837

. -,
, ? -,
EDE ( ), (
)? ,
,
112 ( , ).
168 , .
, DES- . , ,
64- . . EDE
, , , , /, =
, , , IBM .

AES
- , DES ( ) . (NIST) ,
, ,
. NIST
, DES, ,
, , - , ,
, . - , ,
, .
,
: . 1997 , , AES (Advanced Encryption Standard
). , ,
:
1. .
2. .
3. 128, 192 256 .

838

8.

4. , .
5. .
15 . , . 1998 . , , , , ,
( ). , . . :
1. Rijndael ( Qohn Daemen) (Vincent Rijmen),
86 ).
2. Serpent ( (Ross Anderson), (Eli Biham) (Lars Knudsen), 59 ).
3. Twofish (, (Bruce Schneier), 31 ).
4. RC6 ( RSA Laboratories, 23 ).
5. MARS ( IBM, 13 ).
2000 NIST , Rijndael,
2001 Rijndael ,
, FIPS 197.
, Rijndael ,
( NSA, - ), , Rijndael
, ,
. Rijndael ( ) : + .
Rhindael 128 256
32 .
. , AES ,
128 , 128, 192 256 . -
192- , AES
: 128- 128- ,
128- 256- .
,
128/128, , , . 128- ,
2 1 2 8 3 1038.
, -

839

, 10'. ,

.

Rijndael
, Rijndael
, , . ,
, .
DES, Rijndael . , ,
10 128- 128- ;
14. , DES,
, , . Rijndael 8.1.
8 . 1 . Rijndael
Idefine
Idefine
Idefine
#define
typedef

LENGTH 16/* */
NROWS 4 / * state */
NCOLS 4 / * state */
ROUNDS 10/* */
unsigned char byte/8- */

r i j n d a e l ( b y t e plaintext[LENGTH], byte ciphertext[LENGTH], byte key[LENGTH])

i n t : / * */
byte state[NROWS][NCOLS]:/* */
s t r u c t { b y t e k[NROWS][NCOLS];} rk[ROUNDS + 1 ] : / * */
expand_key(key.rk):/* */
c o p y _ p l a i n t e x t _ t o _ t e x t ( s t a t e , p l a i n t e x t ) : / * */
xor_roundkey_into s t a t e ( s t a t e , r k [ O ] ) : / * 2
*/

for(r-l; r<=ROUNDS:
) {
substitute(state);/* S- */
rotate_rows(state):/* i i */
if(r < ROUNDS) mix_columns(state):/* */
roundkey into state(state, rk[r]);/* 2
*/ - }
copy_state_to_ciphertext(ciphertext, state):/* */
rijndael : plaintext 16 , , ciphertext 16 , , key 16- .
state, -

 8.

840

NROWS NCOLS. 128- 4x4 . 16 .

state . . .
. state , .
11
, (state). , .
, 10 10 (
). , .
, 2 .
(Daemen Rijmen, 2002).
state
, . 4 : 4 0, 1 . . , ,
. 12 4x4
. 8.8.
128-

128-

841

. .
DES, S-, Rijndael S-
.
2 . 0 0 ( ), 1 1 , 2
2 , 3 3 . . , . 8.5.
3 .
,
.
8
, GF(2 ). , , , 2 (Daemen
Rijmen, 2002, ).
, 4 2 state.

, . , ,
.
,
. 2 700 /.
MPEG-2 . .

state

rk[O]

rk[1]

rk[2]

rk[3]

rk[4]

rk[5]

rk[6]

rk[7]

rk[8]

rk[9]

rk[10]

. 8.8. state rk

: [] 2 state. , 16 state 2
[].
. 10 , state .
() . 1 state . S-, S--

, AES ( DES,
) , ,
( AES 128- , DES
64-).
. ,
100 abcdefgh,
DES, 100 .
.

,
,
() DES ,
64- , 128-. ,
AES . -

842

8.

8 (64 )
. 64 .
,
,
( ).
. 8.9 ,
. 32- , , :
16 , 8 8 . 8- ( 0 15) DES.

||||

| | | |

.|

_1 1

<-

|| | | |

1 1 6 | |

| | |

||||

| | | ||| |

16-

..1 ' I I I

If

lill

$1 5 I 0|0| , |0 | 01 0

||||||

2 , IV
(Initialization Vector), .

| | | pi | |

1 1 ||

|| " M i l l

|0| | | |
| | | | 1

843

0|0i. | ,0|0

$1 1 1 1 1 1 I 5

-<-

. 8.9. , 16 DES-

. , , , . , . ,
?
. , , 12 ( )
4 ( ). 12,
. ( 8 , , ,
; , , -, ).

, ,
,
( ) . . , . 8.10, 2
.
. ,
. -

(#

. 8.10. : (); ()

. 8.10.
= (0 XOR IV). , = E{Pl XOR ) . .
= IV XOR D(C0), . .
, i
i - 1,
.
, ,
, . .
,
, .
.

,
, , 64- . , ,

844

8.

.
() DES,
. 8.11. AES ,
128- .
, 0 9 . , . 8.11, ,
DES 64- , 64- .
2 10 . .
8 . 2 ,
9. , , -.
, .
64-

64-
| /-.

f~*

4[ C s j 6| C 7 j |

2 3 4|5| ]
6
7
8
V

[ ~|
J'

. ,
.

, , 64 , . , () . ,
. , . ,
. . ( ) ,
,
2 . ,
. 8.12, . : . .
, ,
. . 8.12, .

. , .
,
.

'10

845

<-

. 8 . 1 1 . (); ()

. , , , , 2
10, , 2 1 0
10. , . . 8.11, .
,
. 8 , ,
. , -

. 8.12. : (); ()

, .
. ,
,

846

8.

2 . , QQ, ( Qo XOR ). , ,
2 XOR Q,,, .
2 . ( ), . ,
2 ,
. , ,
, . . , 2 ,
.

, , : . , ,
. , , . :
.
. . , ,
. , . . . 8.13. .
,
2 . 1
, .
.

+ 1 + 2 + 3

, , . , ( ,
),
, . , ( , ,
). , ,
2 . ,
2 . , . ,
, . , .

DES Rijndael . , ,
. - . . 8.2.
8.2.

Blowish

(Bruce Schneier)

1-448

DES

IBM

56

IDEA

(Massey)
(Xuejia)

128

RC4

(Ronald Rivest)

1-2048

RC5

(Ronald Rivest)

128-256

Rijndael

(Daemen)
(Rijmen)

128-256

Serpent

(Anderson),
(Biham)
(Knudsen)
IBM

128-256

168

Rijndael
;

DES

. 8.13.

847

Twofish

(Bruce Schneier)

128-256

848

8.

, .
(Biham Shamir, 1993).
. , . .
, , , .
, , (Matsui, 1994). DES 2 43 . 2
. ,
, . , . , ,
. .
, (Matsui).
. 3
, . ,
, . , , ,
- (, 100 ) , , .
. ,
, .
. (if),
. then el se
, , ,
.
. , . ,
, ,
, .

849

. , , , .
1976 ,
(
). , . , , :
, , .
1976 , (Diffie)
(Hellman), ,
, , . D ( ) :
1. D(E(P)) = .
2. D .
3. .
,
D (), .
. . , , ,
, . , .
. , , , , .
, .
, , , . , , . ()
, ,
DA. , ,
DB.
, , .
, , . (, , , .) , () . DB,
DB(EB(P)) = . -

850

8.

(), , , DB
. , EA(R). , .
.
, , , ,
.
, , .

RSA
, , .
, , .
(Rivest ., 1978). : RSA (Rivest, Shamir, Adleman). .
. RSA ,
, , 1024 ( 128 ). - .
RSA .
, . . .
1. q ( 1024 ).
2. n=pqnz = (p- l)(q - 1).
3. d, z.
4. , ed z 1.
, . ( )
, 0 < < . , k , k , 2* < .
, = (mod n). , = Cd (mod ). ,

. , . -

851

dnn. , (, ),
(d, n).

. () , q, , .
end . , 300 , , .
(Rivest) ,
500 1025, . , ,
1 . , 500 ,
q.
RSA . 8.14.
= 3, aq=ll, = 33, a z = 20.
d 7, 20 7 .
, le = I (mod 20), , - 3. = 3 (mod 33).
= 7 (mod 33). SUZANNE.
()

()

P 3 (mod 33)

19
21
26
01
14
14
05

6859
9261
17576
1
2744
2744
125

28
21
20
1
5
5
26

N
N

7
13492928512
1801088541
1280000000
1
78125
78125
8031810176

7 (mod 33)
19
21
26
1
14
14
5

N
N

. 8.14. RSA

, 33,
. ,
. q
2512, 21024. 1024 , 128 , 8 DES 16 AES.

352

8.

, RSA
(Electronic
Code Book ), . , - .
RSA , - AES DES. RSA ,
,
.

853

(,
.) . . , , .
. , ,
, :
;

RSA , . (Merkle Hellman, 1978).
, .
,
. ,
. , ,
. ,
, ,
.
.
(Ralph Merkle)
, 100 , . (Adi Shamir), S RSA, . . 1000 . (Ron Rivest), R RSA,
. 10 000 , , (Leonard Adleman), . , , .
. , , - (El Gamal, 1985) (Schnorr, 1991).
, , (Menezes Vanstone, 1993). ,
.
,
.

+ ;
4- .
, , .
, , , , , .
,
( ).
. , ,
. , ,
. ,
, . , . , ,
.
,

, , . , ,
.

, , , , (Big Brother, BB). . , , , ,
.
, , (

854

8.

), (, RA, t, ), - , RA - , , t , .
, . 8.15.
, , .
, , (, t, ). ,
.
, (, , t, )
(A, RA, t, , (A, t, P))

. 8.15.

, ? , ( , ). , , , . ,
, , . , , ,
.
: (, t, P).
, , ,
. ( ) .
, , .
.
, . 8.15, , . . , ,
, RA. . , , .

RA, , , .
, , .

855

, , ,
. ,
. ,
. . , , .
, . , ,
D(E(P)) = , E(D(P)) = . , , RSA, . , EB(DA(P)). ,
() DA, , .
, ,
DB DA(P), . 8.16.
, , .

D A

>

>

DA(P)
. 8.16. ,

, , , , .
, DA(P). , , DA,
. , , . , .
, , , ,
, , . -, , ,

856

8,

> . ,
, , .
, , , . .
. , , , , _ .
, , , ,
.
,
. ,
, , . , ,
DA(P) ,
. .
,
. RSA, , . ,
. 1991 . NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) DSS (Digital Signature
Standard) -,
, .
, . DSS , :
(, -, );
+ ( 10 40 RSA );
( -
);
( 512- ).
,
1024 . .

,
: . -

857

. , ,
, , . ,
.
-, . -,
(message digest, MD),
:
1. -
MD(P).
2. MD(P)
.
3. ', MD(P') = MD(P).
4.
.
3, -
, , 128 , . 4, -
. ,
.
, .
. , ,
, . 8.15.
(, t, P), MD(P),
MD . (, t, MD{P)) , , (, t, P).

, {, t, MD(P)).
.(, t, MD(P)),
MD(P), ,
, . ,
, , .
.
,
. 8.17.

858

8.

, D A (MD ())

. . ,
, MD(P).

. 8.17.

SHA-1
SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm ), (NSA)
NIST ( FIPS 180-1). MD5, SHA 512- , , MD5, 160- .
, . 8.18.
SHA-1, 160-
SHA-1. ( RSA) .

MD5
, . MD5 (Rivest, 1992)
SHA (NIST, 1993). MD5 (Message Digest 5 5)
-, (Ronald Rivest). , .
448 512. , 64- , , 512. 128- , .
. 512-
128- .
.
, ,
( ), , (
) . IBM
S-, DES, .
. , . 128- .
MD5 , . , ,
. , ,
MD5 .
.

859

,

,

f
^
( __w/ ]
~ SHA-1 J
)

160-

SHA-1

/ ^ \
^
w/ \
DA,(H)
*"
* 1 RSA )

. 8 . 1 8 . SHA-1

- SHA-1
, , . , . , , , ,
, . , , , ,
. 8.18.
' , , , .
, SHA-1. SHA-1 ,
, , 512. 64- , ( ), ( ) 64
. . 8.19, , , (
, ). ( , ).

860

8.

, , SPARC. SHA-1 .
SHA-1 32- ( ... 4 ), -. . 8.19, . , .

512-

32-
t

Wo

512- . W ,
. ,
, 512- . 32- 160- -. SHA-1 RFC 3174.
SHA-1 256-, 384 512- -.

/,

Wz

CD

. 8.19. , , 512 ();

(); ()

Mn_v
16 W
80 , . 8.19, . 64 :
W, = S'(W;_3 XOR Wj_e XOR Wj_M XOR Wj_ie)

861

(16iu79),

5*(W) 32- Wnab .

... 4 .
- :
){
temp - S5(A) + f,(B. . D) + E + Wi + Ki;
E-0: D-C; C-S30(B): B-A: A-temp:

Kt . /,
:

ft(B, , D) = ( AND ) OR (NOT AND D) ( < i < 19),

fi(B,C,D) = BXORCXORD
(20<<39),
ft(B, , D) = ( AND ) OR ( AND D) OR (C AND D) (40 < i < 59),
ft(B, C,D) = B XOR XOR D
(60 < < 79).
80 ... ... 4
.

,
. , , , , , 2 .
, 2 / 2 , , ,
(Yuval, 1979).
, . : ,
1/2? , 100. ,
, 23.
, : 23
(23 22)/2 = 253 ,
1/365.
.
,
(, . .) k ( , . .), ( - 1)/2 . ( - 1)/2 > k,
,
, . , n > -Jk. ,
64- (
), 232 .
. ,
. ,
. , , . , ,
, .
.

862

8.

, , . ,
, 64- .
.
, , .
32 .
,
[ | ] [ | ]
. , [ | ] [ \ ]. [ | ]
. [ \ ] . [ | ] , [ |
] [ \ ]
[ \ ] [ \ ]
[ | ] .
[ \ ] [ | ] [
| ]. [ \ ] [ \ ] . [ \ ] [ | ]
[ \ ].
[ | ] , [ | ] . [ \
] [ \ ] . [ | ] [ \ ] [
] [ \ ] [ \ ] , [ \
], 2000 . , [ | ]
. .
, , :
,
[ | ] [ \ ] [ \ ] . , [ \ ]
[ \ ]. [ {] . [ \ ] . [ \
] [ \ ],
, .
[ \ ] [ \ ] .
[ \ ] , - [ \ ] [ | ]. [ | ] [ | ] . [ | ] , [ \ ]
[ | ] [ { ] , [ | ].
[ | ] , [ \ ] . [ | ] [ \ ] .
, [ \

863

] [ \ ] [ \] [ \ ] , [ \ ] 2000 . , [ \ ] [ | ] .
232
, . ,
.
,
. ,
. ,
.
.
, , , 64- , . ( , ).
, , ,
, , . , , . ( -, :
. .
. . , .) MD5
, 1
, 500 , 2
, 100- . , 5000 , 500 5 . SHA-1 (
).

, ,
, .
, .
- :
, ? , , :
-. , : ,
-.

864

8.

? URL . DNS- GET, . 8.20. ,

. , , , .
, , , ,
. ,

. , .
1. GET

JL.

865

: . ,
, ( SHA-1 ).
,
19836A8B03030CF83737E3837837FC3S87092827262643FFA82710382828282A

12345
, 94702
1958 . 5 1958.
: bob@superdupernet.com
SHA-1

3. ()
4. ()
. 8.20.

- . ,
,
. , -
.
, ,
. -, , () . , , . ,
,
( Certification Authority).
:
.
,
.
, , . 8.21, SHA-1 . .
( ).
. , -

. 8 . 2 1 .

, . 8.20. , , ?

, , , ,
: . ,
. , SHA-1,
-, , .
, , . , . , ,
,
.
.
,
. , :
18 . ,
, . .
-, ,
. ,
( ).
, , .
.

866

8.

:
- . . , . (
) , .
, , , . . ,
.

.509
- , , , . ITU . .509
. , 1988 ,
, .
.509 OSI, , , ,
. ,
, IETF, , ,
, , IETF OSI - . IETF- .509
RFC 3280.
, .509 . 8.3. , ,
, . RFC 2459.
, Money Bank, .500- :
/C=US/0=MoneyBank/OU=Loan/CN=Bob/

, 0 , 0U , CN .
.
.500 , bob@moneybank.com
, ,
, . , , DNS .500,
.

1 (ASN Abstract Syntax Notation) OSI.

867

, ,
.
(Ford Baum, 2000).
8.3. .509

Version
Serial number

.509

Signature algorithm

Issuer

.500-

Validity period

Subject name

Public key

Issuer ID

,
()

Subject ID

Extensions

Signature

(
)

, .
- ,
, . , , ,
. , ,
, .
, , , - . , . ,
.
, ?
-
. , - , - ,
, .

. PKI (Public Key Infrastructure ).

 8.

868

PKI,
.
PKI , , , .
, .
PKI , . 8.22. ,
, . (root)
().
(), ,
, . .
. ,
,
(), .509 .
, .
.
: , .
2 .
:
47383349...

474...

1
/
/

>
2

.
:
6384AF863B...
2

. 8.22. PKI (); ()

, PKI . , , . , 5.
5. , , . 5
. ,

869

2 5. ,
5, , 5, , .
2 .
, 2. ,
2.
, , - .
? ? .
, . ,
.
, . , 5 2,
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, . , , . .
, . , ,
. ,

100 , .
, , .
,
, . , , ,
,
,
.
( , ) .

.
( , -
). . (
), . DNS. ,
, ,
(DNS) IP-. DNS IP- ?

870

8.

- , ,
.509. .500
. , , ,
. , ,
LDAP.

, , , , . (,
). :
, , - . , , , , ,
. , - .
(CRL Certificate
Revocation List).
. , CRL ,
. ,
. .
, , , ,
, . . , . ,
.
, , .
,
. , - ,
, . , .
? , . ,

871

( ).
, . ,
.
,
. , 5
.
. , .

.
.
. ,
.
, , , ,
. , .

IPsec
IETF . ,
, , , , .
, - ( ). , -
/ , , , . ( ). , .
,
. ,
.

872

8.

,

.
- , / .
: ,
. , , , , , .
IPsec (IP security IP-), RFC 2401, 2402, 2406 . ( ).
, . RFC 2410 , ,
.
IPsec , .
, , . : , ,
(
). , .
? , . IPsec , .
? TCP-, , , . .
, IPsec ,
IP. , , .

- . , , .
. IPsec (security connection).
,
.
, .
, , -

873

.
IPsec . ,
, . ,
ISAKMP (Internet Security and Key Management Protocol - ), .
ISAKMP, , -,
, -, IKE (Internet Key Exchange ) (Perlman Kaufman, 2000).
IPsec .
IPsec IP. Protocol IP
, , IPsec (
TCP). IPsec , , , ,
, , .
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IP- . , - .
, , , . , .
IPsec.
: .
, TCP- , , ,
. ,
, . ,

- , .

. ,
. ,
IP-,
.
.
(
Authentication Header). . ( ).
. 8.23. IPv4

874

8.

IP ( )
TCP. IPv6 . .
IPv6. , , . .

<

IP

TCP

32
-..I
.--

. 8.23. IPsec IPv4

.
, IP 51, , .
TCP (6). 32-
2.
.

. . ITU, IETF, ,
, .
, . ,
. ,
, (
TCP ).
. . 232 , .
, , . .
, , .
IPsec , -

875

, . -
. , , . (Hashed Message Authentication Code ). ,
SHA-1 RSA.
. , , . ,
IP, , , . , ,
, . IP- ,
.
IPsec ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload ). . 8.24, ,
.

IP

ESP

TCP

()

+
IP
ESP
IP
TCP

()

. 8.24. ESP (a); ESP ()

ESP 32- :
. .
, ,
, (
, ).
ESP, , , , , . . 8.24. . ,
. Ethernet ,
. , . -

876

8.

,
.
, ESP , , , , ?
.
, a ESP . ESP , ,
, . , IP, ESP. .
, ,
, ESP, ,
,
. , - .

, , , .
.
. , , , , , ,
. . .
, , , , , ,
.
, .
, , , .
IPsec. .
,
. , .

. , . ,
, -
. :

877

, ,
(), . 8.25.

HTTP

FTP-

FTP

FTP-

HTTP-
HTTP

HTTP-

FTP

FTP-
FTP-

FTP

. 8.25. ,

: , , . , , , ,
. . , , - , , .

, . , , . .
. 8.25 ,
. , , .
,
, .
.
, . , ,
.
TCP/IP
IP- .
. , 23 Telnet, 79
Finger, 119 USENET. IP- -

878

8.

. ,
Telnet Finger. , ,
USENET.
.

, . , , FTP (File Transfer Protocol ),
. , , UDP- ,
, .
UDP-
.
. , . ,
, . , (, , ,
).
, ,
WWW,
.
.
, . , (,
), , , . , ,
.
, 70 %
. (Schneier, 2000).
, ,
. , ,
, ,
. , ,
, .
,
- . , SYN . -

879

SYN + .
, -. ,
, . , , , DoS (Denial of Service
() QoS ). , .
.
,
, .
, , ,
. DDoS
(Distributed Denial of Service ).
. ,
, , .

,
, .
.
. ,
, , ,
. , , . 8.26, .
1

. 8.26. ();
()

880

8.

.
,
, , , . ,
1 ( !),
.
,
( , ). , , , .

(VPN Virtual Private Networks), , ,
. ,
;
, .
ATM (
frame relay), VPN .
- ,
. 8.26, . IPsec ,
, , .
, , , .
,
. , , ,
. , , IPsec ESP .
.
, , , VPN, . , , IPsec IP. ,
IPsec.
, . . , , , .

881

. VPN (Brown,
1999; Izzo, 2000).

, ,
, VPN , , . , , ,
. 802.11 , , , , 802.11, ,
, . . .
, .

( ), . ,
,
, , . Ethernet, ,
, ,
. , : , . , , .
, -
. (Nichols
Lekkas, 2002).

802.11
802.11
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy - , ), ,
, . , ,
WEP, , .
802.11 . . ,
. .
, , , . -

882

8.

.
WEP ,
RC4. RC4 (Ronald Rivest). , 1994 .
, -
, , ( RC4), ,
( RC4 ). WEP RC4 , 2
, .
, . 8.27. (
CRC-32), .
, .
2 , .
. ,
RC4, .
( ),
, 2 , . ,
, .
, , (Borisov ., 2001).
. -, ,
, - . , ,
, BEthernet, .

XOR
, RC4
(, )

. 8.27. WEP

883

, WEP .
, WEP ( ) ( ).
, 802.11
0, , .
, , , . ,
,
( ), 2 ,
, , .
802.11 , (24 ) 224 . ,
, , , 5000.
, .
, ,
. , ( 2, )
. .
, . , . ,
.

(, ),
.
. , , ,
WEP , , , - .
, CRC ,
, , . , 802.11 ,
, .
2001, .,
, WEP (Fluhrer
., 2001). RC4. (Fluhrer)

884

8.

, : ,
. , .
. , ,
- 802.11.
, -
AT&T Labs ,
(Stubblefield ., 2002). 128-
, 802.11. ,
802.11, , .
.
CNN
,
. ,
. , , , ,
WEP 802.11 .
7 2001 IEEE WEP . ,
:
1. , , WEP, , Ethernet.
2. .
3. -
(, ).
4. , 802. Hi, , , .
5.
802.Hi.
6. , , 802.1 li.
,
, .

Bluetooth
Bluetooth , 802.11,
, , . ,
, Bluetooth. , , -

885

, , , , . ,
, (
). , Bluetooth ,
. .
Bluetooth , . 802.11, (
), - . , .
: .
Bluetooth .
,
, ,
, , , . ,

. , .
(, , ). (, )
, (, ) . .

, . , : , , . 128- ,
. , ,
, .
, SAFER+. , . SAFER+ AES, ,
. Bluetooth , AES; , ,
Rijndael.
. 8.12.
, 2 . . , ,
RC4, (Jacobsson Wetzel, 2001). ,

886

8.

, 5/1,
GSM-,
(Biryukov ., 2000). ( )
, - .
, Bluetooth, ,
, .
, , Bluetooth,
. , Bluetooth , ,
PIN- - .

WAP 2.0
, WAP
, WAP 1.0. ,
WAP 2.0 . . IP,
IPsec . -
TLS IETF, .
RFC 2617. . , WAP 2.0 , ,
, , , , , 802.11 Bluetooth.

( ) , , , .
, .
, .
, . . . , : ,
cookbook.old. - :
1. ()?
2. cookbook.old ()?

887

, , .
. , ,
. .
, ,
.
. .
,
, .
, , , , . , , .

(AES DES), . ,
.
, , ,
, , , ,
.
.
.

,

,
. , , , .
,
: , .
.
:
;
Rt , ;
{ , ;
Ks .

888

8.

. 8.28.
, , , . ,
, , ,
RB ( 2). , ,
^(^) 3. , ,
, . ,
R (, 128- ), , .

, ? , : .
, , . , . ,
,
. , , , , .
. 8.30. ,
, , RT. , , RB. , , . ? KAB(RB).
A, Rr

(RB)

A,RB

, ,
. 1 RB. , . : , . , , .
Ks, , .
, ,
. 8.29. . , . , .

/?B,KAB(RA)

()

. 8.29.

RB2.KAB(RB)

(RA)

. 8.28.

889

. 8.30.

3 , .
KAB(RB) 4. , . , ,
- .
:
,
.
, :
1. , .
, .
2. : , , '.
3. . , , .
4. , ,
.

890

8.

, . ,
.
, . 8.28. , ? . .
, , ,
. , ,
, , ? , .
, ,
. 8.31. 1.
, 2 . , ,
. 2 :
? 3.
: , .
V

>
(RA) I

RA2

J- i (
J-

10

,
. - 2, , 7 ( 1). , , , , RA2 8.
RA2 9. 1
, , 10. ? , 9, . ,
.
,
, . 8.30.
. . , , .
(Bird ., 1993). ,
.
,
( ) .
, . 8.32 (Bird ., 1993).
,
IPsec. i?A 1.
, RB, . , , , .
- (, SHA-1) . 2 RA ( ), RB, ,
, . , . ,
, , ,
, , ,
. , .

j-

. 8 . 3 1 . , . 8.28

? ,
. RA, 3. 5, , 6
2. ,
. 1 , 2
- .

891

j f? B , ( , R B , , , ) [

(RA,RB,KAB)

. 8.32.

8.

: - ? ,
-, . 8.30.
, . - .
, .
, , .

:

, , . , ( PKI ). ?
, , , : , ,
? ,
, , , , , ,
. ,
, .
, , (Diffie Hellman, 1976) . , g, ( - 1)/2
, , g . ,
g .
(, 512-) . ,
.
, , (, g, g* mod n), . 8.33.
, g mod . ,
x
, , Q* mod n) .
(g* mod riy.
g1 mod . ,
g^ mod n.
, . g
. ,
. , , gx mod nun, .
.

893

, , mod n
2

( mod n)x
= * mod

892

{ mod )

= " mod n

. 8.33.

( ) = 47 g = 3. = 8, = 10. . (47, 3, 28), 8 mod 47 = 28.

17. 178 mod 47 4.
2810 mod 47 4. ,
, 4. 3 mod 47 = 28, , .
,
: (47, 3, 28),
, , ?
. , ,
, . 8.34. , , z.
1.
2, g (
), z . 3. 4,
.
.
: g" mod . ( ). g" mod n,
( ). , , , ,
, , ( ) . .
, , .
, ,
.
.

894

8.

\,,* mod n
, , gz mod n
gz mod n
mod n
. 8.34.

, . , , .
, . , , ,
.
(KDC, key distribution center). , KDC-. KDC-.
,
KDC-, . 8.35.
>

(A K s )

, (, K s )

KDC

. 8.35. KDC-

, , : , Ks,
KDC-, Ks.
,
.

. , , . , . , ,
.

895

. KDC , 1 ,
. , , 2
KDC, .
, . , ,
. . , ,
. , . .
. 2 (. . 8.35) , .
. :
, . , .
.
, , , .
.
. .
. , ,
- . ,
.
, ( ,
).
, . , . ,
, .
,
, , .
. (NeedhamSchroeder, 1978),

. 8.36.
, KDC-,
. RA. 2, ,
, . RA , , 2 ,

896

8.

. 2 , () 1, KDC- 2 ( ) . ,
, , - , 2
.

, , R, (, , R, R A )
A, (,, R, R A )
B, (, , R, RB)

(, K S )

, ,

< (R A , , K s , ( KS)) |-

*:

Q
3

(A, K s ), K S (RA2)

( , K )
S

. 8.37. ( )

897

1 ).RB
Ks(/?.,
~2

KS(RB-1)
. 8.36.

RA2, Ks. 4 KS(RA2-1),

, . KS(RA2) , 3.
4, ,
. RA2 Ks(RA2-i)
. 5 ,
.

, .
, , , . - Ks,
, 3 , (Denning Sacco, 1981). ,
.
,
(Needham Shroeder, 1987). (Otway)
(Rees) , . . 8.37 .

: R, ,
RA, .
, . , , , .
, R . ,
R 1 2. R , KDC- , ,
. Ks , .
,
KDC-, .
.
, Ks, .

Kerberos
Kerberos, .
( . . .),
. , .
Kerberos .
. . V4
, .

898

8.

, V5. . (Steiner ., 1988).

Kerberos, () ,
:
(AS, Authentication Server): ;
+ (TGS, Ticket Granting Server): , ;
, , .
AS KDC
, . TGS ,
, ,
.
, .
,
. 8.38. AS
KTGS(A, Ks) TGS. ,
. 2 . ,
2,
TGS. .
, , ,
2 .

<
<

( K S , KTGS (A K s ))

K T G S {A, Ks), , Ks (t)

<

Ks (, ) , (. )
( ),

((+1)

LD

. 8.38. Kerberos V4

,
, .

899

3 .
KTGS(A, Ks), TGS- .
, . . Ks, .
, .
3
, t, .
, Ks, . 3, , , , 4,
.
. . 6, , , , .
,
, . ,
, (Carol, ),
, ,
( ). TGC-
, , .
, .
, ,
. . , . , . , .
Kerberos ,
, , .
, ,
TGS- , TGS- . TGS- TGS- ( , ), TGS-
, TGS-.
TGS- .

900

8.

, , , , TGS- .
Kerberos V5
. , OSI ASN.1
. . Kerberos V5 ,
. ,
, Kerberos
DES, V4, .

. .
PKI , , , 1 . 8.39. , 2,
.509 . ,
.

(A, RA)
EA(RA,RB,KS)\

Ks (RB)

. 8.39.

, ,
, , , ( 4).
( 5). ,
RA, RB Ks.
.
6 .
, RA, : ,
, . , RA -

901

. ,
7. RB, , , , 6 RA.
- ?
3 ,
RA, , . 7, RB Ks, ,
. .

. . ,
. , , , , : , , .
.
PGP, : S/MIME. . (Kaufman ., 2002; Schneier, 1995).

PGP
, PGP (Pretty Good Privacy
), ,
(Phil Zimmermann, 1995a, 1995b). , : ,
, . 1991
PGP , , , .
. , , , .
, ()
, UNIX, Linux, Windows Mac OS, PGP .
PGP IDEA (International Data
Encryption Algorithm ), -

902

8.

128- . , DES , a AES . IDEA DES/AES: ,

DES AES.
RSA, MD5. .
PGP (Levy, 1993). ,
, ,
. ,
. -,
PGP , ,
( , ,
). -, ,
, -, , , , , , .
: .
.
, , , . , -
, 5 .
, - PGP
( ,
, ) ,
: . .
, PGP, . RSA, RSA
Security, , RSA PGP . 2.6. , RSA PGP IDEA,
.
PGP , , . -
,
, PGP
. ,
( , , AES,
), RSA 2000 , PGP, .
PGP,

903

. , Open PGP, RFC 2440. GNU Privacy Guard.

PGP , . ,
- ,
.
, .
PGP , ,
.
, . ,
base64. , . , .
, PGP, . 8.40.

. (Dx) (DY) RSA-. , . .
^ : IDEA
^-v
(X) :

RSA- ,
/

RSA- ,

ASCII-

.Z,

IDEA,
.

. 8.40. PGP

, PGP.
PGP MD5,
- RSA- DA.
, -
. -
, MD5
- (- ).

904

8.

-
\, ZIP, (ZivLempel, 1977).
P1.Z.
PGP .
128- IDEA
, . ( PGP-
, ,
.) P1.Z IDEA . ,
, .
Base64, 7,
MIME. , +, * =, , RFC 822, ,
.
, Base64 IDEA- RSA-. IDEA P1.Z. zip-,
-
. MD5 -, ,
.
, RSA : 128- 5- 128- IDEA-.
RSA , 256 ,
. , 256 , , . IDEA, , RSA. , PGP ,
, , , . 8.16.
PGP RSA. . :
1. (384 ):
.
2. (512 ): ,
.
3. (1024 ): .
4. (2048 ):
.
RSA , ,
2048 .

905

PGP- . 8.41. : , . , IDEA-, , .

Base64

CD

>3

, IDEA

!uf

MD5

. 8 . 4 1 . PGP-

, .
, , -, . ( , ,
MD6 RSA2, ).
-.
, , , ,
, , .
PGP ,
. : ( ). , .
, , , . - .
, , . 64 . .

gO6

8.

(
), .
. , .
, 64- , .
, , . ,
(BBS). . ,
.
,
, ,
. , .
, , PGP PKI.
, . .509 PGP
PGP
. PGP .509.

PGP, , (Privacy Enhanced Mail )
RFC: RFC 1421
RFC 1424. , PGP: RFC 822. , PGP .
, ,
, ,
, , . MD2 MD5 - .
- DES. 56- , , . base64
.
PGP, , . RSA,
DES EDE.

907

, PGP.
.509 ,
. , ,
.
:
. , , : ,
? ,
- . RSA Security,
. . ,
, RSA ( ). ,
RSA Security, .
, .

S/MIME
IETF S/MIME (Secure/MIME
MIME). RFC 2632 2643. ,
, , . , . , S/MIME MIME , .
MIME, , .
IETF - . S/MIME
, .
.
, ,
. S/MIME
, , . RFC.

,
, . ,
. : -

908

8.

. WWW , . , .
. .
. , , -
.
.

. .
, . -,
,
.
( (hacker) , , . .
(cracker).) , ,
, Yahoo!, , , , New York
Times.
- ( ) , .
.
( , DoS), . ,
( DoS, DDoS). , . , .
1999 Hotmail ( Microsoft) , .
19- ,
, 300 000 .
, 100 000 , . , , .
23-
-,
Emulex . -

909

Emulex 60 %,
2 . ,
.
, , ,
, .
,
. . , , . (Anderson,
2001; Garfinkel Spafford, 2002; Schneier, 2000).
.

- . , -
. URL, . ? , , , .
, . ,
. GET , ,
. . ,
,
. ,
( ),
.
,
. , (
). , , ,
, . .

DNS
, DNS (, ,
DNS ) IP- (,
36.1.2.3) IP- (, 42.9.9.9). . ,
, . 8.42, : 1) DNS IP- ; 2) ; 3)
; 4) . IP- , , . 8.42, .
IP- , IP-
, , , , , . , .
DNS. , ,
.

8.

910

DNS

DNS

-
(36.1.2.3)

1. IP-
2. 36.1.2.3 (IP- )
3. GET index.HTML
4.

-
()
42.9.9.9

1. IP-
2. 42.9.9.9 (IP- )
3. GET index.HTML
4.

. 8.42. (); DNS ,

()

DNS? . , : DNS-
. , DNS UDP, ,
. ,
IP DNS-. , - , bob.com.
, ,
, ( ).
,
IP- bob.com. , ,
, (.com). , , IP- bob.com 42.9.9.9. , .
, , , , .
IP- DNS. , IP-, .
, . -,
- .
. , ,
.
-, DNS- , , .

911

, .
, , trudy-the-intruder.com.
, IP- 42.9.9.9. DNS : dns.trudy-the-intruder.com. IP-
(42.9.9.9), .
DNS- . . , , foobar.trudy-theintruder.com,
, .com, , .
, dns.trudy-the-intruder.com , .
www.trudy-the-intruder.com, DNS- . -
. :
,
: bob.com: 42.9.9.9.
.
, , , . . ,
.
; , , , .
IP- bob.com , 42.9.9.9.
, , , . . 8.43. , DNS. .

DNS-
com

\
\ \

. 8.43.

912

8.

DNS
, DNS- , . , , . , DNS ,
,
, , , . ; -
. , , , 1994 IETF , DNS.
DNSsec ( DNS); RFC 2535. , DNSsec , DNS- .
DNSsec . . DNS ( . 7.2)
, , . , DNS-, ,
.
DNSsec :
1. .
2. .
3. .
, , .
. . : , , DNS . DNSsec ,
, ,
,
. , .
.
DNS , RRSet (Resource Record
Set ). , . , ,
DNS IP-. ( ).
RRSet (, MD-5 SHA-1). (, RSA).
RRSet.
, ,

913

. ,
. RRSet ,
, , .
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1, . IPsec ( ).
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, , KEY.
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. , .
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.
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- . ,
-, , RRSet.
, - . , .

, .
,
DNS. - .
RRSet, ,
. . , .

(, IPsec).
, . ,
DNS RRSet bob.com,
IP- KEY . RRSet

912

8.

DNS
, DNS- , . , , . , DNS ,
,
, , , . ; -
. , , , 1994 IETF , DNS.
DNSsec ( DNS); RFC 2535. , DNSsec , DNS- .
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, , . , DNS-, ,
.
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1. .
2. .
3. .
, , .
. . : , , DNS . DNSsec ,
, ,
,
. , .
.
DNS , RRSet (Resource Record
Set ). , . , ,
DNS IP-. ( ).
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, ,

913

. ,
. RRSet ,
, , .
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KEY. , , , , . . .509 - .
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1, . IPsec ( ).
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, , KEY.
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. , .
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.
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- . ,
-, , RRSet.
, - . , .

, .
,
DNS. - .
RRSet, ,
. . , .

(, IPsec).
, . ,
DNS RRSet bob.com,
IP- KEY . RRSet

914

8.

(com),
. RRSet . 8.4.
8.4. RRSet bob.com. KEY
. SIG KEY,
(com)

bob.com
bob.com
bob.com

86400

IN

36.1.2.3

86400
86400

IN

KEY

3682793A7B73F731029CE2737D...

IN

SIG

86947503A8B848F5272E53930C...

, , DNS- IP- www.bob.com. RRSet

,
. -
RRSet , ,
SIG .
, DNSsec
, , . 8.43. () , .
(
com), .
, , ,
.
DNSsec . ,
(, .509) CERT.
? , DNS
PKI. , .
DNSsec.
RFC 2535.

DNS .
(Mazi res ., 1999). ,
, DNS, PKI. , . , -,
( ,
). , - ,

915

, .
, - :
. , URL
. , . 8.44 URL
. http://,
(www.bob.com). , 32- . . , URL. URL.

SHA-1 ( ,
)

http://www.bob.com:2g5hd8bfjkc7mf6hg8dany23xds4pe6/photos/bob.jpg
. 8.44. URL,

: ? () DNS-
SHA-1, 160 . - 32 . 1 1 . 32 , 5-
. 32 5 = 160
SHA-1. , -.
.
,
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( ) , , , . 8.44.
- .
-. 32- URL,
, .
, ,

SHA-1. .
,
.
.
, AES- ,
.
. ,
, AES. ,
. , AES-

916

8.

, .
( -). ,
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.
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. , AES-, . , , DNS, DoS ( ).

SSL
, , . . , .
- , . , , , . .
1995 , Netscape Communications, SSL (Secure Sockets Layer ). -

917

, ,
( Internet Explorer), SSL .
, SSL , :
;
;
;
.
, .
SSL . 8.45.
,
, TCP . SSL
. SSL
HTTP, HTTPS (Secure HTTP HTTP)
, HTTP. , :
, (443) (80). , SSL -, .
(HTTP)
(SSL)
(TCP)
(IP)
()
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SSL.
3, . SSL , , , , . , , ,

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8,

, .
40 , . Netscape ,
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, ,

919

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.
. 2 ,
, . 8.12. RC4 128- , 88
, .
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SSL,
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&

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, . 8.47. , , 16 . ,
. ,
( MD5). MAC (Message Authetication Code ). MAC
( 2
RC4). , , -.
: ,
RC4 , , SSL RC4 (Fluhrer ., 2001). , ,

920

8.

DES 168- SHA-1 ,

, RC4 + MD5.

921

.
, . , .

Java-

Java- Java,
JVM (Java Virtual
Machine Java).
- . JVM , . 8.48.

MAC

OxFFFFFFFF

. 8.47. SSL

SSL : , ,
.
1996 Netscape Communications SSL IETF. TLS (Transport Layer Security ). RFC 2246.
SSL TLS ,
, SSL 3 TLS . , . TLS
SSL 3.1. 1999 ,
, TLS SSL, , TLS . RC4, , .

, , , .
, , . - HTML-
. - : Java-, ActiveX, JavaScript. , ,

!'*''**'

Web-

. 8 . 4 8 . -

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. , . , . ,
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(, ), , .
, , .
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ActiveX
ActiveX ,
Pentium, -.

922

8.

, , . ,
, , , ,
. ,
, .
Microsoft , . , ActiveX , ,
. , , ,
. ,
, . ,
, ,
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Authenticode.
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, .
, , ,
.
, .
. ,
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,
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ActiveX).
,
. ,
, . ActiveX, - . , . ,
,
.
, . ,
. - ,
(Garfinkel Spafford, 2002). , , .

923

JavaScript
JavaScript - , . - . ,
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, - .

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,
, .
: ,
. ,
.
(Anderson, 2001; Garfinkel Spafford, 2002; Schneier, 2000). . -

924

8.

(privacy
), (censorship) (copyright).

925

. , .
, , - Electronic Frontier (www.eff.org).

? .
, . , . ,
200 , , .
? , . XVIII
, , , , , .
, , . , ,
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,
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. 1993
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1536 ).
- . ,
,
(
), . , .

926

8.

, (cypherpunk remailer), .
RFC 822 (, From), . RFC 822, ,
. , ,
.
, , , . 8.49.
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). 3 ( ). ,
2 3 .
. 2, 2 ( ), , 2.
1 2. 1, Ev , , .
.

. 8.49.

1, . 2. .
,
, . , - -

927

, , , , ,
, , , . , ,
(Mazi res Kaashoek, 1998).
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, .
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- :
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3. .
4. , .
5. , ,
. .
, .
. ,
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breast ( , ). . , : , , ,

928

8.

12-
. ?
, . .
, , . ,
2000 , Yahoo, ,
,
,
. Yahoo ,
, ,
, .
, , -
, , , , ?
, ,
.
? , ? ,
.
(John Gilmore): .
(Anderson, 1996).
,
, .
, ,
. ,
, .
? , - , , .
,
. 10 ,
, , . , ,
, . , , , -
.

929

.
,
. ,
, , . .
Freenet (Clarke ., 2002), PASIS (Wylie .,
2000) Publius (Waldman ., 2000). (, 2002).
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, . . ,
,
, , ,
, (Anderson, 2002). , .

, , , . , ,
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, , , . ,
, . , , . , .
.
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, ,
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. 8.50, . ,
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. , . 8.50, : ,
, ,
700 .

8.

. 8.50. (); ,
()

? . 1024x768 .
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. , : ,
. 1024-768-3 , 294 912
.

734 891 . 274 .
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. , 21- , 24- .
- , . 8.50, , .
. 8.50, ,
- .
, (, , , - . .). , . ,
,
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, . , :
,
.

931

,
. .
.
, HTML .
,
. , . -
, . .
(Piva ., 2002).
(Artz, 2001;
Johnson Jajoda, 1998; Katzenbeisser Petitcolas, 2000; Wayner, 2002).

, .
. , , , , , , , , , . . ,
50 (75
).
, , .
, , Gutenberg (www.promo.net/pg)
, ( , , ). 1998
20 , ,
. ,
20 , .
,
Napster, ,
50 . , Napster , ,
. , , . -, , ( ,
, ), .

932

8.

, , (, , , ( ) . .). , -
. ,
( ADSL ). ,
, . -
. , , ,
.
. , .
, , , (
, , , , , ).
? ,
, ,
? , ,
, , , , , ?
, .
.
, , . 1998
(DCMA
Digital Millenium Copyright Act), , , ,
, .
. ,
- , , , ,
.
. 2000 , ,
, , ( ,
). (Edward Felten)
, , . , , -

933

. USENIX,
. . , DCMA.
, , , , . , ,
, . ,
. , , , , . ,
, - (Craver ., 2001). ,
.
,
. , , ,
, (, )
, - . ,
? : 1) ; 2) ; 3) . DMCA , , ,
. , DMCA
,
. .
,
DMCA, ( Trusted Computing Platform Alliance).
Intel Microsoft. , (, ) .
, . ,
. , ,
, ,
,
, , ,
.

934

8.

,
. : ,
, ,
- . ,
,
.

,
, .
,
, ,
. , . ,
,

.
: . ,
.
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, ,
. . RSA, .
, .
,
, . MD5 SHA-1 - ,
, ,
-.
, ,
. -, ,
.
( ) ,
.

935

. IPsec, , . , , .

, . , ,
WEP 802.11. 802.Hi.
, , . , , , , , .
, . PGP,
, , IDEA. IDEA
. ,
- .
, .
,
. DNSsec DNS-, . , , SSL.
, , ,
() .
, . : , .

1. , . , ,
.
kfd ktbd fzm eubd kfd pzyiom mztx ku kzyg ur bzha kfthcm
ur mfudm zhx mftnm zhx mdzythc pzq ur ezsszcdm zhx gthcm
zhx pfa kfd mdz tm sutythc fuk zhx pfdkfdi ntcm fzid pthcm
sok pztk z stk kfd uamkdim eitdx sdruid pd fzid uoi efzk
rui mubd ur om zid uok ur sidzkf zhx zyy ur om zid rzk
hu foiia mztx kfd ezindhkdi kfda kfzhgdx ftb boef rui kfzk
2. .
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936

8.

.
( ).
.
aauan cvire rurnn dltme aeepb ytust iceat npnoey iicgo gorch crsoc nntii imiha oofpa
gsivt tpsit lbolr otoex
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,
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. . .
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, , -, S-?
8. DES, ,
ASCII-, , , , , . , , .
9. , , , 1 1 ,
1010 128- AES. , 1024 1 , 1015 . ,
,
18 , , ?
10. AES 256 .
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937

, , ? ,
.
11. , DES
.
0 1. ?
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.
?
13. , .
?
14. RSA, = 1, = 2 . .;
1) d = 7 q = 11;
2) , = 13, q = 31 d = 7;
3) = 5, q = 11 d = 27 abcdefghij.
15. , ,
RSA (d 1, 1) RSA ( 2, 2) , . , dl = e2unl = n2. ? .
16. , . 8.13, , 0.
?
17. , . 8.15, . - , . ,
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18. . 8.17 , . , . , ,
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938

8.

939

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- .

,
128 . -
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20. 20 . , ,
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(. . 8.20). , ,
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-, , ,
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. , X , X. , , ?
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26. RSA SHA-1?
27. , . , . ,
?
28. WEP- . 8.27. , 32-
, 2
32- . , RC4 -

29. , .
, , ,
, - ?
30. , . 8.30, ,
. .
31. -. (719, 3, 191). (543).
= 16. ?
32. ,
, , . ,
.
33. , . 8.35, ?
34. , . 8.35, ,
32 . ,
, . ?
35. (NeedhamSchroeder)
, RA i?A2. He ?
36. ,
Kerberos. ?
37. , . 8.39,
7 RB Ks.
? .
38. , PIN-, : - ,
, , PIN-,
() . , .
, -.

940

8.

39. , PGP .
40. , PGP.
PGP- -
, ? .
41. , . 8.43, . , , . , ?
42. DNS-
( ,
). .
43. SSL . ( - )?
44. . 8.50, ASCII- (
). , , ? , ? , ?
45. .
alt.fanclub.alice, , ,
. ,
,
. ,

. , .
46. - , , .
47.
, .
48. ,
2 . . ,
( ).
: , .
49. SHA-1 . :
20- . SHA-1,
FIPS 180-1, .

, . , - .
, .

,
. ,
, : IEEE Transactions on Communications,
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications Computer Communication
Review. .
, IEEE : IEEE Internet Computing, IEEE Network Magazine IEEE

Communications Magazine , , . , ,
IEEE Communications Magazine (, . .).
, , , , SIGCOMM, The

942

9.

943

International Conference on Distributed Computer Systems The Symposium on Operating Systems Principles.
, . . .

Kwok, A Vision for Residential Broadband Service ,

Microsoft 1995 , . .
, ,
. .

Naughton, A Brief History of the Future - ?

, .
. , , (,
, AT&T ,
) .

st

., Wireless Mobile Communications at the Start of the 21 Century

, . . , , , , .
Comer, The Internet Book ,
. , , , . , .
Garber, Will 3G Really Be the Next Big Wireless Technology? , , 2 /.
. , ,
, , ,
.
IEEE Internet Computing, Jan.-Feb. 2000 IEEE Internet Computing , : , , ,
. , (Paul Baran), (Lawrence Roberts), (Leonard Kleinrock), (Stephen Crocker), (Danny Cohen), (Bob
Metcalfe), (Bill Gates), (Billy Joy) . 500 .
Kipnis, Beating the System: Abuses of the Standards Adoption Process , , , . , ,
, ,
. , .
Kyas Crawford, ATM Networks ATM - ,
. ATM, ATM IP.

Perkins, Mobile Networking in the Internet

, , .
Teger Waks, End-User Perspectives on Home Networking
. ( ), , , ,
. .
Varshney Vetter, Emerging Mobile and Wireless Networks , . , , , .
Wetteroth, OSI Reference Model for Telecommunications ,
OSI ,
.
OSI, ( ) . , .

Abramson, Internet Access Using VSATs
, . , ,
. ALOHA , VSAT.

944

9.

Alkhatib ., Wireless Data Networks: Reaching the Extra Mile

( ) , .
Azzam Ransom, Broadband Access Technologies , , ADSL, , .
, , .
, , ,
, , .
Bellamy, Digital Telephony ,
- , . , , , , DSL.
Berezdivin ., Next-Generation Wireless Communications Concepts and
Technologies , . , IP, , , .
, , . ,
1995 .
Dutta-Roy, An Overview of Cable Modem Technology and Market Perspectives , , .
.
, , ,
DOCSIS.
Farserotu Prasad, A Survey of Future Broadband Multimedia Sattelite Systems, Issues, and Trends , Astrolink, Cyberstar, Spaceway, Skybridge, Teledisc
iSky. . ,
. .
Li, Sattelite-Based Internet: A Tutorial . , , .
.

945

Joel, Telecommunications and the IEEE Communications Society

, , 802.11. , , , , , , ATM, ,
, , , ,
, ARPANET , , .
Metcalfe, Computer/Network Interface Design: Lessons from Arpanet & Ethernet ,
, - ?
Ethernet , . , , .
Palais, Fiber Optic Communications, 3- ,
. , , , , , .
Pandya, Emerging Mobile and Personal Communication Systems
.
70 , .
Sarikaya, Packet Mode in Wireless Networks: Overview of Transition to Third
Generation
. , , . GPRS, IS-95B, WCDMA CDMA2000.

Carlson, PPP Design, Implementation and Debugging, 2-
, ,
() (), .
, , ,
ANU -2.3.
Gravano, Introduction to Error Control Codes ,
. , , ,
. , , ,
.

946

9.

Holtzman, Design and Validation of Computer Protocols , ( ), . , .

Miller Cummins, LAN Technologies Explained , ?

, FDDI , , Ethernet.
,
,
( SONET).

Peterson Davie, Computer Networks: A System Approach 2

, , , , , IEEE 802.

Perlman, Interconnections, 2-
, . , IEEE 802, ,
, .

Stallings, Data and Computer Communications 7 , ,

. HDLC.

Bhagwat, Bluetooth: Technology for Short-Range Wireless Apps
Bluetooth. , , , , .
Bisdikian, An Overview of the Bluetooth Wireless Technology , ,
Bluetooth. , , .
Crow ., IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks 802.11, .
(-). , .
802.11 .
Eklund ., IEEE Standard 802.16: A Technical Overview of the Wireless
MAN Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access , IEEE 2002 ( 802.16), ,
. , .
, 802.11: Leaving the Wire Behind 802.11
, .
Kleinrock, On Some Principles of Nomadic Computing and Multi-Access Communications , .
, , . .

947

"

Webb, Broadband Fixed Wireless Access , . ? :

, , ,
, - .
, . ,
(?), ,
TDD FDD, ,
.

Bhatti Crowcroft, QpS Sensitive Flows: Issues in IP Packet Handling

. .
Chakrabarti, QoS Issues in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks , , , , . ,
.
.
Comer, Internetworking with TCP/IP, 1, 4-
TCP/IP. 4- 11- IP . ,
, .
Hiutema, Routing in the Internet , . (, RIP, CIDR MBONE),

948

9.

(OSPF, IGRP, EGP BGP).

, , IP- .
Malhotra, IP Routing IP-. - RIP, RIP-2, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF BGP-4.
Metz, Differentiated Services
.
. , , .
Metz, IP routers: New Tool for Gigabit Networking , , 5 , . , .
.
,
.
Nemeth ., UNIX System Administration Handbook , 13 . , , ,
.
Perkins, Mobile Networking through Mobile IP
, Mobile IP. .
Perlman, Interconnections: Bridges and Routers, 2- 12-
15- , , ,
. 18, . , .
Puzmanova, Routing and Switching: Time of Convergence? 1990-
, ,
. ( : ?), .
Royer Toh, A Review of Current Routing Protocols for Ad-Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks AODV, 5 , , . DSDV, CGSR, WRP, DSR, TORA, ABR, DRP

949

SRP. . , , :
- - .
Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, 1 3- 10-
IP (ARP, RARP ICMP), .
Streigel Manimaran, A Survey of QoS Multicasting Issues
, .
, , .
Yang Reddy, A Taxonomy for Congestion Control Algorithms in Packet Switching Networks .
, . 23
.

Comer, Internetworking with TCP/IP, 1, 4-
, TCP/IP. 12 UDP, 13 TCP.
Hall Cerf, Internet Core Protocols: The Definitive Guide
TCP, . , Cerf, - TCP. 7 TCP, ,
,
.
UDP, IGMP, ICMP ARP.
Kurose Ross, Computer Networking: A -Down Approach Featuring the
Internet
UDP TCP. , 3 .
Mogul, IP Network Performance , TCP .
.
Peterson Davie, Computer Networks: A System Approach 5 UDP, TCP .
.

g50

9.

Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, 1 17- 24- TCP, .

Begholz, Extending Your Markup: An XML Tutorial XML .
Cardellini ., The State-of-the-Art in Locally Dustributed Web-Server
Systems
.
. .
Berners-Lee ., The World Wide Web
, , CERN. , (URL),
HTTP, HTML, .
.
Choudbury ., Copyright Protection for Electronic Publishing on Computer
Networks
. , , , . , .
Collins, Carrier Grade Voice over IP Varsh . IP .323, .
, , , -, .
Davidson, A Web Chaching Primer . , -,
.
Krishnamurthy Redfox, Web Protocols and Practice
, . , , , , . , ,
, .
Rabinovich Spatscheck, Web Caching and Replication
.
, , ,
.

951

Shahabi ., Yima: A Second-Generation Continuous Media Server

, , , .
.
.
Tittel ., Mastering XHTML ,
-, .
, XHTML, HTML.
, ,
XHTML 1.0.
Varshney ., Voice over IP IP? ? , .

Anderson, R., Why Cryptosystems Fail ,
, ,
DES . (
, PIN)
( PIN). : ,
.
Anderson, Security Engineering , 600- .
, Secrets and Lies, , Network Security
(. ). ,
, , ,
, , , , , ,
. ,
.
Brands, Rethinking Public Key Infrastructures and Digital Certificates

, ,
. , , , , ,
. , , PKI
.

952

9.

Kaufman ., Network Security, 2-

,

. , , Kerberos, PKI,
IPsec, SSL/TLS . . 26,
, .
. ,
.
Pohlmann, Firewall Systems . ,
. , , ,
.
Schneier, Applied Cryptography, 2-
:
. , . 1600
.
, .
Schneier, Secrets and Lies Applied Cryptography , .
Secrets and Lies (
), , .
, .
, , ,
. . , .
Skoudis, Counter Hack ? ,
. ; ,

, . , , .

Abramson, N:. Internet Access Using VSATs, IEEE Commun. Magazine, vol. 38,
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Abramson, N:. Development of the ALOHANET, IEEE Trans, on Information Theory, vol. IT-31, pp. 119-123, March 1985.

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Adams, M., and Dulchinos, D:. OpenCable, IEEE Commun Magazine vol 39
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'
'
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10Base2, 318
10Base5, 317
lOBase-F, 320
10Base-T, 319
3G,
, 204
64- , 679
802.16, , 171
802.3, 331
802.3z, 334

AAL-SAP, ATM, 564

AAL-, ATM, 90
ACM, 27
ActiveX, , 921
ADCCP, 276
ADSL, 163, 801
AES, 837
ALOHA, 296
, 298
, 296
ALOHANET, 93
American National Standards Institute, 102
AMPS, , 189
ANSI, 102
ANSNET, 81
AODV, , 434
ARPA, 76
ARPANET, 66, 75, 104, 414, 648, 659, 669
ARP-, 518
ASCII armor, 679
ASP, 730

ATM, 88
, 89
, 89
, 91
, 91
, 90
-, 90
SAR-, 92
-, 92

PMD, 92
, 91

, , 92
,
CS, 92
(AAL), 90
, 90
, 89
-, 90
Authenticode, 922

base64, 679
84, 826
BBN, 77
Bell Operating Company, 153
Bell System, 151
Bluetooth, 44, 362
, 362
, 362
, 364
, 362
, 368
ACL, 368

972

Bluetooth ()
SCO, 368
, 365
, 367
BNC-, 318
, 519
broadcast network, 37
-, 794

Domain Name Service, 68

Domain Name System, 79
DoS, 879
DS1, 175
DSL, , 163
DSLAM,
DSL, 167
DSS, 856

Carnivore,
, 36
CAS, 176
CCITT, 100, 173
CCS, , 176
CD, 103
CDMA, , 198
CDMA2000, 205
CDN, , 745
cell, 43
CGI, 727
cHTML, 754
CLEC, 168
Committee Draft, 103
common carrier, 99
cookie-, 709
, 710
, 710
CRC-, 237
CSMA/CA, , 345
CS-, ATM, 92

El, 176
EDGE, 205
e-mail, 668
ESMTP, 686
Ethernet, 39

, 318
BNC-, 318
, 92

10Base2, 318
10Base5, 317
10Base-T, 319
, 329
, 94
, 326
, 330

DCMA, 932
DDoS, 879
DEC, 26
DES, 834
, 835
, 836
DHTML, 730
distributed system, 22
DIX, , 94
DMT,
, 165
DNS, 68, 79, 516, 533, 658
, 664
DNSsec, 912
DOCSIS, 211

FCC, 138
FDD,
, 357
FDDI, 330
FDM, 171
, 173
, 173
, 173
Frame Relay, 88
FTP, 514
FTTC, 801
FTTH, 801

G.992.2 (G.lite), ADSL , 168

Gates, Bill, 147
Globalstar, 147
Gopher, 707
GPS, 145

H.245, 775
H.323, 774
, 775
, 775
, 775
, 775
HDLC, 276
HDTV, 784
HFC, 801
Honeywell DDP-316, 77
HR-DSSS, , 344
HTML, 712
cHTML, 754
XHTML, 726
, 713
, 713
, 717
, 717
, 717
, 718
, 713
, 719
HTTP, 66, 735
, 738
, 738
, 736
, 736
HTTPS, 917

I
IAB, 104
IBM, 73, 81, 99, 121, 276, 834-836
IBM PC-RT, 81
IEEE, 27, 103
IEEE 802.11,
, 45
IEEE 802.2
LLC, 339
IEEE 802.3
, 329
IETF, 105
IETF,
, 105
ILEC, 168
, 690
i-mode
-, 752
, 753

973

IMP, ARPANET, 77
IMT-2000, 204
IMTS, , 189
inetd, -, 608
Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, 103
Interface Message Processor, 77
International Organization for
Standardization, 102
International Standard, 103
Internet Engineering Task
Force Internet, 105
Internet Protocol, 67
Internet Research Task Force, 105
Internet Society, 105
IP, 497
IPsec, 872
HMAC, 875
ISAKMP, 873
ESP, 875
, 873
, 872
, 873
, 873
IPv4, 498
IPv6, 532
, 538
, 537
, 534
, 539
IP-, 501
IP-, 67
Iridium, 145
IRTF, 105
IS, 103
ISM, 137
ISO, 62, 102
ITU, 787
ITU-D, 100
ITU-R, 100, 136
ITU-T, 100
IXC, 154
I-, 792

J
JPEG, 787
JSP, 730
JVM, 734

974

Kerberos, 897

L
LATA, 154
LDAP, 668
LEC, 154
LMDS, 169
LSI-11, 80
LTP, 753

MACAW, 316
mailto, 707
MBone, 803
McCaw, Craig, 147
MD5, 858
metropolitan area network, 40
MIME, 677, 678
MMDS, 169
Mosaic, 694
MOSPF, 806
Motorola, 145
MP3, 764
MPEG
-, 794
I-, 792
MPEG-1, 791
MPEG-2, 794
-, 793
, 793
MPLS, 479
, 480
, 480
, 480
MSC, 190
MTSO, 190
MTU, 610

N
NAK, 260
NAP, , 81
NAT
NAT-, 511
, 513
Network Access Point, 81
NIST, 103

NPL,
, 77
NREN, 81
NSAP, 564
NSF,
, 80
NSFNET, 80
NTSC, 784
NTT DoCoMo, 750

, , 181
OFDM, , 344
ONU, 801
OSI, , 62

packet-switched, 43
PAL, 784
PCM, - , 175
, 906
PGP, 901
, 728
Physical Medium Dependent sublayer, 92
piggybacking, 252
PIM, 806
plug-in, 698
PMD-, ATM, 92
POP, 154
POP3, 687
POTS,
, 165
, 281
primitive, 58
-, 793

quoted-printable, 679

RAID, 799
RFC, 105
RFC 1034, 659
RFC 1035, 659
RFC 1112,529
RFC 1341, 678

RFC 1421, 906

RFC 1422, 906
RFC 1423, 906
RFC 1424, 906
RFC 1550, 533
RFC 1661, 281, 284
RFC 1662, 281
RFC 1663, 281, 283
RFC 1700, 500
RFC 1939, 687
RFC 2045, 679
RFC 2045 - 2049, 678
RFC 2060, 690
RFC 2328, 521
RFC 3194, 536
RFC 821, 669, 675
RFC 822, 669-670, 675-678,
681, 735, 904, 906
RFC 826, 517
RFC 903, 519
Rijndael, 839
router, 42
RSA, 850
RTP, , 603
RTSP, , 768

S/MIME, 907
SAR-, ATM, 92
SDH, 179
SDLC-, 276
SECAM, 784
Segmentation And Reassembly sublayer, 92
SHA, 859
SIP, 778
SMS, 751
SMTP, 683
SOAP, 726
SONET, , 179
SSL, , 916
store-and-forward, 43
STS-1, 180

/, 632
1, 175
tariff, 99

975

, , 161
TCP, 610, 614, 629
SCTP, 633
, 627
, 629
, 621
, 629
, 623
, 611
, 608
, 608
, 608
, 512
, 512
, 616
, 610
, 621
, 609
, /, 632
, 619
, 614
, 626
, 615
TCP/IP
, 66
-, ATM, 92
TDD,
, 357
TDM, 171
Teledesic, 147
Telnet, 708
TLS, , 920
TPDU-, 555
trailer, 53
Transmission Control Protocol, 67
Transmission Convergence, 92
TSAP,
, 564

UDP, 598
UDP-, 68
UHF, 131
unshielded twisted pair, 121
URL, 697, 705
URN, , 708
User Data Protocol, 68
UTP, , 121

976

V
V.32 bis, 161
V.34, 161
V.34 bis, 161
V.90, 163
VHF, 131
VHF , 134
VLF, 134
VLF , 134
VSAT, 143

w
W3C, WWW, 694
WAN, 42
WAP, 33, 748
WDP, 749
WML, 749
, 749
W-CDMA, CDMA, 204
WEP,
, 350
wide area network, 42
WiFi, 802.11, 96
World Wide Web, 22
WWW, 83, 693

X
X.25, 87
, 87
X.400, 670
X.509, 866
Xerox, 93
XHTML, 726
XML, 722
XSL, 723

, 250
, 491, 497
, DNS, 666
, 931
, 670, 672

, 836
, 408

, 309

, 564
, 55
, 127

AODV, 434
RC4, 882
RSA, 850
SHA, 859
, 406
, 627
, 463
, 625
, 629
, 790
, 465
, 406, 44
, 621
, 376
, 849, 852
, 471
, 472

, 137
, 136
, 137
, 403

, 933
, 158
- , 161
, 53, 271
, 873
, 115
-
, 762
, 71
, 924
, 84
, 52

, 801

, 861
, 895
, 893
, 893

, , 761
, 886, 887
KDC-, 894
Kerberos, 897
, 895
, 897
, 900

, 173
, , 343

Authenticode, 922
DNSsec, 912
IPsec, 872
S/MIME, 907
SSL, 916
TLS, 920
WEP, 881
X.509, 866
, 925
DDoS, 879
DoS, 879
Bluetooth, 884
, 881
, 907
, 871
, 914
, 909
, 920
, 921
URL, 915
, 864
, 863
, 814
, 372
, WLL, 169

, 313

TCP, 629
, 529
, 430
, 130
, 341
802.11, 344
802.11b, 344
802.1 lg, 344
DSSS, , 343

977

{)
FHSS, , 343
NAV, 347
, 343
, 343
, 344

DIFS, 349
EIFS, 349
PIFS, 349
SIFS, 349
HR-DSSS, 344
OFDM, 344
, 347
, 343
CSMA/CA, 345
DCF, 345
PCF, 345
, 350
, 353
, 355

, 31
, 822
, 234
, 229
, 832, 834
(baud), 159
, 444
TCP, 623
, 452
, 451

, 450
, 462
, 456
, 446
, 454
, 452
, 453
, 456
, 876
, 877
, , 694
TPDU-, 644
Ethernet, 331
100Base-4T, 332
100Base-FX, 333
100Base-T2, 333

978

Ethernet ()
100Base-TX, 333
4/5,333
8/6, 333

-, 694
-, 927
, 843
, 270
, 782

, 782

, 783
, 783
, 784
, 783
, 795
, 796
, 800
, 796
, 798
Java, 921
, 879
, 385
, 402
, 405
ATM, 89
, 120, 121
3, 121
5, 121
, 121
, 121
, 744
, 431

, 491, 526
, 431
, 491
, 931
, 258
, 194
, 122
SONET, 179
, 123
, 123
, 123
, 122
, 125
, 173

- , 127
- , 125
, 583
, 582
, WWW, 83, 693
URL, 705
, 748
, 694
, 699
, 695
, 694, 698
, 698
, 742
, 744
HTML, 735
, 408
, 41
, 521
, 409
, 413
, 259
, RPC, 600
, 600
, 601
, 600

,276
, 770
, 22

, , 115
, 648
Ethernet, 334
8/10,337
, 336
, 336
, 695
, 694, 698
, 173
, 42
, , 343
, 105
,
IETF, 105
, 322

, 305

, 326
, 325
, TCP, 629
, 402
, 402
, 57
, 57

, 405
, 786
-, 177
, 430
IP-, 502
, 119,761
, 762
, 827
VHF, 134
,
POTS, 165
-, 727
ASP, 730
CGI, 727
JSP, 730
Perl, 728
PHP, 728
HTML, 730
HTML, 730
, HTML, 713
, 799
, 799
ALOHA, 299

, DMT, 165
, 125
-

, 177
, 848
, 130
ARP-, 531
, 933
, 660
, 660
, 162
, 462

979

, 53
, 672
, 738
, 242
, 738
, 861
, 797
, 412

, 97
, 662
, 625
, 819

IPsec, 872
, 172
, 914
, 744
, 889
, 819
, DNS, 666

, 424
, 50
, 797

, 154
, 318

, 103
, 472
, 931
-, 731
JavaScript, 731

, 734

IPv6, 532
IP-, 67
, 803
TCP, 607
, 84
, 693
, 82
, 521

980

()
, 521
, 521
, 496
, 528
IP, 529
, 105
, 503
, 564
IP, 497, 498
, 614
, 280
-
inetd, 608
-, 280
-
ARP, 516
, 531
BGP, 526
DVMRP, 804
FTP, 707
HTTP, 706, 735
ICMP, 515
IGMP, 529, 805
IP, 67, 497, 498
OSPF, 521
PIM, 806
PPP, 281
RARP, 519
SMTP, 683
TCP, 67, 607, 610, 683
UDP, 68
-, 771
-, 774
H.225, 776
H.245, 775
H.323, 774
Q.931, 776
RAS, , 776
SIP, 778
-, 66
, 49, 481
, 69
, 51

-, 126, 312
-, 126, 312
, 85
, 277

, 138
, 138
, 157
, 234

, 171

, 208
, 154, 207, 221
HFC, 208
, 207
, 207

CMTS, 211
, 211
DOCSIS, 211
, 212
-, 212
, 209
, 121
, 223
, 782
, 64
, 242
, 64
, 227
, 42
, 292
, 292
2, 178
, 178
, 222
,691
, TCP, 629
, 566
, 56, 458
MPLS, 479
, 463

, 471
, 472
, 477
, 470

, 475
, 472
, 480

()
, 479
, 465
, 475
, 470
,
RSVP, 472
, 467

, 461
, 476
, 468
, 469
, 461
,
QAM-64, 160
, 828
, 789
, 826
, 827
, 828
, 827
, 829
, 827
, , 140
, , 141
, 480
, 24
- , 24
, 887
, 819
, 845
, 121
, 818
, 343
, 233
, 344
, 175
, 786
, 178
, 790
, 233
, 233
- , , 175
, 200
, 647
SABM, 279
SNRM, 279

981

, 252
, 42
, 25
, 319, 329
, 190

, 182
, 182, 183, 185
, 184, 185
Ethernet, 329

, 150
, 22
, 23
, 258
, , 672
, 270, 595
WWW, 694
, 185
, 227, 237
, 27
, 318

, ICANN, 502
, 233
, 234
, 409
, 595
, 820, 848
, 821

, 821

, 821

, 821
, 821
, 814
IDEA, 901
-, 833
Rijndael, 839
RSA, 850
S-, 833
, 849
, 820
, 819
, 826
, 819

982

()
, 818
, 819
, 820
, 826
84, 826
, 832
, 842
, 818
, 818
AES, 837
DES, 834
, 820
TCP/IP, 73
, 742
, 742
, 744

, 46
IP-, 520
, 42
, 39
Ethernet, 39
, 292

, 42
, OSPF, 522
, 793
, , 93
, 610
, 321
, 95
, 465
, 95
, 601
, 42
, 56, 406
IS-IS, 423
, 408
, 414
, 490
, 491
, 491
, 434
AODV, , 434
, 438

()
, 435
, 437
, 409
, 412
, 424
, 424
, 428
, 430
, 408
, 501
, 407
, 414
, 427
, 470
OSPF, 521
, 417
, 407
, 408
, 414
, 426
, 426
, 505
, 126, 312

, 129
, 152

ISO, 62, 102

, 100

ITU, 787
, 103
ISO 3166, 660
ISO 8859-1, 714

, 529
, 66
, 152
, 151

, LEC, 154
, 153
, 481
, 440
, HTTP, 736
, , 480

, 135
, 138
, 234
, 100
, 22
, 428
, 38
, 428
, 528
OSPF, 806
, 803
, 135
, 123
, 701
, 527

, 300
, 315
, 33

, 204
, 32
, 188
IP-, 529
, 190

, 430
, 157, 158

, 555
, 158
, 158
, 160
,
QAM-64, 160
, 158
, QPSK, 159
, 158

, 822
, 94
, 370
IEEE 802, 373
, 377
, 378
, 761
, 803
, 761
, 782

983

()
, 795
, 786
, 55, 582
, 582
, 582
, 171

, 174
DSL,
DSLAM, 167
, 40

, 621
, 56

SHA, 859
, 525
, 118
, 118
, 629

, ANSI, 102

, 837

, 103
, 271

, 806
, 408
, 277
TCP, 630
, 158
, 582
, 83
, 895

1, 175
2, 178
, 178
4, 178

,
LATA, 154

984

, Kerberos, 899
, OSPF, 522
,
LDAP, 668
DNS, 910
, 892
, 232
, 566
, 230
, 237
, 664
, 105
, 481
, 486
, 481
, 490
, 487
, 486
, 489
, 492
, 49

, 254, 255
, 123
, 38
, 824, 825
, 887
, 624
, 151
IXC, 154
, 99
, 99
, 408
, 330
, 181

, 129
, 127
, 122
, 123
, 125
, 100
, 200
, 157
, 124
, 319
, 819
, 885

/, 118
, 910
, 806

, 37
, 128
, 444
TCP, 704
IP, 774
, 184
, 42
, 83
, 920
, 823
, 271
, 38
, 921
, 273
, 785

, ATM, 91
, ATM, 91
W D M , 174
, 127, 320
, 526
, 698
, 922
, , 853
, 42
, 503, 504
, 43
, 43
, 43
, 402
, 821

MAC, 292
PMD, ATM, 92
CS, ATM, 92
, 92
, 292
, , 821
, , 783
, 237
, 73
, 462
, 117

, 162
, 670
, 608
, 625
, TCP, 608
, 608
, 98
, 157
, 343
, 280
ATM, 89
, 253
, 458
4, 178
, 761
, 767
, 770
, 770
, 768
, 770
, 770
, 472
, 795
, 671
, 105
, 448
, 646
- , 152
, 319
, 65, 68
DNS, 658
, 693
, , 58
, 253
, 408
, 826

, 574
, 315
, 315
, 415, 417

, 472
, 83
, 427
, 833, 834
, 105

985

, 636, 637
, 633
, 633
Ethernet, 326
, 742
, 470
, 770
, 51, 61, 69
, 240
ADCCP, 276
ARP, 516, 517
ARP-, 518
ARQ, 250
BGP, 526
, 519
CSMA, 300
CSMA 1-, 300
CSMA , 301
CSMA , 301
CSMA/CD, 302
DHCP, 520
, 520
DVMRP, 804
ESMTP, 686
FTP, 707
.245, 775
.323, 514
HDLC, 276
HTTP, 706, 735
HTTPS, 917
ICMP, 515
IGMP, 529, 805
IMAP, 690
IP, 67, 497, 498
IPv5, 533
IPv6, 533
LAP, 276
LAPB, 276
LCP, 281
LLC, 339
LTP, 753
MAC A, 315
MACAW, 316
NCP, 281
PAR, 250
PIM, 806
POP3, 687
PPP, 281

986

()
RARP, 519
RTCP, 606
RTP, 603
RTSP, 768
SDLC, 276
SIP, 778
SIPP, 533
SMTP, 683
/, 632
TCP, 67, 607, 610, 629, 683
UDP, 68
WDMA, 310
WEP, 881
, 309
, 886
Kerberos, 897
, 895
, , 897
, 304
, 313
, 304
, 491
, 491
, 648
, SSL, 916
, 295

, 300

, 310
, 892
, 887
,
SCTP, 633
, FTP, 514
, RSVP, 472
, 257
, 264
, 306
, 300
, 307
, 248
, 247
, 252, 253
, 254, 255
mailto, 707
TCP, 67
, 521

, 521
, 566

, 519
, 281
, 517
, 247
, 281
, 607
, 305
, 674
, 856, 857
, 276
, 233
, 827
, , 673
, NAP, 81

, 439
, 440
, 441
, 440
, 442
, 28
, 51
, 51
, 133
, 187
, 799
, 166

, 321
, 573
, TCP, 616
, DNS, 659

, 292
, 22
, 800
, 233

, 132
, 133

, 845
, 846
, 844

, 842
, 531
, 667
, 744
, 88
, 117
, , 161
, 115

URL, 915
, 454
, 927

, 905
, 906
, 377, 427
, 22

, 138
, 452
, 65
, 407
, OSI, 65
, TCP, 610
, 24
Apache, 730
, 566, 665
, 704
, 69

, 56
, 56
, 864
, 865
, 864
, 273, 274
, 274
, 274
, 274
, 274
, 273

, 564
, 281
, 399
, 406
, 444
, 400

987

()
, 496
, 481
, 401
, OSI, 64

, 98

ANSNET, 81
ARPANET, 66, 75, 659
Ethernet, 39
NREN, 81
NSFNET, 80
, 522
, 127
, 786
, 787
, 787
, 764
, 764
, 764
, 764
, 764
, 764
, 764
, 764

, 176
, CCS, 176
, 229
, , 832
, 162

, 248
,247
ACM SIGOPS, 76
, 621
, 65
SONET, 179
, 179
, 276

STS-1, 180

PGP, 901
, 27

1, 866

988

, 295, 296
, 302

PKI, 867
, 870
, 869
, 869
, 867
, 382
, 252
, 130

, 71
, 61
DNS, 658
, 57
, 57
, 57
, 58
, 928
DNS, 68, 79, 516, 658

, 585
, 668
emoji, 756
, 525
, IAB, 104

, 24
, 23

, 162
, 162
, 573
, 162
, 567
, 557

2.5G, 205
AMPS, 189
CDMA, 198
, 199
, 199
CDMA2000, 205
EDGE, 205
GPRS, 206
PCS, 193
UMTS, 205
W-CDMA, 204

()
, 190
, 198
, 198
, 198
, 190
, 198
, 198
(handoff), 191
, 191
, 191
,
, 195
, 190
, 192
, 193

, 198
, 187
, 190
, 35
, 36
, 173
, 434
, 96
, 469
, 671
GPS, 145

GEO, , 141
Iridium, 145
LEO, , 145
, , 145
Teledesic, 147
, 141
, 144
, 142
Globalstar, 147
, 143
, 142
OSI
TCP, 69
, 119
, TCP, 609

802.11b, 344
802.1 lg, 344
802.11, 98
802.11b, 98
AES, 837

()
G.711,775
G.723.1, 775
.323, 774
JPEG, 787
MPEG, 791
TLS, 920
.400, 670
.509, 866
, 105
802.11, 341
DIX, 94
DSS, 856

DES, 834

ISO, 102
, 104
, 98
, 99

802.11, 344
802.15, 362
802.16, 353
802.1Q, 387
802.3, 331
802.3z, 334
de facto, 99
de jure, 99
, 408
, 32
, 929
, 52

, 455
, 455
, 277
, 173
, 842
, 486

()
, 784
, 784

, 99
, 149
, 182
1, 175
, 153
, , 672
, 118
, 85
, 96
, 84
, POP, 154
, 152
, 527
, 140

, 553
, 553
, 564
, 552
, 552
, 563
UDP, 598
, 564
, 582
, 577
, 563
, 67, 551
OSI, 64
, 551
, 585
, 633
, 563
, 822
, 571-572
, 489
, , 273
, 527

, TCP, 629
, TCP, 626
, 189
, HTML, 713

, 782

, 83
, 125
, 35
, , 344

, 172173

989

, 55

, 450
, 339
, 65
, 231, 577
, 65
, 55
, 232
, 232
-
, 100
, 864
ActiveX, 921
, 50
AAL ATM, 90
ATM, 90
ATM, 90
, 66
, 65
, 65, 68
, 65
, 64, 399
, 64, 67
, 63, 114
-, 69
, 222
, 240
OSI, 63
, 223
, 229
, 280
, 223, 227
, 230
, 224
, 276
HDLC, 276
LLC, 339
, 252
, 229
, 231
, 228, 229
, 567
, TCP, 615
, 379
, NID, 166

, 126, 312
, 80
, 158
, QPSK, 159
, 138

, 838
, 51
, 119
, 114
OSI, 63
, 130
, 119
, 149
, 117
, 456, 762
, HTML, 719
, 461
, 827
, , 492
, 115
, 115

X
, 42
- , 69

, 784
, 927
, 35
, 887, 894
, 237
, , 797
, 853
MD5, 858
, 855
, 853
, 193
, 784
, DSL, 163

, 85
, 879
, 130
, 117

, 158
, 158
, 171
, 171, 173
, 131
UHF, 131
VHF, 131
, 27
, 783
ALOHA, 296

, 118
, 38, 322
, 37, 39
, 635
, 384
, 163
, 818
, 823
AES, 837
DES, 834
, 832, 834
, 822
, 821
, 833
, 822
AES, 837
DES, 834
, 835

, 885
, 816
, 849
, 926
, 49, 486
, 878
, 157
, 158
, 157
, 157
, 762

, 130, 131
, 82, 668
, 672
ESMTP, 686

()
MIME, 677
, 687
, 670
, 670
, 686
, 672
, 674
, 672
, 901
,670
, 673
, 683
, 670
, 671
, 672
, 691
RFC 822, 675
, 675
, 674
, 26
, 62
ATM, 90
OSI, 62
TCP/IP, 66
OSI, 62
, 70
TCP/IP, 69
TCP/IP
, 73
OSI, 69

cHTML, 754
JavaScript, 731
Perl, 728
Python, 728
XML, 722
XSL, 723
, 712
, 784
, 252
, 43
, ATM, 89
, HTML, 717

991

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COMPUTER
NETWORKS
4th edition

Andrew S. Tanenbaum

compuTER SCIENCE

4-

Prentice Hall PTR

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
www.phptr.com

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2003