Oracle Press"

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EDITIONS
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Oracle



Quest Software

Oracle
Verizon Information Services
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Chameleon Technology
:

Hotsos LLC

Oracle 7.3 8/

ORACLE

Oracle Press

Oracle Performance
Tuning 101

Gaja Krishna Vaidyanatha,

Kirtikumar Deshpande, and
John Kostelac

Osborne/McGraw-Hill

TM

Oracle 101

""

Gaja Krishna Vaidyanatha, Kirtikumar Deshpande, and John Kostelac

Oracle Performance Tuning 101
Copyright 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
Osborne/McGraw-Hill
2600 Tenth Street
Berkeley, California 94710
U.S.A.
ISBN 0-07-213145-4
,
Oracle 101:
.
.
.
.

"", 2003
. N : 1(03)
N : 070612 30.09.97 .
ISBN 5-85582-195-1
28.05.2003. 70x100/16.

.. 27. 3200. N 281

""
, 123100, ., . 13/6, . 1 (. )
: (095) 256-02-83
: (095) 259-01-62
www.lory-press.ru
" "
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Quest Software.

. Oracle.
Quest
SWAT Oracle
Andersen Consulting.
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Univercity. gajav@yahoo.com
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Verizon Information .Services
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com.

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(
7.3). -, SQL alter system set timed_statistics true, SYS. :

24

'

Oracle Server Manager Release 3.1.5.0.0-Production

(c) Copyright 1997, Oracle Corporation. All Rights Reserved,
OracleSi Enterprise Edition Release 8.1.5.0.0.-Production
With the Partitioning and Java Options
PL/SQL Release 8.1.5.0.0.-Production
SVRMGR> connect / as sysdba;
Connected.
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Statement processed.
-, Oracle
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,
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25

utlestat.sql.

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utlbstat.sql utlestat.sql , . ,
utlbstat.sql/utlestat.sql, . , , , : report.txt.
20011031-11:15. utlbstat/estat
ran. , , Oracle,
:
Q SVRMGR> connect / as sysdba;
Connected.
SVRMGR> @$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlbstat
SVRMGR> Rem
SVRMGR> Rem
SVRMGR> Rem

First create all the tables

********************************************************************

SVRMGR>
SVRMGR> Rem
SVRMGR> Rem
SVRMGR> Rem

Gather start statistics

SVRMGR> Rem
SVRMGR> Rem

Wait for 15 minutes

SVRMGR> @$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlestat
SVRMGR> Rem
SVRMGR> Rem
SVRMGR> Rem
SVRMGR>
SVRMGR> Rem

Gather Ending Statistics

26
SVRMGR> Rem
SVRMGR>Rem

Create Summary Tables

SVRMGR>
SVRMGR> Rem
SVRMGR> Rem
SVRMGR> Rem

Output Statistics

SVRMGR>

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.
report.txt, ,
STATSPACK ( ).

27

STATSPACK ( Oracle 8.1.6 )

OracleSi (8.1.6) STATSPACK, utlbstat.sql/utlestat.sql. STATSPACK
BSTAT/ESTAT.
STATSPACK ,
BSTAT/ESTAT, , (
).

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Oracle 8.O.

BSTAT/ESTAT STATSPACK:
/

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STATSPACK

SQL,

STATSPACK statscre.sql (spcreate.sql Oracle 8.1.7), $ORACLE_HOME/

rdbms/admin. SQI?Plus, Connect / as SYSDBA. Perfstat, .
.

SQL*Plus,
Server Manager. , ,
STATSPACK ,
BSTAT/ESTAT 15 . , ,
Perfstat
SYSTEM,
.

28

2
execute statspack.snap. , (OLTP, ..).

DBMSJOB (
UNIX). statsauto.sql (spauto.sql
Oracle 8.1.7)
:
i_snap_level 0 ,
5 SQL ( )
10
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snap_id. snap_id,
Oracle.
,
BSTAT/ESTAT. ( , ), , ,
.
,
STATSPACK , . ,
,

29

. ,
.
, , STATSPACK. , .
STATSPACK report for
DB Name
DB Id
Instance

ACME
Start Id

708513117
End Id

3
Cache Sizes

Inst Num

acme

Release

OPS

8.0.5.0.0 NO

Start Time

End Time

30-Oct-OO 13:12:15

30-Oct-OO 13:27:39

db_block_buffers:
db_block_size:
log_buffer:
shared_pool_size:
Load Profile

Host

hp6
Snap Length
(Minutes)

15.24

40000
16384
13107200
100000000

Per Second

Per Transaction

Redo size:
5739,29
2901,46

12924,49

Logical reads:
Block changes:
51,98
313,53
Physical reads:
4,71
Physical writes:
88,15
User calls:
Parses:
8,76
0,08
Hard Parses:
3,46
Sorts:
Transactions:
2,25
Rows per Sort:
691,26
1,79
Pet Blocks changed / Read:
11,13
Recursive Call Pet:
Rollback /transaction Pet:
8,54
Instance Efficiency Percentages (Target 100%)
Buffer Nowait Ratio:
Buffer Hit Ratio:

100,00
89,19

1288,43
23,08
139,23

2,09
39,14
3,89
0,04
1,54

30

2
Library Hit Ratio:
Redo NoWait Ratio:
In-memory Sort Ratio:
Soft Parse Ratio:
Latch Hit Ratio:
Top 5 Wait Events

Event

99,70
100,00
100,00
99,05
100,00

Waits

Wait
Time (cs)

7437
slave wait
1204
library cache pin
662
Parallel Query Idle Wait - Slaves
99776
db file scattered read
18386
db file sequential read
Wait Events for DB: PKMS Instance: pkms Srlaps:
->cs - centisecond - 100th of a second
->ms - millisecond - 1000th of a second (unit often used

720443
362531
121720
51846

11504
g _

% Total
Wt Time

55,3
27,8
9,35
3,98
,88

for disk 10 timings)

STATSPACK , Oracle (statspack.doc 8.1.6 spdoc.txt

8.1.7), , Oracle (Oracle Technology
Net) http://technet.oracle.com/deploy/performance/. $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin.

BSTAT/ESTAT
STATSPACK, 8.0
. STATSPACK ,
BSTAT/ESTAT,

. , , Oracle
8.1.7 .
spdoc.txt.

Oracle
, report.txt STATSPACK, V$SYSTEM_EVENT, V$SESSION_EVENT V$SESSION_WAIT
Oracle.
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.

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Oracle 7.0.12. Oracle 7.3 100 . 150 Oracle
8.0, Oracle 8i 200 .
: (idle) (non-idle).
idle , Oracle - .
, NULL, , pmon, rdbms ipc, smon, SQL*Net
. .
non-idle Oracle.
non-idle, " ", () , , , ,
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V$SYSTEM_EVENT?
, ,
V$SYSTEM_EVENT. Oracle. V$SYSTEM_EVENT ( ),
, .

32

2

. V$ - .

V$SYSTEM_EVENT :
Event .
, " ",
" ", ,

" ".
Total_Waits 1
.
Total_Timeouts
.
Time_Waited ( ,
)
, .
AverageJWait ( )
,
. Average_Wait = (time_waited/total_waits).
(2 1)
( , . . .);

! drop table BEGIN_SYS_EVENT;

drop table END_SYS_EVENT;
/* Create Begin Table at Time T1 /
create table BEGIN_SYS._EVENT as
select * from V$SYSTEM_EVENT;
/* Wait n seconds or n minutes */
/* Create End Table at Time T2 */
.create table END_SYS_EVENT as
select * from V$SYSTEM_EVENT;
/* View delta numbers for wait events between Begin (T1) and End (T2) */
select T1. Event, (T2.Total_Waits-T1.Total_Waits) "Delta Waits",
(T2.Total_Timeouts-T1.Total_Timeouts) "Delta Timeouts",
(T2.Time_Waited-T1.Time_Waited) "Delta Time Waited",
(T2.Average_Wait-T1.Average_Wait) "Delta Average Wait"

33

from BEGIN_SYS_EVENT-T1, END_SYS_EVENT T2

where 1.Event = 2.Event;

.
. , / , , ?
" "?
, .
,
V$.
V$SESSION_EVENT
V$SESSION_EVENT ,
V$SYSTEM_EVENT, . ,
, SID. V$SESSION, , . V$SESSION_EVENT
,
, . ,
, .
:
Q Select S.Username, S.Program, S.Status,
SE.Event, SE.Total_Waits, SE.Total_Timeouts,
SE.Time_Waited, SE.Average_Wait
from V$SESSION S, V$SESSION_EVNT SE
where S.Sid = SE.Sid
and SE.Event not like 'SQL*Net%'
and S.Status = 'ACTIVE'
and S.Username is not null;

,
V$SESSION
NULL. ,
, PMON SMON,
. V$SESSION_EVENT
V$SYSTEM_EVENT
.

Program Name TimeOuts:

34

Q USERNAME

STATUS

EVENT

TOTAL_WAITS

UREG
AREG

ACTIVE,
ACTIVE

db file scattered read 15

latch free
12

TIME_WAITED AVERAGE_WAIT
10
27

,66666667
,44444444

V$SESSION_WAIT
V$SESSION_WAIT . , . ,
, V$SESSION_WAIT .
, .
V$SESSION_WAIT , . V$SESSION_WAIT ,
,
. ,
, , .
, ,
dbfik sequential read, , . , . ,
! V$SESSION_WAIT:
SID .
Seq#
, .
,
.
Event . :
, " ", " (
) ", ,
"
". ,
PMON Timer, RDBMS timer
. .
[1-3] ,
, .

( ) V$.
,
.

35

, db file scattered read (

), :
1 , 2 ,
, , ,
, 2. 1
V$FILESTAT DBA_DATA_FILES, a P2 - QUERY DBA_EXTENTS
SYS.UET$, , . ,
, /,
.
, " ".
2 , V$LATCH.
V$LATCH , .
Oracle.

/
, .
State
,
: wait_time seconds_in_wait.

.
, , (
() ""
"", state.
. .).
WAITING .
WAITED UNKNOWN TIME ,
TIMED_STATISTICS FALSE.
WAITED SHORT TIME ,
.
- , .
WAITED KNOWN TIME ,
, , STATE
WAITED KNOWN TIME.
Wait_time STATE
:

36

2
If STATE in ('WAITING',

'WAITED UNKNOWN TIME',

'WAITED SHORT TIME') then

WAIT_TIME = Irrelevant;
END If;
If STATE = 'WAITED KNOWN TIME' then
WAIT_TIME = Actual wait time, in seconds;

END If;

.
WAITED_SHORT_TIME, , , , .
WAITING, ,
WAIT_TIME, ,
( SECONDS_IN_WAIT). STATE WAITED.
UNKNOWNJTIME, , TIMED_ STATISTICS
TRUE .
,
, WAITING, a WAIT_TIME = Irrelevant
If. , .
Seconds_in_wait
STATE.

If STATE in ('WAITED UNKNOWN TIME', 'WAITED SHORT TIME',

TIME') then
SECONDS_IN_WAIT = Irrelevant;
END If;
If STATE = 'WAITING' then
SECONDS_IN_WAIT = Actual Wait Time in seconds;
END If;

'WAITED KNOWN

SECONDS_IN_WAIT WAITJTIME, SECONDS_IN_WAIT.

WAITED_UNKNOWN_TIME, - , TIMED_STATISTICS, . . . - WAITED_SHORT_TIME,
, , SECONDS_IN_WAIT . , , WAITED_KNOWN_TIME,
SECONDS_IN_WAIT (
WAIT_TIME), . .

,
, - .
.
, .

V$SYSTEM_EVENT:
SQL> select *
2
from V$SYSTEM_EVENT
3
where Event in (' buffer busy waits' , .
' ';;.'.
db
file
sequential
read\,
4
' 5
db file scattered read' ,
enqueue' ,
6
7
'free buffer waits' ,
8
'latch free' ,
9
log file parallel write' ,
10
log file sync' );
EVENT
TOTA'L_WAITS TOTAL_TIMEOUTS TIME_ WAITED AVERAGEJ/AIT
Latch free
enqueue
free buffer waits
buffer busy waits
log file parallel write
log file sync
db file sequential read
db file scattered read
8 rows selected.
SQL>

236563

230494

41893

424
4232
894377
3938548
1890409
62769635
17928634

40
3561
2502
0
890
0
0

343
28201
181907
804870
544425
311819246
3843986

.'

, 177090247
, 808962264
6, 66375236
,203389622
,204357037
, 287993233
4,96767658
,214404845

.. ,;:.-,'

,
,
V$SESSION_EVENT V$SESSION:
SQL> select SE.Sid, S.Username, SE.Event,
2
SE.Total_Waits, SE.Time_Waited, SE. AverageJVait
3

from V$SESSION S, V$SESSION_EVENT SE

4
5
6
7

where
and
and
and

S.Username is not null

SE.Sid = S.Sid
S.Status = 'ACTIVE'
SE.Event not like '%SQL*Net%';

38

SID

USERNAME EVENT

29
29
29
29
29
32
32
32
32
32
32
51
51
51
51
51

OLUSER14
OLUSER14
OLUSER14
OLUSER14
OLUSER14
ID2USER
ID2USER
ID2USER
ID2USER
ID2USER
ID2USER
VENDOR1
VENDOR1
VENDOR1
VENDOR1
VENDOR1

TOTAL_WAITS

TIME_WAITED

AVERAGE_WAIT

108
16
7241
1010122
6509

206
1
36357
4611646
2592
63
1
10056
10
47177
0
338
1
207155
1221
245814

1 , 90740741
,0625
5,02099158
4,56543467
,398217852
1,28571429
,111111111
1,1486008
3.33333333
,648579167
0
1,57943925
,05
3,60463902
, 395017794
, 37446872

latch free
file open
db file scattered read
db file sequential read
buffer busy waits
latch free
file open
db file sequential read
db file scattered read
log file sync
buffer busy waits
latch free
file open
db file scattered read
buffer busy waits
db file sequential read

49
9
8755
3
72739
1
214
20
57469

3091
656434

16 rows selected.
SQL>

,
, . ,
, , .
SQL> select SW.Sid, S.Username, SW.Event, SW.Wait_Time,

2
. SW.State, SW.Seconds_In_Wait SEC_IN_WAIT
3
from VSSESSION S, V$SESSION_WAIT SW
4 where S.Username is not null
5
and SW.Sid = S.Sid
6
and SW.Event not like '%SQL*Net%'
7 order by SW.WaitJTime Desc;
WAIT TIME STATE
SID USERNAME EVENT
29
OLUSER14 db file sequential read
32
ID2USER db file scattered read
51 VENDOR1 log file sync
3 rows selected.

12

SEC IN WAIT

WAITED KNOWN TIME

WAITING

WAITING

SOL>

29 dbfile sequential read.

, , . -

39

, ,
.
SQL> select Sid, Event, Pltext, P1, P2text, P2, P3text, P3
2
from V$SESSION_WAIT
3
where Sid between 28 and 52
4
and Event not like '%SQL%'
5
and Event not like '%rdbms%';
SID

EVENT

P1TEXT

29 db file sequential read file#

32 db file scattered read file
51 db file sequential read file
3 rows selected.
SQL>

P1

P2TEXT

P2

P3

67
67
63

block* 19718
block 17140
block 7556

blocks
blocks
blocks

1
32
1

. , , , . 1 .
, . 1 2,
, . .
SQL> select Owner, Segment_Name, Segment_Type, Tablespace_Name

2
3
4
Enter
old
new
Enter
old
new
OWNER

from DBA_EXTENTS
where File_Id = &FileId_In
and &BlockId_In between Block_Id and Block_Id + Bloks - 1;
value
3:
3:
value
4:
4:

for field_in: 67
where File_id = &Fileid_In
where File_id = 67
for blockid_in: 19718
and &Blockid_In between Block_Id and Block_Id + Blocks - 1
and 19718 between Block_Id and Block_Id + Blocks - 1
SEGMENT NAME

MARKET
ITEM_MASTER_INFO
1 row selected.
SQL>

SEGMENT TYPE

TABLESPACE NAME

TABLE

ITEM_MASTER

.
,

ITEM_MASTER_INFO, - . , SQL 29.

V$SQLTEXT SQL . :

40

2
GetSQLtext.sql
Simple function to access address, hash_value and return
' SQL statement (will fail if stunt size > 32 k)
CREATE OR REPLACE
FUNCTION GetSQLTxt (HashAddr_In IN V$SQLTEXT.Hash_Value%TYPE
,Addr_In IN V$SQLTEXT.Address%TYPE)
RETURN VARCHAR2
IS
Temp_SQLTxt varchar2(32767);

CURSOR SQLPiece_Cur
IS
select Piece, Sql_Text
from V$SQLTEXT
where Hash_Value = HashAddr_In
and Address = Addr_In
' order by Piece;
BEGIN
FOR SQLPiece_Rec IN SQLPiece_Cur
LOOP
Temp_SQLTxt := Temp_SQLTxt || SQLPiece_Rec.Sql_Text;
END LOOP;
RETURN Temp_SQLTxt;
END GetSQLTxt;
/
SQL,
SQL:
SQL> select Sid, GetSQLtxt(Sql_Hash_Value, Sql_Address)
2
from V$SESSION
3
where Sid = &Sid_In;
Enter value for sid_in: 29
old
2:
where S.id = &Sid_In
new 2:
where Sid = 29
SID GETSQLTXT(SQL_HASH_VALUE, SQL_ADDRESS)
29

'

select sum(decode(im.action_code,' A ' , 1,' I' ,2, ' P ' , ' V , 0 ) * im.disc_amt),
sum(im.last_amt), sum(decode(im.action_code,' A ' , 1,' I' ,2,' P ' , 1,0) * im.m
isc_amt) - sum(iffl.last_aint) from items_detail_info id, item_master_in
fo@INVP im where id.period_num in ( ' 0 0 ' , ' 0 2 ' , ' 0 4 ' ) and id.item_flg = '1'
and im.action_code in ( ' A ' , ' I ' , ' P ' ) a n d (im.suff_code_id <> 0 or im.stat
us in ( ' R ' . ' S ' ) or im.type in ( ' C ' . ' S ' ) )

SQL>
.

41

, , dbfik sequential
- , ,
, SQL.

, , ,
. . Oracle. ,
, . 2.1 ,
. 2.1 "/" .
, 2.1 , , .
2.1.
,

buffer busy waits

. ,
/ .
,
INSERT.

db file parallel write

, DBWR.
DBWR
/ DBWR.
.

db file scattered read

, .
/
/.

db file sequential read

( ) ,
. /
/.

db file single write

,
.
.

direct path read

,
/. /
.

. 281

42

2
2.1 ()

direct path write

To , . .

enqueue

,
Oracle.
, Oracle,
Oracle.

free buffer inspected

,

.

free buffer waits

.
:
, " " ( )
. ,
DBWR
/, .
,
.

latch free

( )
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OracleSi CURSOR_SHARING=force ( ).

library cache load lock

.
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).

library cache lock

,
, .
,

.

43

2.1 ()

library cache pin

,
,

.

log buffer space

: LGWR
.
, (
), (),
,
.

log file parallel write

,
.
() ,
.

log file single write

.
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log file switch

(
)

, ARCH LGWR.
- , ,
(

, ).
ARCH
/, .

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(
)

,
( ).

log file sync

,
,
, ,
/
.

SQL*Net
/

.
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.
ARRAYSIZE (, Oracle Forms, SQL*Plus, * . .),
ARRAYSIZE ,
, .

2.1 ()

SQL*Net
dblink

,
( SELECT ). ,
DBUNKS.
,
( )

.

sksawat

ARCH
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/ ( )
.

transaction

,
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undo segment extension

. ()

MINEXTNTS .

write complete waits

, ,
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, Oracle (Oracle Wait

Interface)
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,

Oracle. ,
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("" ), ""
,
Oracle,
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45

,
STATE WAITED_KNOWN_TIME,
,
,
(STATE) WAITED_SHORT_TIME ( 1/100 ),

.
1/100 ,
,
- , STATE
WAITED_SHORT_TIME.

Oracle . , - , . ,
. .
.
ORACLE-00600. ,
.
.
LOG_CHECKPOINTS_TO_ALERT = TRUE
.
,
, .
, ,
, , Oracle.
: '

''

'

( ),
. .
:
alter session set timed_statistics=true; /* If not already set */
alter session set max_dump_file_size=unlimited; /* Just to make sure your trace
file does not get truncated, due to current setting in database */

46

2
alter session set events '10046 trace name context forever, level x';
/* Where X = (1,4,8,12) */
1
= Statistics
4
= Statistics, Bind Variable Values
8
= Statistics, Wait Event Information
12
= Statistics, Bind Variable Values, Wait Event Information
1. ,
USER_DUMP_DEST.
2. , WAIT.
, - :
1. ID (SPID, session process ID).
ID
, :
select S.Username, P.Spid
frora V$SESSION S, V$PROCESS P
where. S.PADDR = P'.ADDR
and S.Username like 'A%";
2. SQDTlus svrmgrl
internal (connect as internal) (connect /as sysdba):
alter system set timed_statistics=true; /* If not already set */
alter system set max_dump_file_size=unlimited; /* Just to make sure your
trace file does not get truncated, due to current setting in the
database */
oradebug setospid <SPID>
oradebug unlimit
oradebug event 10046 trace name context forever, level X /* Where X =
(1,4,8,16) */
3.
.
4. , SPID,
USER_DUMP_DEST.
5. , WAIT.

,
. UNIX Windows NT,

47

,
.

,
Oracle Windows NT.
, ,
UNIX, ,
Windows NT,
UNIX.
Windows NT,
/ UNIX.
, UNIX
-
. ,

Windows NT.
Windows NT
Windows NT
, Windows NT (Start | Programs Administrative Tools (Common) | Performance Monitor).
, Edit
| Add to Chart, . , , , ,
UNIX.
Windows NT. Windows NT Task Manager (

, , ).
, , ,

Windows NT, web- Syslnternals Inc. :
http:///www.sysinternals.com/. Windows NT.
UNIX
UNIX ,
.
UNIX, .
sar, vmstat, iostat, cpustat, mpstat, netstat,
top osview. ,

UNIX, UNIX
( a.k.a).

Sun Solaris ( 2.61).
,
PerfMon Glance Plus, - . , ,
, , ,
. . Oracle, .
UNIX
sar -u 5 1000. ir system activity reporter ( ).
- . ( ), .
:
' .
:
? , ,
, , (2
).

(2 )

,
UNIX.
,
.

, , 100 . , vmstat sar -q
. Windows NT Task Manager Performance, Processor Object . ,
: % , % % , , -

49

(DPC Queued per

second) . . sar -u:
Q SunOS ganymede 5.7 Generic sun4u 10/30/00
%usr
18:58:12
%sys
%wio
18:58:17
68
4
22
18:58:22
61
2
22
18:58:27
57
11
4
18:58:32
46
5
23
18:58:37
67
2
10
67
18:58:42
4
20
18:58:47
73
3
15
18:58:52
75
4
5
79
18:58:57
4
18
18:59:02
69
3
12
66
Average
4
16

%idle
4
15
28
27
21
9
9
16
0
17
14

: %usr, %sys,
%wio %idle. %usr , (
, " "
). Oracle . %sys ,
( ,
/ , , , ,
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. /
, (
/),
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/, , - .
%wio ,
. , , %idle
, , , .
%sys %wio 1015%. , , ,

50

1
(%sys),
/ (%wio). , . 99 100 .
sar -d 5 1000.
, ,
(avque), (r+w/s), (blks/s 512- ),
/ 5- (avwait )
, / (avserv). , Windows NT Logical Disk
Object.
,
(%busy) 60%. ,

,
(avque, avwait avserv). ( ) avserv 100
.
, .

,

, .
, , , ,

sar -d, . ,
,
/ , ,
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Oracle.

,
, ,
.

.
sar -d:

51

Q SunOS ganymede 5.7 Generic sun4u 10/30/00

19:09:51
device %busy avque r+w/s.
19:09:56
dadl
30
0,5
59
dadl.d
21
0,2
21
dad1,f
18
0,2
34
19:10:01

dadl
dadl.d
dad1,f

25
22
14

0,4
0,2
0,1

46
23
16

19:10:06

dadl
dadl.d
dad1,f

28
22
18

0,5
0,2
0,2

50
15
29

Average

dadl
dadl.d

29
23

0,5
0,3

61
30

dad1,f

15

0,2

25

, vmstat -S 5 1000. ,
, . -S
, , (S swap. . .),
, .
6 : , , , ( )
, / , . Windows NT .
vmstat -S:
procs

1
0
2
3
2

b
0
0
0
0
0

w
0
0
0
0
0

memory
swap free

page
si so pi

po
1864 168 0 0 124 72
1906800 10808 0 0 0 0
1906800 10800 0 0 0 0
1907288 11112 0 0 0 0
1907288 11112 0 0 0 0

disk

fr de sr dd
93 0 11 2
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

dd
17
2
2
2
2

faults

fO
0
0
0
0
0

sO
0
0
0
0
0

in
sy
cs
471 554 1208
191 13616 201
172 13671 175
174 13584 170
172 13630 164

opu
us sy
23 9
98 2
96 4
96 4
97 3

id
68
0
0
0
0

b w , swap free
, si so pi po fr de sr (

52

2
), dd dd fO sO , in sy cs /
, a us sy id ( sar -u ,
%wio %idle ). 2.2
vmstat -S.

2.2.

Vmstat -S
Vmstat -S (
)

( w)

,
( ).
b , - ,
/, . .
w , ,
(, -
).

(swap free)

swap ( ),
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free ( ).

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si so ,
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.
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.

(dd dd fO sO)

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(in sy cs)

in .
sy .
cs .

CPU (us sy id)

us ,
.
sy ,
.
id ,
( /).

53

:
() () , (si so),
, (de)
(sr). , ,
. b ( /) , si so (
0, SGA
Oracle PGA), de sr , , ^ .
(, Solaris 2.8) sr
. Solaris sr, .
, , top osview
, "" . sar , -
( -), , ( -q) . . , sar,
UNIX, vmstat . ,
sar -q 5 1000 runq-sz . ,
( ), ,
. (swpq-sz swpocc), , .
netstat -v netstat -s , .
. Windows NT
, .
, ( ) .
"" . , ,
. , , , .

54

-, . ,
, , .
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DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS .
,
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SQL. , , : ,
SQL, , .
, ? " ", , . , SQL
-

64

3
. ,
( ) , . , ,
, . , ( )
(OLTP,
online transaction processing). , ,
, . .

,
?
: . , where SQL -
( M/jjber(Last_name), round(price) . .),
.
, :
select Last_Name, Hire_Date, Salary
from EMP
where Mgr_Id = 123;
( Mgr_Id Mgr_Id_Idx). Co , 123
, , , ( MGR_Id_Idx).
, , , , ,
, .
LJ select Last_Name, Hire_Date, Salary
from EMP
where round(Mgr_Id) = 123;
SQL , ,

SQL, .
, SQL "" , "-

J55

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SQL.
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Oracle .
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where ( ).
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where ( ,
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9 10, , , . , , Oracle Apps,
,
:
Q select Code_Combination_Id
from GL_CODE_COMBINATIONS

66

3
where Segment1=:v1
and Segment2=:v2
and Segment3=:v3
and Segment4=:v4
and Segment5=:v5;

, , : glcc_nl(Segments, Segmentl, Segment2, Segment4, Segments) ./* Good */.

, , . /,
.
, Code_Combination_Id ( ), ,
AND- EQUALS ( 9), ,

: glcc_nl(Segments, Segmentl, Segments, Segment4, Segments,
Code_Combination_Id) /* Bad */. , ( , ,
9), ( , ,
10).

Oracle 7.0 , . , 1990-. ,

. , , ,
SQL.
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67

( Oracle
7.0 - 7.2) . , , . ? ,
, 100000 , Color.
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, SQL , , (100000/100) = 1000 .
, , . , .

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, - . . , .
Oracle Rdb 1996-1997 . ,
Rdb . , , Rdb

68

3
Oracle, , Oracle
7.3 Oracle .
.
, . .

Oracle 7.3 ( , ).
, ' . , ,
.

SQL,
, .
Oracle 8.1.6,
CURSOR_SHARING.
OracleSi FORCE,
.
. .
, DML, . .
. , " " , . ( ,
.)

Oracle
, Oracle
- ,
OPTIMIZER_MODE. (
init.ora) CHOOSE, . . RULE

69

. - ALL_ROWS
FIRST_ROWS,
,
.

FIRST_ROWS ALL_ROWS,
OPTIMIZER_MODE /*+hint*/
. ,
OPTIMIZER_MODE :
[ SQbPlus: Release 8.1.5.0.0 - Production on Fri Nov 3 16:04:31 2000
(c) Copyright 1999 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
OracleSi Enterprise Edition Release 8.1.5,0.0 - Production
With the Partitioning and Java options
PL/SOL Release 8.1.5.0.0 - Production
SQL> alter session set OPTIMIZER_MODE=FIRST_ROWS /* Modifying OPTIMIZER_MODE
just for this session */;
Session altered.

""?
, "", . , , , ( , ,
)? , , , (, , ). -
: ", " ", , ,
". , . , Oracle, (. . )
, .
, Oracle,
SQL /*+hint*/. , ( + /*) . ,
SQL, Oracle
. , SQL .
, SQL
(/*+hint*/):

70

Q SQL*Plus: Release 8.1.5.0.0 - Production on Fri Nov 3 16:04:31 2000.

(c) Copyright 1999 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
OracleSi Enterprise Edition Release 8.1.5.0.0 - Production
With the Partitioning and Java options
PL/SQL Release 8.1.5.0.0 - Production
select /*+ FIRST_ROWS */ Last_Name, Hire_0ate, Salary
from EMP
where Mgr_id = 123;

, ,
, , -
, -
. ,
,
.
,
,
SQL. ,

.

,
SQL. " OracleSi"
Oracle ( ), Oracle. OracleSi,
Oracle.

?
OPTIMIZER_MODE CHOOSE, , , , .
SQL
, . , , OPTIMIZER_MODE
(/*+ hint */) .

71

,

.
, ( , , , ).
, , ,
select, SQL
,
, .
, .
. (. . ,
), , . , num_rows USER_TABLES. - ,
. .
, ( , , - ,
).
,
. , .

,
,
Last_Analyzed
DBA_TAB_COI_UMNS .
DISTINCT,

.

72

,
. , , , , ,
.

, ,
. , SQL Oracle
.

, analyze. ,
, .
: - , .
,
, .

SYS,

. ,
,
SYS.
OracleSi ,
analyze, DBMS_STATS. , ( ),
.
-

73

. .

.

DBMS_STATS
Oracle
Application. Oracle Apps
, DBMS_STATS
, , Application Object
Library Schema.
OracleSi SQL
, . . ,
, , . .
Oracle , , .
DBMS_STATS Stored Outlines ( ) ,
.
" OracleSi" Oracle.

?
, , , . ^
.
,

. - , , .
.
20% .
, . . ,
, . , 4 . 281

, 100%(
. ,
, , , , ,
.
, ,
, , . . ,
OracleSi, DBMS_STATS , .

, analyze
estimate , 49%,
compute.

, (
)
sample estimate
, ,
. sample
.

Q analyze table LINE_ITEMS

compute statistics /* This calculation computes full
statistics for the LINEJTEMS table and all of its indexes */;

analyze table LINE_ITEMS

compute statistics
for all indexed columns size 254 /* This calculation computes histograms
for all columns of all indexes on the LINE_ITEMS table.
The Size 254 is for the number of buckets utilized during the calculation
of the distribution of data */;

analyze table LINE_ITEMS

75

estimate statistics
sample size 20 percent /* This calculation estimates statistics for the
LINE_ITEMS table and all of its indexes using a sample size of 20 percent
of the number of rows in the table */;

analyze
.
analyze_schema DBMS_UTILITY
.
BENCHMARK estimate, 20%. \ :
Q SQL*Plus: Release 8 . 1 . 5 . 0 . 0 - Production on Fri Nov 3 16:07:33 2000
(c) Copyright 1999 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
OracleSi Enterprise Edition Release 8 . 1 . 5 . 0 . 0 - Production
With the Partitioning and Java options
PL/SQL Release 8.1.5.0.0 - Production
SQL> execute dbmsjjtility.analyze_schema('BENCHMARK' ,\
'estimate', estimate_percent=>20);
- PL/SQL procedure successfully completed,
DBMS_STATS, OracleSi,
.
, ,
BENCHMARK, 20%
.
, gather_schema_statistics false. true,
. , ,
. ,
, () () gather_index_stats.
, ,
.
Q SQL*Plus: Release 8.1.5.0.0. - Production on Fri Nov 3 16:08:12 2000

76

3
() Copyright 1999 Oracle Corporation, All rights reserved.
Connected to:
OracleSi Enterprise Edition Release 8.1.5.0.0 - Production
With the Partitioning and Java options
PL/SQL Release 8.1.5.0.0 - Production
SQL> execute dbms_stats.gather_schema_statistics('BENCHMARK' ,\
20, estimate_percent=>20);
-PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

gather_schema_statistics .
export_schema_stats,
. ,

( )
,
.
import_schema_stats
. ,
export_schema_stats
import_schema_stats.
,
( , )
. ,

gather_schema_stats gather_database_stats.

, SQL SQL, analyze

BENCHMARK , . , SYS SQL*Plus.
, OracleSi
, .
" "
"
". , !
, ,
STATISTICS NONE,
.
ESTIMATE,
Oracle 1064 .
' , ,

77

stajtistics=none
,

.
,
. ,
. , rebuild
, (. . )
, ,
.

, estimate compute rebuild (,
, ). ,
, ,
analyze.

,
.
Oracle (7.3.x, 8.0.4, 8.0.5 .) estimate
. ,
estimate
,
.
,
(, )
,

.
, :
,
, .
.
/* Set up environment for script file generation */
set echo off

set feedback off

set verify off
set pagesize 0
spool analyze_script.sql
/* Run query for script file generation */
select 'analyze table' || Owner || '.' || Tablejiame || 'estimate
statistics sample size 20 percent;'
from DBA_TABLES

where Owner in ('BENCHMARK')

78

3
and Table_Name like 'A%';
spool off

/* Run query script file to calculate statistics on all tables based

on a sample size of 20 percent */
@analyze_script. sql
set echo on
set feedback on
set verify on
set pagesize 23
* '
.t

. .
( ) , , .
. ,
- , - . ,
. ,
. 10 , , 5 , ,
.
DBMS_STATS

automatic. ,
monitoring . , , (alter), monitoring yes.
dbms_stats.gather_schema_stats dbms_stats.gather_
database_stats. ,
"" () .
,
DML. , " Oracle". , ,
, . -

79

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). Oracle. , , , , ,
.
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Oracle analyze
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analyze. ,
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-

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3
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 ,
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, / ,
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.

"Predicting the Utility of the Nonunique Index" Gary Millsap, Craig Shallahamer, M. Adler (OracleMagazine, Spring 1993,
pp. 48-53). . , ,
, , ,
. , , , , .
. ,
.
, ,
, . .

- ,
. , .

LINEJTEMS? , ,
. ,
, .
, ,
.
() :

82

,

:
1. /
?
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.
2.
?
: . ,
V$SQLAREA V$SQLTEXT
SQL. V$SQLAREA ,
( executions),
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83

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9.
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84

3

. ?
10. ,
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OracleSi,
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, .
$*-
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, .

OracleS,
()
100%, 50, .
,
.

,
/,
.
, , . .
: , , , , .
: (
ROWID) .
1 2.

,
Ord_Id, Ord_Status Ord_Date, , . , Ord_Status Ord_Date
.

85

SQL, Ord_Id where . , , :

Q create index U_ORD_ID_STATUS_DATE on ORDERS
( Ord_Id,Ord_Date,Ord_Status)
tablespace INDX;

OracleSi.
upper, lower, roundm. . , .
OracleSi . :
Q create index UJ)RD_ID_STATUS_DATE ON ORDERS
( upper(Ord_Id),Ord_Date, Ord_Status)
tablespace INOX;
,
PL/SQL.
PL/SQL calc_profit
Q create index LINE_ITEM_CALC_PROFIT on LINE_ITEMS
(Calc_Profit(Item_Id, Item_Cost, Sticker_Price))
tablespace INDX;
line_item_calc_frrofit LINE_ITEMS, $1000 :
Q select Ord_Id, ItemJEd, Item_Cost, Sticker_Price
from Line_Items
where Calc_Profit(Item_Id, Item_Cost, Sticker_Price) > 1000;

?
*-, ,
, / ( / ).
,
. , / . , , ,

86

3
,
.
, ? , ? ,
.
, "" .
, , , .
, 1
10 , 1000/10=100 .
1200, 20 , 1200/20=60 . ,
20%- , 40%- . , .
, , INDEX_STATS. analyze index
index_name validate structure. , . , INDEX_STATS Height (),
, 1 ( ).
,
. ,
.

analyze index index_name validate

structure INDEX_STATS
,
.
, .
,
. , ,
, Oracle 7.3.0,
Oracle 8.1.7.
, (, ,
OracleSi, ) .

87

, . , , .
, ALTER index...
rebuild parallel. , unrecoverable ( , Oracle 8.0)
nologging ( Oracle 8.0 ). ,

init.ora , (. " ".
Q alter index U_ORD_ID_STATUS_DATE rebuild
parallel (degree 4)
nologging

tablespace INDX
/* You can use the ONLINE clause for the above statement if your
database version is OracleSi or above */;

.

parallel
.
() ()
,
, ,
() ()
.
,
coalesce alter index. / , . ,
,
() .
. ,

/ , . , .

.
. ,
SQL. Oracle 7.3, . -,
- .
. , , , SQL .
- . , , .
, . - , . ,
where ,
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. , .
Pascal . , - .
- OLTP .
, ,
"" ,
. , ,
, - . !
.
Oracle

89

, - ( ),
. Oracle - , ,
. ,
. ( ) Oracle , - . ,
, .
Oracle 7.3. , HASH_AREA_SIZE HASH_MULTIBLOCK_IO_COUNT.
- ,
where . Oracle /,
.
: , /, Oracle
.
hash_area_size, .

HASH_AREA_SIZE HASH_MULTIBLOCK_IO_COUNT
, Oracle
.


(. " -
").

, . , ,
/.
SQL.

SQL
-
. -

90

SQL,

. . (,
) , , . "" SQL, . .
, where
SQL
, .
,
(, + 0
(") - ),
SQL FULL (
).
, :
1. LINEJLTEMS 1 .
2. Shipped_Date
.
3. Shipped_Date ,
.
4. .
:
select *
from LINE_ITEMS
where Shipped_Date between SYSDATE
and (SYSDATE - 30);

Shipped_Date, , . , , FULL
( ), ,
, LINEJTEMS, PARALLEL
(
init.ora). :
:
select /* + FULL(LINE_ITEMS) PARALLEL(LINE_ITEMS, 2) */ *
from LINE_ITEMS

where Shipped_Date between SYSDATE

and (SYSOATE - 30);

i , where
SQL
,
( ,
).
(
). ,
INDEX , .
,
, ,
,
. :
1. ORDERS 1 .
2. Ord_Id -
( ),
. Ord_Id
, .
3. Ord_Id, Ord_Status
Ord_Date.
4. .
:
select *
from ORDERS
where upper(Ord_Id) = ' : '
and Ord_Status = 'Not Filled'
and Ord_0ate = SYSDATE;
, upper. ':'
. ,
. :
:

select *
from ORDERS
where Ord_Id = upper ( ' : ' )
and Ord_Status = 'Not Filled'
and Ord^Date = SYSDATE;

(,'.-,-:

92

3
Ord_Id - , , OracleSi, , . , OracleSi,
- : , initcap (,
, - ). ,
, - .
.
, .
, number,

where. , ,
- ,
, varchar2(10)
.
. ,
where ,

.
null ,
.
, SQL,
,
where. ,
SQL.
where
SQL .
SQL

.
,
.
:
select First_Name, Last_Name, Hire_Date
from EMP
where Empno = 1234;
select First_Name, Last_Name, Hire_Date
from EMP
where Empno = 9876;

93

:
select First_Name, Last_Name, Hire_Date
from EMP
where Empno = :;

, , - OracleSi (8.1.6).
init.ora
CURSOR_SHARING=f<rrce.
SQL, . CURSOR_SHARING . ,
CURSOR_SHARING= force , -
.
PL/SQL
insert, update delete
.

PL/SQL. ,
insert
, ,
/*+APPEND*/,
.
, delete update,
,
, ,
,
. :
:
declare
Ord_Struct ORDERS%ROWTYPE;
Cursor c_ord is
select *
from ORDERS
where Ord_Status = 'Not Filled'
and Ord_Date = SYSDATE;
begin
open c_ord;
loop
fetch c_ord into Ord_Struct;
exit when c_ord%NOTFOUNO;
insert into TEMP_ORD values (Ord_Struct.Ord_Id, Ord_Struct.Ord_Date,

94

3
(Ord._Struct.Ord_Price * 1.1), Ord_Stnjct.Ord_Status);
commit;
end loop;
close c_ord;
end;
/
PL/SQL

.
TEMP_ORD 10%. ,
. ,
/*+APPEND*/ .
, TEMP_ORD nologging . alter table. , , Oracle
.
, - TEMP_ORD . ,
, - ,
. , , commit , .
:
declare
begin
insert A+APPEND*/ into TEMPJ5RD
select Ord_Id, Ord_Date, (Ord_Price * 1.1), Ord_Status
from ORDERS
where Ord_Status = 'Not Filled'
and Ord_Date = SYSDATE;
commit;
end;
/
He ,
,
,
.

95

, ,
.
( from
select, 7.3),
.
,
, . ,
!
:
select OUTER. *
from EMP OUTER
where OUTER.Salary >
(select Avg(Salary)
from EMP INNER
where INNER.Dept_Id = OUTER.Dept_Id);

, . .
, . ,
,
,
, , .

,
.
:
select E1.*
from EMP E1, (select E2.Dept_Id Oept_Id, Avg(E2.Salary) Avg_Sal
from EMP E2
group by Dept_Id) DEPT_AVG_SAL
where E1.Dept_Id = DEPT_AVG_SAL.Dept_Id
and E1.Salary > DEPT_AVG_SAL.Avg_Sal;

,
. where
select,
, from. ,
(
, , . - . .)
.

 3
, , SQL,
,
.

, .
, . ,
SQL, PL/SQL .
.
:
1 ,
12 .
. decode (
if., then..else..end / SQL)
insert, update.
decode ,
' greater than
less than. (+),

. ,
, -
insert, .
,
update
insert.
SQL

.
create table,
:
create table DM_SUMMARY_TBL
( Fact_Id

,D2_Key
,D1_Key
,Datekey
, D2_Col
,D1_Col1
,D1_Col2,

parallel (degree 12)

nologging
partition by range(datekey)
(P1 values less than...P36 values less than NOMAXVALUE)
as

97

select /*+ FULL(F) FULL(D1) FULL(D2) */

F.Fact_Id,
F.D2_Key,
F.D1_Key,
F.Datekey,
D2.D2_Col,
D1.D1_Col1,
D1.D1_Col2
from FACT F, DIMENSION D1, DIMENSION D2
where D1.D1_key(+) = F.D1_Key
and F.D2_key = 02.D2_Key(+);

He , SQL
.
SQL
,
, ,
. , , select
where ,
(, 1 ), (1 ). where
,
,
.

, SQL
, ,
Oracle
, , 99,999%,
.
select from DUAL
, . ,
.
,
,
select (nextval)
PL/SQL
values insert. values
insert nextval
(sequence_name.nextval).
,
( ).
. DUAL.

98

3
:
declare
Ord_Seq_Val ORDERS.Ord_Id%TYPE;
begin
for i in 1. .10000
loop
select Ord_Seq.NEXTVAL
into Ord_Seq_Val
from DUAL;
insert into TEMP_ORD(Ord_Id)
values (Ord_Seq_Val);
/* Do more misc. processing */
end loop;
/
:
'declare
begin
for i in 1. .10000
loop
insert into TEMP_ORD(Ord_Id)
values (Ord_Seq_Val.NEXTVAL);
/* Do more misc. processing */
end loop;
/
, (
, ),
/ SQL
(, ).
,
, , , ,
- , .

(ERP), . !

SQL

'

, , , , , ,
, SQL.
: , /.

99

.
SQL, SQL.
, ,
. ,
, ?
.
SQL ,
, , , . ,
, , , / , .
, , .

SQL

SQL. , . :
/
, .
,
, , ,
, .
SQL , .
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
where SQL not exist not in.
substr like .
(, like 'A%')
, . substr
, , ,
OracleSi .
, , nvl,
, ,
, ,
(typecasting). ,

100

3
,
90-, ,
, -
(
NVL).
OR
union all. ,

. " ".
. ,
.
.
1,00,
.
,
,
.
,

- (master- detail).
( ).
.
,
/, , ,
.

unique. OracleSi
.
, ,
. ,
. , primary key
Ord_Id ORDERS,
,
, Ord_Id .
enable no/validate
,
. ,
,
,
.
, where
,
or, and not
.

101

DML -
rowid (
, ).

( ),
,
,
.
,

.
SQL .
, Oracle
,
SQL, .

.
,
,
,
.
.

. Oracle ( )

.
, . .
()
, .
,
.
,
where .
.

, .
, PL/SQL. ,
PL/SQL.
Productjd (
OracleSi bulk collect), 20%
ReorderJLevel PRODUCTS.

102

__
/

3
.

-
.
declare
TYPE Ord_Id_Tab IS TABLE OF PRODUCTS. Product_IdTYPE;
begin
/* Retrieve all values of Product_Id that are relevant */
select /+ FULL (PRODUCTS) */ Product_Id BULK COLLECT into
Product_Id_Tab;
from PRODUCTS
where Product_Name like 'A%";
forall i in 1. .Product_Id_Tab.LAST
update PRODUCTS
set REORDER_LEVEL = (REORDER_LEVEL * 0.8)
where Product_Id = Product_Id_Tab(i);
/* Do more processing */

end;

,

, PL/SQL.

OracleSi,
SQL ( DBMS_SQL) ,
PL/SQL execute immediate,
, DBMS_SQL.
PL/SQL, execute immediate
Ord_Id ORDERS
8 ( ) 10 . ,
PL/SQL DDL,
,
:
declare
begin
execute immediate 'alter table ORDERS modify (Ord_Id VARCHAR(IO))' ;
end;

. .
,

103

/
,
SGA Oracle.

.
,
( ), from
,
.
,
,
sort_area_size,
.
, :
. ,
,
. ,
, . ,
.

.

from ,
/*+ ORDERED */.

from. ,

where. ,
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SQL
53.281

SQL

107

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SQL
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108

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 SQL

107

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-
.

SQL
SQL:
1. , 11_81818 TRUE
( init.ora
, alter system).
2. , MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE
.
.
3. USER_DUMP_DEST ,
.
.
4.
SQL_TRACE.
5. .
6. .
7. (tkpwf, transient kernel
profile)
8. .
9. "" SQL.
10. 4 9 ,
.
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SQL?
SQL . ,
, .

108

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? ,
(. .
) init.ora
. Oracle MTS,
, (
SQL) ,
.
SQL . SQL_TRACE .
SQL, ( ) Oracle:
USER_DUMP_DEST = <$ORACLE_ADMIN>/<$ORACLE _SID>/udump
OFA . ,
. ,
, .
TIMED_STATISTICS = TRUE
init.ora,
Oracle - , . , ,
Oracle - , . TIMED_STATISTICS , alter system alter session
, .
,
TIMED_STATISTICS init.ora.
MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE = 1024

 SQL

109

. , , alter session
UNLIMITED, .

SQL_TRACE = TRUE init.ora,

SQL.
, ,
,
USER_DUMP_DEST,
.
( ) init.ora FALSE.
TRUE
, ,
TRUE
.

, :
Q SQL*Plus: Release 8 . 1 . 5 . 0 . 0 - Production on Fri Nov 10 20:57:18 2000
(c) Copyright 1999 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
OracleSi Enterprise Edition Release 8 . 1 . 5 . 0 . 0 - Production
With the Partitioning and Java options
PL/SQL Release 8 . 1 . 5 . 0 . 0 - Production
SQL> alter session set timed_statistics=true /* Optional - Only if
setting at the instance level permanently causes problems */;
Session altered.
SQL> alter session sql_trace=true;
Session altered.
SQL> /Execute your SQL statements */
SQL> alter session set timed_statistics=false /* Only if it were set
to true in the current session */;
Session altered.
SQL> alter session set sql_trace=false;
Session altered.

Oracle 7.2 .
, SQLJTRACE
, SQL.
Oracle 7.2

110

.
, SQL_TRACE FALSE
. , "" .
, , .
, - . ,
, ,
SQL_TRACE. ,
, ,
. , TIMED_
STATISTICS TRUE :
SQL*Plus: Release 8.1.5.0.0 - Production on Fri Nov 10 21:10:38 2000
(c) Copyright 1999 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Connected to:

OracleSi Enterprise Edition Release 8.1.5.0.0 - Production

With the Partitioning and Java options
PL/SQL Release 8.1.5.0.0 - Production
SQL> select Sid, Serial
2
from VSSESSION
3
where Username = 'BENCHMARK' /* Determine the SID, SERIAL of the
session that you are trying to trace from v$session /;

SID

SERIAL*

11

54

SQL> execute dbms_system.set_sql_trace_in_session('11', '54',TRUE);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> /* Wait for SQL statements to execute for a certain period */
SQL> execute dbms_system.set_sql_trace_in_session('11', '54',FALSE);
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
.

, ,

(. ",
").

 SQL

111

?
, ,
,
Oracle USER_DUMP_DEST. ,
, :
Q SQL-Plus: Release 8 . 1 . 5 . 0 . 0 - Production on Fri Nov 10 21:19:41 2000
(c) Copyright 1999 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
OracleSi Enterprise Edition Release 8.1.5.0.0 - Production
With the Partitioning and Java options
PL/SQL Release 8.1.5.0.0 - Production
SQL> select Value
2
from V$PARAMETER
3 where Name = 'user_dump_dest' /* Determine the destination of
USER_DUMP_DEST */l
VALUE
/u01/app/oracle/admin/prod815/udump

<$ORACLE_SID>_ora_<ID ID - Spid V$SESSION.

ID , ST001:
Q select S.Username, P.Spid, S.Program
from V$SESSION S, V$PROCESS P
where S.PADDR = P.ADDR
and S.Username = 'STOOV;
, , ID / ( , , ), ,
UNDC, . ( ), ,
Oracle. ,
, host. .
,
Windows NT.

112

SQL>! /* Host out of SQL*Plus, Do not exit */

$ps
/* Determine the processes within your current shell. This is
to determine the process ID of your SQL*Plus session */
1262 pts/2 0:00 tcsh
1279 pts/2 0:03 sqlplus
1327 pts/2 0:00 ksh
$ps -ef | grep 1279 /* Now scan all processes on the system and filter out the
ones with your SQL*Plus's process ID. This is to determine the process ID of
the server process that this SOL*Plus
session is attached to */
oracle 1280 1279 0 21:41:00 ?
0:12 oracleprod815
(DESCRIPTION^ LOCAL=YES)(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=beq)))
oracle 1279 1262 0 2.1:40:59 pts/2
0:03 sqlplus
oracle 1327 1279 0 22:38:57 pts/2
0:00 /bin/ksh
\
$cd /u01/app/oracle/admin/prod815/udump /* Change directory to the
USER_DUMP_DEST directory */
$ls -It | grep 1280
total 816
-rw-ree
1 oracle dba

408548 Nov 10 21:04 prod815_ora_1280.trc

tkprof
SQL - tkprof, , Oracle.
tkprof, , . :
Q C:\tkprof

Usage: tkprof tracefile outputfile [explain= ] [table= ]

[print= ] [insert= ] [sys= ] [sort= ]
table=schema.tablename Use 'schema.tablename' with 'explain=' option.
explain=user/password Connect to ORACLE and issue EXPLAIN PLAN.
print=integer List only the first 'integer' SQL statements.
aggregate=yes|no
insert=filename List SQL statements and data inside INSERT statements.
sys=no
TKPROF does not list SQL statements run as user SYS.
record=filename Record non-recursive statements found in the trace file,

 SQL
sort=option
prscnt
prscpu
prsela
prsdsk
prsqry
prscu
prsmis
execnt
execpu
exeela
exedsk
exeqry
execu
exerow
exemis
fchcnt
fchcpu
fchela
fchdsk
fchqry
fchcu
fchrow
userid

113

Set of zero or more of the following sort options:

number of times parse was called
cpu time parsing
elapsed time parsing
number of disk reads during parse
number of buffers for consistent read during parse
number .of buffers for current read during parse
number of misses in library cache during parse
number of execute was called
cpu time spent executing
elapsed time executing
number of disk reads during execute
number of buffers for consistent read during execute
number of buffers for current read during execute
number of rows processed during execute
number of library cache misses during execute
number of times fetch was called
cpu time spent fetching
elapsed time fetching
number of disk reads during fetch
number of buffers for consistent read during fetch
number of buffers for current read during fetch
number of rows fetched
userid of user that parsed the cursor

, , , sort=<opti> .
fchela-, . ,
.
, , , userid, Explain Plan tkprof,
PLAN_TABLE .
tkprof utlxplan.sql, $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/ admin.
tkprof,
, prod815_ora_1280.trc.
ifejbro/ output.prf, benchmark benchmark, -

114

SQL SYS
" ".
$tkprof rod815__1280.trc output.prf explain=benchmark/benchmark sys=no
sort=fchdsk

prsela, exeela fchela,

- , SQL. fchela,
SQL .
select ,
fchela select.
SQL, (INSERT,
UPDATE DELETE), exeela .
, ,
sort=(prsela,exeela,fchela). /
( /, Oracle ),
sort=(prsdsk,exedsk,fchdsk).
/ ( /,
Oracle ) , sort=(prsqry,prscu,exeqry,execu,fchqry,fchcu). ,
/ , / , , - .
/ , , / (
) .

tkprof
,

oracle. tkprof
(
oracle),
init.ora _TRACE_FILES_PUBLIC=TRUE,

.

 SQL

115

tkprof
tkprof . :
Q select A.Id, A.Name, .Name
from AUTHOR A, BOOK
where A.Author_Id = .Book_Author_Id
and A.AuthorJEd = 101
order by B.Name;
call
count
cpu
elapsed

Parse
Execute
Fetch
Totals

1
1
27
29

0,02
0,01
0,24
0,27

0,02
0,01
0,36
0,39

disk

query

current

rows

0
0
1230
1230

0
0
2342
2342

0
0
0
0

0
0
399
399

tkprof:
Call SQL ( define bind
Parse).
Count

/ .

CPU CPU .
Elapsed ( ) ,
,
, /,
. .
Disk Oracle, (
/) .
Query Oracle,
.
Current Oracle, .
Rows , .
select Fetch insert/'update
.
, Query Current. / .

116

(Query Current), / SQL.

" - ,
", SQL . ,
/, - . /,
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- .
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Oracle - ?
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, , : ?
Oracle.

 SQL

117

Oracle?

(, ) explain=userid/password tkprof. , Explain Plan SQL,

, , Oracle
SQL , .
Explain Plan
SQL ( SQL SQL DDL, ). , tkprof
,
PLANJTABLE .
Explain Plan:
Q select A.Id, A.Name, B.Name
from AUTHOR A, BOOK

where A.Author_Id = B.Book_Author_Id

and A.Author_Id = 101
order by B.Name;
Query Plan

1.0 SELECT STATEMENT Statement Cost = 148

2.1 SORT ORDER BY (7th)
3.1 FILTER (6th)
4.1 NESTED LOOPS (5th)
5.1 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID AUTHOR (2nd)
6.1 INDEX UNIQUE SCAN AUTHORJtd UNIQUE (1st)
5.2 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID BOOK (4th)
6.2 INDEX RANGE SCAN BOOK_AUTH_ID NON-UNIQUE (3rd)
- SQL Explain Plan:
Q explain plan for
select A.Id, A.Name, B.Name
from AUTHOR A, BOOK
where A.Author_Id = B.Book_Author_Id
and A.Author_Id = 101
order by B.Name;
Explain Plan
Plan_TABLE:
Q select IpadC ', 2*(Level -1))| [Operation]!' ' I I
decode(Id, 0, 'Cost = '| (position) "Operation"", Options, Object_Name
from PLANTABLE
start with Id = 0
connect by prior Id = Parent_Id
order by Id;

118

() PLAN_TABLE,

(
).

, -
?

explain plan , , () .
- 6.1, AUTHOR_ID AUTHOR. 6.1 - 5.1.
, 5 - " ",
- 5.2. 5.2 6.2, : RANGE SCAN
BOOK_AUTH_ID (, ) BOOK. 6.2 5.2.
"" 5 , 5.1
5.2 4.1 (
). 4.1 3.1 ,
( 101). 3.1
2.1, ORDER BY,
(1.0) , .

Cost=X,
.
/,
SQL. ,
100%- , Cost= 1000000 -
(, ,
), Cost=4567.
. , ,
SQL , , Cost=4500,
,
Cost=4567. ,
SQL
. ,
, SQL
/*+HINT*/, .

 SQL

119

AUTOTRACE?
AUTOTRACE - , ,
SQI?Plus. SQI?Plus 2.3, , SQL_TRACE,
tkprof, ,
, , . AUTOTRACE
, .
AUTOTRACE plustrce.sql, $ORACLE_HOME/sqlplus/admin. Oracle,
8.1.0 Windows NT,
plusXX. plustrce.sql ( )
$ORACLE_HOME/dbms.
AUTOTRACE,
SYS, . PLUSTRACE. ,
,
PLUSTRACE AUTOTRACE.

AUTOTRACE Explain Plan

SQL
, PLANJTABLE
AUTOTRACE.
, AUTOTRACE
utlxplan.sql,
$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin.
AUTOTRACE set autotrace on, , , . traceonly
, .

traceonly
Explain Plan SQL.
, AUTOTRACE
SQL*Plus Windows,
"Query is Executing",
Cancel Explain Plan.

120

4
AUTOTRACE:

SQL> set autotrace traceonly

SQL> select count (*) from TEST_OBJECTS;
Execution Plan
0
1
2

0
1

SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=1 Card=1)

SORT (AGGREGATE)
TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'TEST_OBJECTS' (Cost=1 Card=1)

Statistics
28 recursive calls 16 db block gets
2 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
1083 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
669 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
4 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
1
0
1

sorts (memory)
sorts (disk)
rows processed

, AUTOTRACE
, , / SQL, /,
( ),
SQL, (
) .

,

SQL .
, 24 100
SQL 2
, /, 1
/
,
. ,
1 % , 50%
. ,
V$SQL Buffer Gets Executions.

3Jv> I

GD

124

( 99%)
(
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)
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() . Oracle /, " ".
,
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,
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, Oracle,
(RMAN, Recovery Manager),
(Parallel Query), Java Oracle (MTS, Oracle
multithreaded server). , , , :
SQL
.

125

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Area). SPA . Oracle 7.3. OracleS
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126

,
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, .

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(SGA),

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127

, .
Oracle.

, .
,
, ,
Oracle .

(SGA)
,
Oracle. ,
,
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. , ,
SQL,
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SGA,
SQL,
.

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Java
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,
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128

Oracle

. 5.1.

Oracle, Oracle

129

. V$SGA:
*

SVRMGR> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area
Fixed Size
Variable Size
Database Buffers
Redo Buffers
Database mounted.

122838416 bytes
" 64912 bytes
55484416 bytes
67108864 bytes
180224 bytes

Database opened.
SVRMGR> select sum(Value)
2>
from VifcSGA;
SUM(VALUE)
122838416
1 row selected.
SVRMGR>

SGA SPA,
( ) . Oracle 7.3 . ,
OracleS SGA Java.
(init.ora).
init.ora.
SGA, Oracle
OracleSi.

(SPA)
SPA SHARED_POOL_SIZE.
SPA (LC, Library Cache), (DDC, Data Dictionary Cache) (
). , 1,
, . , . LC
SQL, ,
. DDC
, , ..,
SQL. ,
DDC " ".

130

Oracle . : , , , / .

.
,
.
Oracle , ( " ")
( ) . ,
- (committed) .
, ,
, . Oracle ,
( , - ,
).
" ".
DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS. ,
, DB_BLOCK_SIZE, DB_BLOCK_
BUFFERS. 10 8 ,
81920000 78 .

LOGJBUFFER ,
, .
, DML.
Oracle, , (. " - ").

Oracle 7.3 , SQL PL/SQL (, ). ' ,
SQL SQL ( SQL) , , SQL .
SHARED_POOL_RESERVED_SIZE,

131
.

SQL , .

OracleS (
).
MTS RMAN.
LARGE_POOL_SIZE.

Java
OracleSi. JAVA_POOL_SIZE Java ,
SQL. , Java
, , Oracle . , , , 100 .
.

8.1.6 show sga

V$SGASTAT ,
Java, .

SGA, Oracle,
, ,
, - , . (UNIX) (Windows NT).
. .
, , , . .
. 5.1 .
( Oracle), , , .

. . .

132

SMON

SGA
,
. SMON ( ,
OPTIMAL)
( ).

PMON

Oracle ( ).
. , ,
,
. .

DBWR DBW*

. ,
.
, ( )
SQL*Loader SORT_DIRECT_WRITES TRUE.
(, ,
.)
.
.

LGWR

.
.
.

RECO

,
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. ,
DELINKS. ,
DISTRIBUTED JRANSACTIONS
.

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OracleS , .

LGWR DBWR.
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DBWR , , ( TRUE SORT_DIRECT_WRITES) , :

133

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(LRU,least of recently used blocks)
,
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LGWR
, :
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. OracleS,
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MIN(1 , LOG_BUFFER/3).
.
DBWR
(. ).
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/).

DBWR "" ,
, LGWR
, DBWR,
, ,
, .


.
, , ,
.

134

:
OracleS,
" " / .
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. . Oracle ( )
, . , SQI?Plus
, .
,
Oracle MTS.
Oracle MTS,
( ), SQL .
, SQL ( ) .
, ,
,
.
( / Oracle)
. , ,
- ( SQL). (
), ,
, . ,
, ,
.
UNIX, Oracle. (SQIfPlus).
i

SQL*Plus ,
.
SQL*Plus
(telnet) -,
Oracle.

135

Q oracle 15956
oracle 15958
oracle 15960
oracle 15962
oracle 15964
oracle 15966
oracle 16032
oracle 16033
(DESCRIPTION

1
1
1
1
1
1
15939
16032

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

11 :23
11 :23
11 23
11 23
11 23
11 23
14 10
14: 10

9
9
9
9
?

pts/1
9

00 :00 01
00 :00 :00
00 :00 :00
00 :00 00
00 :00 06
00 :00 00
00 :00 01
00 00 02

ora_pmon_oradev
ora_dbwO_oradev
ora_lgwr_oradev
ora_ckpt_oradev
ora_smon_oradev
ora_reco_orade,v
sqlplus
oracleoradev

, , ,
? , , , ,
.
, DBWR
, ,
. , , LGWR
. , , , . ()
Oracle , ",
", . , SGA Oracle -
. , ,
, , , . Oracle , .

(PGA, Program Global Area)

. 5.1 PGA, ,
(Professional Golfers Association). Oracle. PGA,
-
, : ,
. (
, , Oracle MTS, PGA ).
, , . (, , , 1
. .). -

136

, ID ( ), ( )
( ).

SQL:
ENTER?
, Oracle SQL PL/SQL, . SQL
( , SQL select ):
(Parse), (Define), (Bind), (Execute)
(Fetch). ,
select . , .
SQL

SQL,

SQL
SQL

,
, SQL
SQL*Net Net8/Net8i.

(:, :vt),
SQL

,
( insert, update delete)
.
.
, ""
.

select
,

( ).

ASCII . , -

137

.
, ,
SQL.
, ,
,
. , ... , - . , , . ,
, . . .
- SQL, , SQL
.

SQL.
( ) .
SQI?Net Net8/Net8i.
, ( ) Windows NT ( ASCII), , , IBM, Oracle MVS (
EBCDIC). , long, short, word, double
. .
.
SQL " SQL" . SQL.
.
,
, . SQL - insert, updatevuin
delete, . , . . , ,
( ) ( ).
select. ,
. SQL.
. 281

138

,
SQL -,
SQL. , . .
,
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, SQL,
- ( alter, analyze . .),
INVALID. , SQL, . , analyze SQL ,
, .
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1
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, Oracle ,
analyze?
',
SQL, ?
, . , SQL
DDL, .
.
(
), . , ,
, , SQL select.
, , ,
. , , . : ,
. , ?

139

, SQL

,
-.
,
- ( , -
).

:
SQL? , ,
,
, , , . ,
.
.
,
, , -, SQL . , ,
.

, . ,
, Java RMAN. ,
, Parallel Query MTS.
Oracle

SHARED_POOL_SIZE

SHARED_POOL_RESERVED_SIZE

- .

SHARED_POOL_RESERVED_MIN_AI10C

. ,
Oracle 8.O.3.

140

8
Oracle

LARGE POOL SIZE

OracleSi

.
Oracle MTS,
PGA: -
- -.
.

LARGE POOL WIN ALLOC

. ,
Oracle 8.O.3.

PARALLEL AUTOMATIC TUNING

.
LARGE_POOL_SIZE
15 , .
, OracleSi.

JAVA POOL SIZE

Java
.
.

SESSION CACHED CURSORS

, ,


.
,
.
.

7.3 Oracle? . Oracle 7.3,
SQL . OracleS - ,
OracleSi - Java ( Java).
, - . , , Oracle MTS Oracle?,
. / , ,
- . ( ) .

141

- init.ora . ,
. ,
, . . ,
.

,
. SHARED_POOL_SIZE,
SHARED_POOL_RESERVED_SIZE LARGE_POOL_SIZE.
. ,
. , , . Oracle MTS, Parallel Query,
RMAN. . , SHARED_POOL_SIZE
128 , a LARGE_POOL_SIZE - 32 , 32 SHARED_POOL_SIZE 128 .
SHARED_POOL_RESERVED_MIN_ALLOC , 8.0.3 . 8.0.3,
(_). , Oracle.

LARGE_POOL_SIZE init.ora. . Oracle 8.0.3 LARGE_POOL_MIN_ALLOC ,
. 8.0.3 , ,
init.ora _LARGE_POOL_MIN_ALLOC, .
, Oracle
MTS RMAN . Oracle MTS, Cursor State
User Session Data PGA . , , -

142

.
.

,
, Oracle,
MTS, PGA
, .
Oracle 8.1.6.
RMAN , , . ,
,
, . OracleSi PARALLEL_AUTOMATIC_TUNING TRUE
,
LARGE_POOL_SIZE .

15-20%
. , V$SGASTAT , "large pool memory in use".
"large pool free memory", , , . ,
. , SGA, , ,
.
, .

Java
Java JAVA_POOL_SIZE.
, . ?
Oracle , 100 . ,
, . JAVA_POOL_SIZ,E
1 , Java .

143

SPA
init.ora,
,
, . , , . ,
, , :

ORA-4031 ( )
Oracle MTS
Java
RMAN

, '
. - ,
.

Oracle.
( )
SQL
(

select * from dual;).

.
,
90%- . :
, 5
.
, ,
, .
-, . V$SGASTAT , ,
. V$SGASTAT , -

144

.
SVRMGR> select Pool, sum(Bytes)
2>
from V$SGASTAT
3> where pool = 'shared pool'
4> group by pool;
POOL
SUM(BYTES)
shared pool
55464348
1 row selected.

SVRMGR> select Pool,Bytes

2>

3>
POOL

from V$SGASTAT

where Name = 'free memory"

BYTES

shared pool
large pool
2 rows selected.

23338928
14367854

" "
. ,

. ,
" " (,
), ,
.


( VSSGASTAT
).
Oracle
. ,

V$SHARED_POOL_RESERVED (
Oracle)
Request_Misses, ,
.

( , ) ,

145

SHARED_POOL_SIZE. , , SHARED_POOL_RESERVED_SIZE, LARGE_POOL_SIZE JAVA.
POOL_SIZE
.

SQL . , " "
. , . , ,
,
, .

,

.
CURSOR_SHARING=FORCE ( OracleSi
), ,

.
SVRMGR> select Namespace, Gethitratio, Pinhitratio
2>

from V$LIBRARYCACHE;

NAMESPACE

SQL AREA
TABLE/PROCEDURE
BODY
TRIGGER
INDEX
CLUSTER
OBJECT
PIPE

GETHITRATIO

, 868686869
,784251969
,75
1.
0
,963768116
1
1

PINHITRATIO

,916376307
,745541023
,75
1
0
,97382199
1
1

8 rows selected.
SVRMGR>
GETS PINS?
GETHITRATIO PINHITRATIO. GETS
,
PINS - .

 8
GETHITRATTO
, .
"SQL AREA", , Oracle .

. , - .
, ,
. !
- V$SQLAREA where, SQL .
( , ) ,
, .
. .
SQL .
SQL , 8.1.6 , CURSOR_SHARING
FORCE. Oracle
.
, , , V$SYSSTAT V$SYSSTAT .
OracleSi (8.1.6.1):
Q SVRMGR> select A.Value total,
2>
.Value hard,
3>
A.Value-B.Value soft,
4>
round((B,Value/A.Value)lOO.1) hardparseperc
5>

from V$SYSSTAT A, V$SYSSTAT B, V$SYSSTAT

6>
, 7>

where A.Statistic^ = 171

and B.Statistictf = 172;

TOTAL

HARD

536

149

1 row selected.
SVRMGR>

SOFT

387

HARDPARSEPERC

27,8

147

Oracle 8.1.6.1 ,
V$SYSSTAT ,
STATSTIC* ()
(),
.

Oracle?
,
V$.
,
.
tkprof .
tkprof "Misses in library
cache during parse" .
, SQL . , ,
. ,
,
,
RELOADS PINS. ,
, , ,
. ,
, ,
, , . (reloads) (, ).
Q SVRMGR> select sum(Reloads)/sum(Pins)
2>

from VSLIBRARYCACHE;

SUM(RELOADS)/SUM(PINS)
,001234873

- . , 1%, .
SQL PL/SQL.
, SQL,

148

. ( ) .
SQL PL/SQL ,
. , "" :
Q SVRMGR> select Name, Sharablejnem
2>
from V$DB_OBJECT_CACHE
3>
where type in ('PACKAGE', 'PACKAGE BODY',
4>
, 'PROCEDURE');
NAME
DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO
DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO
DBMS_STANDARD
STANDARD
DBMS_OUTPUT
DBMS_OUTPUT

'FUNCTION'
SHARABLE MEM
12873
2709
15809
218332
14155
6419

6 rows selected.
SVRMGR>

- standard.
. ,
, SHARED_POOL_RESERVED_SIZE 15-20% . SHARED_POOL_RESERVED_MIN_
ALLOC , , .

SHARED_POOL_RESERVED_MIN_ALLOC
Oracle, 8.0.3,
_SHARED_POOL_RESERVED_MIN_ALLOC.

Oracle.
, .
, , ,
. , -

149

- , .
V$SQLAREA, Sharable_Mem SQL. .

,
SQL. ( ), . SQL
SQL. Oracle SQL , . /.
, , , :
Q SVRMGR> .select to_char(
2>
round((1-sum(Getmisses)/sum(Gets)))*100 l
3>
1)) || %', "Hit Ratio"
4>
from V$ROWCACHE;
Hit Ratio
89,8%

1 row selected.
SVRMGR>
Ha
( 90%). .

Oracle DBMS_SHARED_POOL,
. keep, , .
, dbmspool.sql, $ORACLE_HOME
/rdbms/admin.
Q SQL> exec dbms_shared_pool.keepCSTANDARD');
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

 8
Oracle . , , .
, .
-
, .
,
. - ,
unkeep
DBMS,SHAEED_POOL.
, , Kept V$DB_OBJECT_CACHE:
SVRMGR> select Owner, Name, Type, Sharable_mem, Kept
2>
3>

from V$DB_OBJECT_CACHE
where Type in

4>

5>

('FUNCTION',

'PACKAGE',

'PACKAGE B O D Y ' ,

'PROCEDURE')

OWNE

order by Owner, Name;

NAME

TYPE

SYS
SYS
SYS
SYS

DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO
DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO
STANDARD
STANDARD

PACKAGE BODY
PACKAGE
PACKAGE BODY

SHARABLE MEM

KEP

12873
2865
218604
28576

NO
NO
YES
YES

PACKAGE

4 rows selected.
SVRMGR>

, ( SQL).
, V$SQLAREA
ADDRESS HASH_VALUE, keep.
Q SQL> exec dbms_shared_pool.keepC21589568,4139960791', ' ' ) ;
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

DBMS_
SHARED_POOL desc .
. , ""
.
. , , STANDARD, DBMS_DESCRIBE, DBMS_
APPLICATIONJNFO, DBMS_STANDARD, DBMS_OUTPUT DBMS_UTILITY.

151

SYS,
.

Oracle 8.1.6
( ), ,

" ", . . ,
keep.
unkeep.

:
ORA-04031
, SQL,
- . ORA04031 - , Oracle
, . Oracle .
! , , .
,
.
i
,
DBMS_SHARED_POOL
,
,
init.ora
SHARED_POOL_RESERVED_SIZE SHARED_POOL_SIZE.
, INIT.ORA
LARGE_POOL_SIZE.
, . ,
. .

. :

152

(
)
_/
V$SGASTAT
( )
(KEPT)
SQL ,

Oracle 8.1.6 CURSOR_SHARING,
,

, ,
(KEPT) ,
(
SESSION_CACHED_CURSORS)
PL/SQL
(Oracle 7.3
) (Oracle 8.0
)
.

, . , Oracle .
(LRU, least recently
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Oracle .
" , ", , . ,
, .
( , : -
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. Oracle
, ,
.
, ,
( ), . , ,
. ---, .

153

ORA-04031: "unable to allocate %s bytes of shared memory".

ORA-04031 Oracle 7.3

, ORA-04031, Oracle 7.3 . ,
.
Oracle 7.3, %s , "%s
". , ORA-04031.
Oracle 7.3 %s
, .
Oracle 8.0, SQL, ,
MTS,
PGA, . .
Oracle 7.3 Parallel Query , 8.0
RMAN.
Oracle 8.0 LARGE_POOL_SIZE. , ,
MTS/PARALLEL Query/RMAN , , , ,
ORA-04031. , SQL .
, ,
( - , 4050 . . , .) , . SHARED_POOL_RESERVED_
SIZE SHARED_POOL_RESERVED_MIN_ALLOC, LARGE.
POOLjSIZE. , . ,
(dbms_shared_pool.keep) .
, .

154

,

,
, ,
. ,
V$SESSION_WAIT (latch free),
, , . .
Select SW.Sid, S.Username, substr(SW.Event, 1,
from V$SESSION S, V$SESSION_WAIT SW

35),

SW.Wait_time

where SW.Event not like 'SQL*Net%'

and SW.Sid = S.Sid
order by SW.Wait_time, SW.Event;

, .
,
, ( ) , , , ( ,
, Java). , SQL
-
.
, .
Oracle.
latch free

latch*, .
, ,
. , .
latch free . ,
latch*
( , ),
.
, SQL
. ,
, OracleSi
CURSOR_SHARING=FORCE, .

library cache load lock

, .
, /
(
SQL,
).

155

library cache lock

,
.
,
.

library cache pin

,
.

V.

158

60% , .

! ,
, . (CHR, cache-hit ratio) OLTP, . ,
,
, CHR. ,
, , , . CHR. , ,
CHR 60%. - ,
, ,
.

, 99%
, , .

. SQL,
( ),
CHR . ,
Oracle ,
. , , LRU , , CHR
99%. , . , CHR ( 99%) SQL
. " " ""
SQL, .

159

_ , , - -
Oracle.
, . "
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. , .
Oracle, ,
.
. Oracle 99% (
).
6 . , .
, , ,
, .
, Oracle SQL.
CHR 98%, Oracle , Oracle , . ,
SQL, ,
45 , " " . , .

" " ( " SQL"
" - , " , ), SQL 45 , 65% . ,
, . , , , CHR 72%,
, , .
,
.
, Oracle, .

160

:
, , , , , , .
- ,
. CHR ,
, , .
, , CHR , .
/

, , ?

,
. Oracle
. , (
Oracle)
. , . ( )
, (MMU, memory management
unit) .
MMU, .
Oracle, , , " ",
Oracle. Transaction Processing: Techniques and Concepts. Gray, Reuter
:
= (( 1 - 1
) * )/ 1 '
, / 1997 ., ,
.
, ( ) 8-10 ,
1997 . . Oracle ,
(, , . .), 10
, .

161
/

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. , , .
, , . -, ,
, , , , .

OracleSi

, Oracle, OracleSi,
. () (
). , ,
,
" , " (FIFO, first-in-first-out).
(LRU, Least Recently Used).

162

, LRU . .
,
, -
- , .
, - .
,
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"-" . ,
, . ,
" ". ,
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Oracle FIFO
LRU .
, , LRU LRU (, ,
).
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" " . , (
). LRU,
. ,
, ,
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.
LRU, ,
. , . , Oracle () ,
. (DBWR, database writer)
, . , /,
/. -

163

,
. DBWR
, () LRU (
). , ().
LRLJ Oracle 7.3, . ,
, 1 5. , . (-) (1-5) . 1- , - 2-, - 3-, D 4-, - 5-. F ( ),
? LRU
(MRU. most recently used)
, F . 1, 2, 3,4, 5
:
1 =

2 =

3 =

4 = D

5 =

1,
, , , (, , . . .). , 1 (
). 1
, , . , LRU , :
1 = F

2 =

3 =

4 = D

5 =

, , ,
, . . -
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, . , , ,
( ). ,
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164

Oracle LRU,
.
cache, (
MRU) .
/. , MRU- , cache,
Oracle.

Oracled!

, OracleSi , LRU. .

, "" . , "" LRU
. LRU. ,
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165

, , , , .

, ,
OracleS,
" ",
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OracleSi.

, : DB_BLOCK_SIZE
DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS. DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS
, . . ,
DB_BLOCK_S1ZE. . ,
DB_BLOCK_SIZE = 8192, a DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS = 10000, 81920000 , 80 . , ,
.
:
Q SVRMGR> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area
Fixed Size
Variable Size
Database Buffers
Redo Buffers
Database mounted.
Database opened.

48572320
64912
45137920
2048000
73728

bytes
bytes
bytes
bytes
bytes

, Oracle , SQL PL/SQL

, ,

. OracleS ,
, PL/SQL . .
, , , .

166

Oracle 7.3 LRU , LRU.

>

, , .
.
DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS - ,
, . :
Q DB_BIOCK_BUFFERS = 10000
,
, .
LRU, DB_BLOCK_LRU_LATCHES.
.
LRU , , LRU. , ,
. Oracle
:
Q DB_BLOCK_LRU_LATCHES = 16 /*This is for an 8-CPU machine '*/

, , .
, . , ,
. , , , , ,
. BUFFER_POOL_KEEP (
DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS).
LRU DB_BLOCK_LRU_LATCHES:
Q BUFFER_POOL_KEEP = (buffers:2000, lru_latches:2)
, ,
-

167

, DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS. ,
DB_BLOCK_LRU_LATCHES.

. BUFFER_POOL_
RECYCLE -
:

BUFFER_POOL_RECYCLE = (buffers: 1000, lru_latches:1)

1
10 ( , DB_BLOCK_
BUFFERS) LRU,
. . , , , ,
(, -, . - . .). ,
. ""
.
( )
.

, . , (
) ,
. ,
, tkprof, , V$CACHE V$BH.

,
.
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(DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS(BUFFER_POOL_KEEP+BUFFER_POOL_RECYCLE)).
,
50 .

V$BUFFER_POOL ,
.

168

,
V$CACHE V$BH, , ,
( ) ,
catparr.sql,
$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin.

. :

Q create table EMP (Empid number,

Lname varchar2(30),
Fname varchar2(30),
Salary number(8,2))
tablespace EMP_DATA01
storage (buffer_pool keep);
keep. buffer_poolue , .
buffer_pool storage alter.

cache

,
Oracle . , OracleS. ,
. cache , . ,

LRU (, OracleSi). , . ,
, . , cachene , ,
/ . - .
cache . , alter table EMP cache;
.

169

(MRU) LRU. ,
. , . ,
cache keep.

,
: ; , , ; ,
.
report.txt, STATSPACK V$SYSTEM_EVENT
V$SESSION_EVENT. , , /. , -
.

" " - ,
. ,
-.
, ,
Oracle

. ,
. ,
. ( , Oracle
),
. consistent get db block get V$SYSSTAT report.txt.
CHR. , .
CHR = 100* (1 - (physical reads / (consistent gets + db dlock
"*
gets - physical reads))
.281

170

6
V$SYSSTAT :

Q consistent gets = 47229

db block gets = 2148
physical reads = 3923
CHR,
Qj CHR = 100 * (1- (3923/(47229+2148-3923))) = 91,37%
CHR . 14:00 , ,
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,
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.
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( V$)
()
.
-
.
, .
V$BUFFER_POOL_$TATISTICS.
$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/catperf.sql (
). , CHR. V$BUFFER_
POOL_STATISTICS:

select Physical_Reads, DB_Block_Gets, Consistent_Gets

from V$BUFFER_POOL_STATISTICS
where Name = 'KEEP';

171

,
KEEP RECYCLE.
.
, .
. , , ,
.
, . , 100%,
, , , . , , ,
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,
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select 0.Owner, O.Object_Type, O.Object_Name, count(B.Ob]d)
from V$BH B, DBA_OBJECTS 0
where B.Objd = 0.Object_Id
group by 0.Owner, O.Object_Type, O.Object_Name
having count(B.Objd) > (select to_number(Value*.05)
from V$PARAMETER
where Name = 'db_block_buffers');
, 5% . 5 , .
, 5%- :
Q OWNER
DSTG
SYS
SYS
SYS

OBJECT_TYPE

OBJECT_NAME

INDEX
CLUSTER
INDEX
TABLE

COMPANY_STATUS_PK
C_OBJ
I_OBJAUTH1
OBJAUTHS

COUNT(B.ODJD)

245
440
206
185

172

, .

,

CHR ,
, . ,
V$SESSION_WAIT buffer busy waits free buffer
waits. latch free , cache buffers chains
cache buffers Iru chain. , , /, CHR
.
Q select SW.Sid, S.Username, substr(SW.Event,. 1, 35), SW.Wait_Time
from V$SESSION S, V$SESSION_WAIT SW
where SW.Event not like 'SQL*Net%'
and SW.Sid = S.Sid
order by SW.Wait_Time, SW. Event;

,
.
,
. , , , ,
. , SQL /

. () ,
. /, . Oracle.
buffer busy waits

. ,
/ .
,
.
,
.

db file sequential read

, .
/
/.

173

db file scattered read

, .
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free buffers waits

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, free buffer inspected
.

latch free

latch*,
. ,

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free .

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DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS ,
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174

DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS, ,
,
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( ,
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keep,
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LRU
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.
cache ,
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DB_BLOCK_SIZE

.
,
.

175

DB BLOCK BUFFERS

SGA.
, Oracle
,
, /.


().

DB BLOCK LRU LATCHES

, LRU
.

- . ,
,
, .

BUFER POOL KEEP

/
DB_BLOCK_BUFERS DB_BLOCK_LRU_LATCHES .
,
.

.

BUFER POOL RECYCLE

BUFFER_POOL_RECYCLE
DB_BLOCK_BUFERS DB_BLOCKLRU_LATCHES
. ^
/.

/ ,

(. " /").

178

, .
1 - , 8 .

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( ), ,
.

SQL , , - ,
OracleS, . OracleS , (
, *-> )
,
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Oracle .
, ,
, .

179

, , ,
. , , . : ,
(DBWR), (LGWR,
log writer), (ARCH) . , ,
SQL. ,
Oracle. " " ( , ; Oracle. - . .) ,
.

.
SGA. ,
Oracle LOG_BUFFER.
,
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, (ID) .
LGWR .
, arcivelog , ARCH . LGWR
- . ,
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).
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- , - , ,
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180

f
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Oracle 7.3:
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2. , ,
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3. ,

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.
. , ,
Oracle
LOG_SIMULTANEOUS_COPIES. OracleSi
(
). , Oracle 7.3.x,
.
Oracle 7.3.4
.

.

181

4.
.

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6. .
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182

7
( DBWR). , OracleS,
.
. ,
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.
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,
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OracleS, LGWR ,
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Oracle
.

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1
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DBWR.
,
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.

"Redo log buffers" :

SVRMGR> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area
Fixed Size
Variable Size
Database Buffers
Redo log buffers
Database mounted.
Database opened.

48572320
64912
45137920
2048000
524288

183

bytes
bytes
bytes
bytes
bytes_

, V$PARAMETER:

select Name, Value

from V$PARAMETER
' where Name = 'log_buffer';
NAME
VALUE
log_buffer

524288

. . Oracle 8.0 73728 (72 ). Oracle

8.1.5 524288 (512 ).
, . ,
LOG_BUFFER = 131072 (128 ).
. ,
(. , " , "). ,
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".
LOG_BUFFER

,
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.

184

IjOG SIMULTANEOUS COPIES

.
.
, OracleSi
( _LOG_SIMULTANEOUS_COPIES), ,
, ,
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log buffer space

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.

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log file parallel write

,
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) ,
.

log file single write

.
.

log file switch (archiving

needed)

, ARCH LGWR.
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, ).

ARCH /

Oracle ( ).

185

log file switch (checkpoint

incomplete)

( /
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.
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latch*.
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(LOG_SIMULTANEOUS_COPIES), OracleSi.

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latch, . ,
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LOG_SIMULTANEOUS_COPIES (, OracleSi), .

186

. , OracleSi
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128 256 , .
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187

Oracle.
Oracle, ,
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, ! , Oracle , . , ,
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, .
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TIMEOUT. / ,
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.
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.
. , . ,
, .

LOG_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL ,
0 ( ) ,
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LOG_CHECKPOINT_TIMEOUT (0 , OracleSi, 1800), ,

188

.
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.

OracleS,
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(. . . , .), .

189

, Oracle
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OracleSi, FAST_START_IO_TARGET. /,

190

. , DBWR
.
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, .
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ARCH. (
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191

LOG_ARCHIVE_BUFFERS LOG_ARCHIVE_
BUFFER_SIZE. , , OracleSi. Oracle , ,
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LOG_ARCHIVE_START

TRUE .
, archivelog.

LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST

,
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(, LOG_ARCHIVE_DUPLX_DEST)
.
, LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n (
1 5)
.

. ,

(
),

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192

LOG ARCHIVE,
MIN SUCCEED DEST

,

ARCH. 1.
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Oracle .
.

LOG ARCHIVE BUFFER SIZE

,
ARCH. OracleSi.

LOG ARCHIVE BUFFERS

, .
1.
OracleSi.

LOG CHECKPOINT INTERVAL

,
. (
) 0.

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LOG CHECKPOINT TIMEOUT

, ,
,
(
) . ,

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LOG CHECKPOINTS TO ALERT

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FAST START IO TARGET

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.

ARCHJO.SLAVES
LGWRJO_SLAVES

, Oracle,

/ ARCH LGWR.
OracleSi. ARCHJO_SLAVES
Oracle, LOG_ARCHIVE_MAX_PROCESSES.

193

Oracle
OracleS 1997 . , :




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229

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239

SQL parallel
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(ColA number(2),
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parallel (degree 4);

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from USER_TABLES
where Table_Name = 'MYTABLE';
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, alter
table. 6:
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Table altered.
SQL>select Degree
from USER_TABLES
where Table_Name = 'MYTABLE';
DEGREE
6

, , 4. Oracle
USER_INDEXES, DBA_INDEXES
ALLJLNDEXES Degree, .

240

SQL> create index MYINDEX

on MYTABLE (ColA)
storage (initial 1M next 1M)
parallel (degree 4);
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from USEFLINDEXES
where Index_Name = 'MYINDEX';
DEGREE

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4
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alter index, :

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Index altered.
sql> SELECT Degree
from USER_INDEXES
where Index_Name = 'MYINDEX 1 ;
DEGREE

, 6, PARALLEL SQL. , ,
, . :

241

Q select /*+ PARALLEL (CM, 6) */ Customer_Id Custid, Last_Contract_Yr Ley

from CUSTOMER_MASTER CM
order by Customer_Id;
CUSTID

LCY

*
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2000
101119164
2000
101119197
2000
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12 .
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Oracle ,
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Q SQL> alter table MYTABLE parallel;
Table altered.
SQL> select Degree
from USER_TABLES
where Table_Name = 'MYTABLE';
DEGREE
DEFAULT

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242

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Table altered.
SQL> select /*+ NOPARALLEL */ count (*.)
from CUSTOMER_MASTER;
COUNT (*)
5065192

243

SQL,

, SQL , .
SQL , DDL DML.
Oracle 7.3, :
(select)
(update delete)
(insert create
table)
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DML.
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1 row created.
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ERROR:
ORA-12841: Cannot alter the session parallel DML state within a transaction
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> alter session enable parallel dml;
Session altered.
SQL> update /*+PARALLEL (MYTABLE, 3) */ MYTABLE set Num=Num+4;
4800000 rows updated.
SQL> alter session disable parallel dml;
ERROR:
ORA-12841: Cannot alter the session parallel DML state within a transaction
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> alter session disable parallel dml;
Session altered.

245

,

, . .
PARALLEL MIN SERVERS

,
. - 0.

PARALLEL MAX SERVERS

, Oracle
. - 5.

PARALLEL MIN PERCENT

(
)
,
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PARALLEL SERVER IDLE TIME

, Oracle 7.1 Oracle 8.0,

8.1.3.
, Oracle
. - 5 .

PARALLEL AUTOMATIC TUNING

, Oracle 8.1. TRUE,

Oracle
.
.

PARALLEL ADAPTIVE MULTI USER

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, Oracle 8.O.
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2148 . Oracle,
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246

9
PARALLEL THREADS PER CPU

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,
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0.

LARGE POOL SIZE

, Oracle 8.O.
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PARALLEL_AUTOMATIC_TUNING TRUE,
PARALLEL EXECUTION MESSAGE_SIZE
LARGE.TOOL_SIZE; LARGE_POOL_SIZ
init.ora,
18 .

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SGA.
PARALLEL EXECUTION_MESSAGE SIZE
SHARED_POOL_SIZE.

RECOVERY PARALLELISM

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SORT AREA SIZE

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SORT AREA RETAINED SIZE

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247

PARALLEL_MIN_SERVERS
PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS
PARALLEL_MIN_PERCENT

PARALLEL_MIN_SERVERS,PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS
PARALLEL_MIN_PERCENT
PARALLEL_MIN_SERVERS . PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS, , ,
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PARALLEL_MIN_SERVERS, PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS
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/* The output from the following command has been formatted */

248

SVRMGR> show parameter parallel

NAME

TYPE

parallel_max_servers
parallel_fflin_percent
parallel_min_servers

integer
integer
integer

VALUE

8
50
4

, (8) . ,
- , , .
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.
PARALLEL_MIN^PERCENT 50% (. . ),
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Q SOL> select /*+ PARALLEL (CM, 6) * / count (*)
from CUSTOMER_MASTER CM
where Custoiner_Bill_Num is not null;
select /+ PARALLEL (CM, 6) */ count (*)
*

ERROR at line 1:
ORA-12827: insufficient parallel query slaves available
PARALLEL_MIN_PERCENT
(0)
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249

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from V$PQ_SYSSTAT;
STATISTIC
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Servers Idle
Servers Highwater
Server Sessions
Servers Started
Servers Shutdown
Servers Cleaned Up
Queries Initiated
DHL Initiated
DFO Trees
Sessions Active
Local Msgs Sent
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:
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from V$PQ_SESSTAT;
STATISTIC
LAST_QUERY
SESSION_TOTAL

Queries Parallelized
DML Parallelized
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Server Threads
Allocation Height
Allocation Width
Local Msgs Sent
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Local Msgs Recv'd
Distr Msgs Recv'd
10 rows selected.
SQL>

1
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2>
from V$ROLLSTAT;
USN

EXTENTS

WRAPS

EXTENDS

WRITES

0
2

0
0

0
0

1976
81605

2 rows selected.
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2>
USN

from V$ROLLSTAT;
EXTENTS
WRAPS

EXTENDS

WRITES

1976

2
2
1
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204173
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Rem That is impossible in the above scenario as there is only 1

265

flem transaction in our database and we are the only one using this
fiem rollback segment. We have just started writing to the second
Rem extent of the rollback segment and wraps rose to 1.
Rem Run the third set of deletes and look at the rollback segment
Rem statistics.
SVRMGR> select Usn, Extents, Wraps, Extends, Writes
2>
from V$ROLLSTAT;
USN
EXTENTS
WRAPS
EXTENDS
WRITES
0
2

8
2

0
1

2 rows selected.

'

0
0

1976
665350

Rem No extends or wraps this time, as all of the undo entries

Rem fit into the current extent. However, the number of writes
Rem has increased showing that we are still writing undo entries.
Rem Run the last set of deletes and look at the rollback segment
Rem statistics.
1
SVRMGR> select Usn, Extents, Wraps, Extends, Writes
2>
from V$ROLLSTAT;
USN
EXTENTS
WRAPS
EXTENDS WRITES
0
- 2

8
3

0
2

0
1

1976
716940

2 rows selected.
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Rem of extends at 1.
,
, Oracle () , next_extent_size. extends
V$ROLLSTAT. Oracle .
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2

from V$SYSTEM_EVENT

where Event = 'buffer busy waits';

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TOTAL_WAITS

buffer busy waits

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106021

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3
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268

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undo block
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TIME

43931
34743

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2
S.Extents, S.Wraps, S.Extends, S.Hwmsize
3
from V$ROLLNAME N, V$ROLLSTAT S
4
where N.Usn = S.Usn;
i
NAME

SYSTEM
R8S01
RBS02

XACTS

0
2
3

GETS

6925
56337
162501

WAITS

0
1877
2298

EXTENTS

WRAPS

EXTENDS

HWMSIZE

13
11
11

0
1247
1363

0
48
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2146304
2043904

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270

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2
3
NAME

Next_Extent, Min_Extents
from DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS;
INITIAL EXTENT

NEXT EXTENT

MIN_EXTENTS

53248
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102400

53248
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2
10
10

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RBS02
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271

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272

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273

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2
from V$SYSSTAT
.3
NAME

where Name like '%sort%';

VALUE
j-

sorts (memory)
sorts (disk)
sorts (rows)
3 rows selected.
SQL>

77027
8471
138003699

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279

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2
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3
from V$SORT_USAGE;
USER'

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SERNBR

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TEMP

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34
35

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4420
4550

12480
65650

2 rows selected. .,
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2
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3
from VSSORT SEGMENT;

TSNAME

USERS

TEMP

TOTEXT
211

TOTBLKS
27430

USEDEXT
211

USEDBLKS
27430

1 row selected.

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TSNAME

USERS

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TOTEXT
220

TOTBLKS

USEDEXT

USEDBLKS

28600

1 row selected.

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2
3
TSNAME

Max_Used_Blocks, Max_Sort_Size, Max_Sort_Blocks

from V$SORT_SEGMENT;
MAX_BLOCKS

MAX_USED_BLOCKS

MAX_SORT_SIZE

MAX_SORT_BLOCKS

28600

28600

111

14430

TEMP

1 row selected.
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288

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133. 281

346

12

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25
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maxserve'rs
100
MAXIMUM number of servers
maxreqs
4096
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kprocprio
39
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autoconfig
available STATE to be configured at system restart
fastpath
enable
State of fast path
oracle ibmrs601 [DBPR]:

True
True
True
True
True
True

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AIO requestcount:
AIO requestcount:
AIO requestcount: 22

347

requestcount: 61
AID requestcount: 52

requestcount: 80
requestcount: 64

requestcount: 5

requestcount:

/ AIX, aiostat
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, . !
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, SGA. ,
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, , vmtune, .

348

12

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(-S) vmtune
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.

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349

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SGA.
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vmtune:
current values:
-

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183293
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-M

maxrandwrt maxpin
0
733995
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-R

-f

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maxperm minpgahead maxpgahead minfree maxfree

458746 2
8
120
128

-1

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npswarn
24192
-d

lvm_bufcnt Irubucket defps

9
131072
1

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npskill
6048

-c

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pd_npages
524288

-b

-B

numclust numfsbufs hd_pbuf_cnt

1
93
993

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0

-n
nokilluid
0

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-L
-g
v_pinshm
lgpg_regions lgpg_size strictjnaxperm
0
0
0
0
number of valid memory pages = 917493
maxperm=50,0% of real memory
maximum pinable=80,0% of real memory
minperm=20,0% of real memory
number of file memory pages = 700018
numperm=76,3% of real memory

350

12

( ) minperm 20% 50% .

, .
man AIX . , -S v_pinshm -
0. , ? .
AIX. man
, .

chdev

/usr/sbin/chdev

.
root.

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/usr/sbin/lsattr

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/usr/sbin/lsdev

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/usr/sbin/lsps

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/bin/lslpp

pstat

/usr/sbin/pstat

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.

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root.

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/usr/samples/kernel/vmtune

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root.

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semmns. -q
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Value
semmns

2048

prodhp[oracle]% /usr/sbin/kmtune -1 -q semmns

Parameter:
semmns
Value:
2048
Default:
128
Minimum:
Module:

352

12

HP-UX. .

HP-UX /
. ,
/. / HP-UX, sain.
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, . Oracle
(, , orack dba). , /etc/privgroup :
Q

dba MLOCK

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. dbc_max_pct,

. , 15% dbc_max_^pct 2%
dbc_min_pct. Oracle dbc_max_pct, 128 .

/ -

354

12

. ,
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(VxFS) HP OnlineJFS,
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maxdsiz_64bit maxssiz_64bit.
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, 32- 64- . HP-UX.
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.
maxdsiz,
. HP Oracle , maxdsiz - 1,9 .

355

maxssiz 8 . HP , 79 .
maxtsiz 4 . HP
, 1024 .

HP-UX 11.0. man
.

getprivgrp

/usr/bin/getprivgrp

,
, setprivgrp.

glance

/opt/perf/bin/glance

GlancePlus -
.

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gpm.

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/usr/sbin/kmtune

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multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0) partition(2)\WINNT="Windows NT Server Version 4.00
[VGA mode]" /basevideo /sos

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358

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359

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362

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:
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371

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V$PARAMETER Description.
Q # initMYDB.ora
w

Modification History

# Name
# Kirti

# Gaja

Date
04/16/2001

04/17/2001

Action
Created the file

Cleaned up, added some parameters

400

# Parameters to optimize the Database Buffer Cache and I/O

4*

db_block_buffers = 10000
buffer_pool_keep = (buffers:500, lru_latches:.1)
# OracleS and above
buffer_pool_recycle = (buffers:1000, lru_latches:2)
n OracleS and above
db_file_multiblock_read_count = 16
db_writers = 1 0
# Oracle 7.3 and below
dbwr_writer_processes = 1
# Oracle 8 and above
dbwr_io_slaves = 1 0
# OracleS and above
disk_asynch_io = TRUE
# OracleS and above
use_direct_io = TRUE
# Platform specific
use_ism = TRUE
# Sun Solaris, Obsolete in Si
db_files = 200
# Parameters to optimize the Shared Pool Area

shared_pool_size = 134217728
shared_pool_reserved_size = 10485760
shared_pool_reserved_min_alloc = 5242880 # Obsolete in Oracle 8.1.3
java_pool_size = 20971520
# OracleSi and above
large_pool_size = 10485760
large_pool_min_alloc = 8192
# Obsolete in Oracle 8.1.3
lock_sga = TRUE
ft
Platform specific
mlock_sga = TRUE
ft
Platform specific
dml_locks = 300
sequence_cache_entries = 100
# Parameters to optimize Hash Joins
#

hash_area_size = 10485760
hash_multiblock_io_count = 16
hashjoin_enabled = TRUE
# Parameters to optimize Redo Log Buffer, ARCH and LGWR

^
log_buffer = 131072
log_archive_dest = /u06/oradata/MYDB/archive
log_archive_format = arch_%s.log
log_archive_start = TRUE
log_archive_buffer_size = 128
# Obsolete in Oracle 8.1.3
log_archive_buffers = 5
# Obsolete in Oracle 8.1.3

# OracleS and OracleSi introduced a few additional parameters to manage more

# than one log archive destination and conditions for copying log files
# to them. Please refer to Oracle documentation for additional information.
# Parameters to configure Latches
4+

log_simultaneous_copies = 8
dbj)lock_lru_latches = 8

# Obsolete in Oracle 8.1.3

# Parameters to optimize Checkpoints

4+

log_checkpoint_interval = 0
log_checkpoint_timeout = 1800
log_checkpoints_to_alert = TRUE
# Parameters to optimize Cursors and Library Cache Performance
#
.
i
cursor_space_for_time = FALSE
row_cache_cursor = 128
session_cached_cursors = 64

# Obsolete in Oracle 8.1.3

open_cursors = 256
# Parameters to select Optimizer Mode and tune Optimizer

optimizerjnode = choose
optimizer_parallel_percent = 0
optimizer_max_permutations = 79000
optimizer_index_cost_adj = 1
optimizer_search_limit = 1
optimizer_index_caching =99
partition_view_enabled = true
always_anti_join = HASH

# Oracle 8.0.5 and

# Oracle 8.0.5 and
# Oracle 8.0.5 and
# Oracle 8.0.5 and

above
above
above
above

ft Parameters to optimize Parallel Query Option

parallel_max_servers = 16
parallel_min_servers = 4
parallel_min_percent =50
parallel_server_idle_time = 5
parallel_automatic_tuning = FALSE

# Obsolete in Oracle 8.1.3

# Oracle8i and above

# Parameters to optimize Sort Performance

402

sort_area_size = 1048576
sort_area_retained_size = 1048576
sort_direct_writes = TRUE
sort_write_buffers = 8
sort_write_buffer_size = 32768
sort_multiblock_read_count = 2

#
#
it
n

Obsolete
Obsolete
Obsolete
OracleSi

in 8.1.3
in 8.1.3
in 8.1.3
and above,

Pointer to the configMYDB.ora file that stores static parameters

44

ifile = /u01/oracle/admin/MYDB/pfile/configMYDB.ora
configMYDB.ora

db_block_size = 8192
processes = 100
timed_statistics = TRUE
# The following parameter enables public read access to trace files
_trace_files_public = TRUE
global_names = TRUE
compatible = 8.1.6.1
rollback_segments = (rs1,rs2,rs3, rs4)
db_name = MYDB
control_files = (7u03/oradata/MYDB/cntrl1.ctl,\
/u04/oradata/MYDB/cntr!2.ctl)
user_dump_dest = /u01/oracle/admin/MYDB/udump
core_dump_dest = /u01/oracle/admin/MYDB/cdump
background_dump_dest = /u01/oracle/admin/MYDB/bdump
service name = MYOB

, ,
http://www.orapub.com, http://technet.oracle.com
http://metalink.oracle.com. Hotsos LLC Orapub Inc.
,
. , .
, Oracle,
,
oracle-l ( )

403

lazyDBA ( '). oracle-1, ListGuru@fatcity.com,

: your name, lazyDBA, ORACLEDBA-SUBSCRIBE@LAZYDBA.COM; http://www.lazyDBA.coni.
, web- Miracle A/S
http://www.miracleas.dk.
\

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http://oracle.oreilly.com/news/oraclesqlload_0401.html.
Aronoff, E. The Oracle Database Block Size - Larger is Better. White Paper,
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Gunther, N. The Practical Performance Analyst. McGraw-Hill, 1998.
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Hewlett-Packard Corporation, HP-UX Kernel Tuning and Performance Guide.

Tuning Guide, 2000. http://docs.hp.eom/hpux/onlinedocs/os/ll.0/
tuningwp.html.

IBM Corporation, Performance Management Guide. AIX Performance Guide,

2000. http://www.rs6000.ibm.com/doc_link/en_US/a_doc_lib/aixbman/
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h- tml.

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