.., .., ..

,
.. , ..,
.., ..,
..

NbN

2011

 621.396.62
32.849
645
:
- ,


. .;

- ,

. .


645 .., .., .., .., .., .., .., ..
NbN:. .: , 2011. 86 .

NbN. ,
. (
), .
, , .

ISBN 9785-426300477
, 2011
. , 2011


........................................................................................................ 5
1.
.............................................14
1.1. .......................14
1.1.1. ......................................................................14
1.1.2. ......................................................................15
1.2. .................................................17
1.2.1. ..........17
1.2.2. HEB ..............20
1.2.3. HEB ......24
1.2.4. HEB .........24
1.2.5. HEB ..............................................27
2. HEB
...........36
2.1. HEB ......................................................36
2.1.1. HEB .........................................36
2.1.2. HEB ...............................................38
2.2. HEB .....38
2.3. HEB .......................................40
2.4. HEB ......................................................43
2.5. HEB ................................45
3.
NBN HEB
.................................48
3.1. HEB ....................................48
3.2. HEB
.............................51
3.3. HEB ........................................54
4.
HEB
810 ......................................58
4.1. .....................................................................58
4.2. HEB .......62
4.3. HEB
.........................................................66

4.4. HEB
......................................................69
..................................................................................................72
.........................................................................74
.......................................................................................75
......................................................................................84


(0,3 3 )
[14].
,

,
. , CO, CS, SO,
SO2, HCO+, HCN, C, N+ C+,
.

.
.
, , . , , ,
, ,
,
. , , .1. , ,
30 K.
, , -
, (RLT [1], SMA [5], ALMA [6])
(SOFIA [7]), (Herschel [8]).
5

 .2
4200 (Mauna Kea, Hawaii).
, 1, , Mauna Kea,
.

.1. ,
. ,
30 K

.2.
4200 (Mauna Kea, Hawaii)

.
,
(),
[910]. ( ),
1 -
.
1
-- ( ) -
( h/kB)
. , (,
SMA[5], ALMA [6]). ,
,

, [12].
(hot-electron bolometer
7

(HEB) mixer) [1315] - ,

[16, 17],
( 1K/), [1822], , , ( ).
- (Heterodyne Instrument
for the Far-Infrared HIFI), Herschel HEB 14101910 [8]. , CASIMIR GREAT, HEB , 1,22,1
1,55, SOFIA [7]. HEB 1,8 TELIS [23]. APEX,
(Llano de Chajnantor) 5105
HEB 12501384 [24]. Receiver Lab Telescope,
-
, 0,81,5. [25]. [26], . .., HEB
1.
HEB
1 ,
.

HEB 4. ,
(,
) , 8

, . , (. ),
:
T + T
,
(1)
T = R
B

TA ; TR
; B ; t -.
, /
.
, ,
, -,
. , , , .
, ,
-
,
(. (1) ).
, , ,
1/f () ,
( 1/f )
(). HEB ( )
1 [27] .


. ,
, - -.
9

 [2831],

.
, (
- ), ( ,
).
,
:
, ( , ) ( ).
, - , . -
, , , .
- . , -
, . HEB 3,2
[20] 5,2 [21].
D
[32].

10

Lth = D ,

(2)

D ; tQ .
.
9 [33].
, .
,
. , , , , ,
, , .

, , . ,

.
HEB
, , , ,
. , HEB
[3436].
.
,
.
, (
) [37], .
11

 HEB ,
[16, 17],
,
. ,
,

.
[21],
[20].
.
HEB
:
[38] [39]. .
.
, . , 1

, . (, , ),
.
, , :
1. HEB
;
2. HEB 12


;
3. HEB
.
, NbN 3,5 ,
Si, , 0,8 NbN 3,5, Z- MgO.

13

1.


1.1.


,
.
.
, . ,
:
( ) -- ( ) ( ).

1.1.1.
, -

[1820, 40]. ,
. 14


. .
(~5)
[19, 41],
. ,

[19]: (TR) 585 1684 1,6 [18]; ,
2,5 , TR ~ 9000 .
( ~ 30 ) [42].

1.1.2.
[43, 44]. , , ,
h/kB 48/.
,
.

[44], , 48 [45].
, 35
(h/kB) 50 800 [4548].
( , ) .
15

 , , ,

[49].
, ,
, [50]. ,
, . , 5070 /2 [49]. ,
, [51]. -

, , ,
. [52],
, .
- [53, 54].
66 (3 h/kB) 455 210 (7 h/kB) 630 [55].
, .
[56].
, , .
16

 [57].
[58,59]
,
. ,
, .
[44],
, fmax = 4D/h (2D ), 1,31,4 Nb, .

,
NbN (fmax = 2,42,5 ) NbTiN (fmax = 1,5 ) [60].
,
, , Al. Nb Al
1
1000 (21 h/kB) [61, 62]. -
NbTiN/
/SiO2/Al ,
.
1
,

( ).

1.2.
1.2.1.

(hot-electron bolometer
HEB) , (.3,a):
17

 [63].

.3. :
a) ;
) NbN

. , , .
,
.
[64].
,
Te > Tb, Tb . () - t eph ,
( )
Tph. - tphe
tesc.
.3,
NbN
. .
18

 , ,
,
[64],
, ,
, . ,
.
, . ,

.
tQ.
teph tesc, (ce)
(cp) . , tQ

Ldiff = 4 D .

(3)

, , tQ.
L, ,
,
L2
diff ,
(4)
D

( ). , L < Ldiff ( ,
),
, . HEB HEB , DHEB.
(L > Ldiff)
, .
HEB , PHEB.
HEB
, , , ,
.
19

 wLO wS, HEB

tb,

Te PLO PS cos ( IF t ).
(5)

wIF = |wLO wS|
() PLO PS .

1.2.2. HEB

[6567]:
dTe
= (Te ,T ph ) + PDC + PRF ,
dt

(6)
dT ph
c ph
= (Te ,T ph ) (T ph ,Tb );
dt

Te Tph ; ce cph ; W , PDC PRF DC
RF ; Y ,
.
Y ,
(6) .
|Te Tb| << Tb ( ,
),
, (6) :
ce

ce

Te Tph
dTe
= ce
+ PDC + PRF ,
dt
eph

c ph

20

dT ph
dt

= ce

Te T ph
eph

c ph

T ph Tb
esc

(7)

 teph - ,
tesc . DC

R
(Te Tb ).
Te

, ,
PDC = I 2 R(Tb ) + I 2

Te Tph I 2 R
dTe
I 2 R(Tb ) + PRF
=
+
(Te Tb ) +
,
eph
dt
ce Te
ce
c Te Tph Tph Tb
= e

.
dt
c ph eph
esc

dTph

(8)

(9)

, , , Tb,
.
, .. (9)
, |Te Tb| << Tb.
, Te Tph ~ Tph Tb.

ce esc
<< 1,
c ph eph

(10)

:
Te Tph I 2 R
dTe
I 2 R(Tb ) + PRF
=
+
(Te Tb ) +
,
eph
dt
ce Te
ce
dTph

Tph Tb

(11)

=
;
dt
esc

, :
I 2 eph R I 2 R(Tb ) + PRF
,
(12)
1 c T +
ce

e
e

, Tph Tb.

dTe
T T
= e b
dt
eph

21

I 2 eph R
m
.
, 0 =
(13)
ce Te
1 0
a0, (13),
- DC . HEB R/T > 0, 0 ,
- .
.
DC , .
:
DC , , ,
. , a0
,
. , a0 = 1, :
, , .

( R/T ,
).
, (9),
teph tesc,
ce/cph. , . PRF
(. (5).
m =

(14)
PRF = 2 PLO PS 1 + cos ( IF t )


Te = 2

22

PLO PS
ce

1 eph

1 + i IF 2
(15)
2 1 (1 0 ) (1 + i IF + )(1 + i IF )

 ,
eph + 2 ( 0 1)
4 2 eph 2 1 ( 0 1)
1 1
,
2 2 eph
1 eph + 2 ( 0 1)

c ph
,
1 = eph
(16)
ce
1 =

1
1
21 = esc
+ eph

ce
.
c ph

V AC = I

R
Te
Te

(17)

:
2

V AC
P
= AC =
=
2PS R
PS

P
1
= 2 LO

PDC 2 1 (1 0 )
2
0

1 + i IF 2
. (18)
(1 + i IF + )(1 + i IF )

(9) (15)
HEB ,

(12), teph
tQ. :
=

2 20 PLO

1
, m = .
2
2
2
1 0
1 0 PDC 1 + IF m

(19)

, 3- ,
(19). NbN . 1 [68].
23

1
NbN
Tc,
K

DTc,
K

D,

c e,
3 K1

cph,
3 K1

teph,

0,5

3,5

1,5 103

10,5 103

10

tesc,
D,
2 1
38,5

0,4

1.2.3. HEB

HEB .
:
2
dTe
Te Tb I diff R I 2 R(Tb ) + PRF
1
,
=
+
dt
ce Te
ce
diff

(20)

L2
,
(21)
2 D

L D
[69].
(19) ,
diff =

diff =

2 20 PLO
1
,
2
1 0 PDC 1 + 2IF 2m

m =

diff
1 0

(22)

1.2.4. HEB

HEB
: [38]
[39]. 24

 [70] [71, 72]. .4, a,

.
.
, - (
E H) [73].
,
( ,
,
).

[74], ;
.
.
, , ,
, . ,
, , .
,
DC ,
. , , , 0,01 / , e . ,

,
.
25

.4. HEB :
a ;

, 1 ,

. (, , ),
(. 4) [75].
, ,
, . ,
, . (
R
R/n, n ) .
(, Si)
.
;
.
( ) 26

 , 1 4,
2 3 .
r1 = a exp(),

r2 = a exp ,

2
r3 = a exp ( ),

(23)

r2 = a exp ,

r ; q
; a .
, . :
Z=

377
2(1 + )

(24)

e ,
. Si e = 11,7, Z 75 W.

1.2.5. HEB
- .5,a.
, , .
, .
, ,
. , ,
, ,
[76].
27

 , , ,
( ), .

.5. :
a) ; ) ;
)

,

28

V12 = kBTA ,

(25)

 D (
). (25)

TA. ;

V22 = kB BG (TA + TR ),
(26)

TR .

,
V3 = V22 = kB BG (TA + TR ),
3 = 2kB BG (TA + TR ).

(27)

N .
V4 = V3 ,

(28)

4 = 3 .
N

- [7779], B
,
2B . t
2B , 2Bt
,

N = 2 B .

(29)

V4
TA. DTA ,
V4 ; :
V4

TA

V4
TA = 4 TA = 4
.
TA

(30)
29

 , :
Tsys
T + TB
.
(31)
TA = A

B
B

.. 1946.
[80]. , (31). Tsys, ,
,
( ), ,
.
() .

, DG. (31)
12

1 G 2
TA = Tsys
+

G
B

(32)

= a0 + a1 .
G

(33)

(33) 1/f , 1g2 [81]. (DT/Tsys)2

t ,
,
1/f .
.. 1966 . [82], . ,
(DT/Tsys)2,
1

1 +1
A =

(34)
Ba1

1/f
. tA
30

 . 1/f
1/f , , .
.
.. [80] (
) [83]. .5,, TA,
PA = kB BG (TA + TR )
(35)

Tref (,
77 K),

Pref = k B BG (Tref + TR ).

PA Pref = kB BG (TA Tref ).

(36)

(35) (36)
(37)

kB B(G + G )(TA Tref ) = kB BG (TA + TA Tref ), (38)

G
(TA Tref ),
(39)
G


TA =

12

TA( S )

2
2
TA + TR TR + Tref
B G TA Tref
1 +
. (40)
= 2
+
2 G TR + TA
B TR + TA

, (40) ,
, G.
, TA = Tref,
31

 .
. , ,
, .

.
[84]. ,
, . , ,
.

,
. ,
: )
, ; ) , , , .
HEB ,
1 [85], ,
, ,
.
(40) [86]:
2

TR + Tref
(TA + TR )2 1
1
(S )

TA =
+
+
BA
dA
B ref
dref

(41)
2 1/ 2
G
+ (TA Tref )
,
G
tA , tref . dA dref ,
.
(.5,)

32

[83]. 3- ,
4-
. A B,
(A + B) 1/2(A B) .
,
,
( , TR1 TR2 G1 G2):
12

( )
A

2
2
T + TR TR + Tref
B G TA Tref
1 +
, (42)
= A
+
2 G TA + TR
B TA + TR

2 , , .
, HEB
,
.
SIS ,
,
, HEB

.
,
. ,
,
HEB
,
,
- ().
HEB
Kooi et al, HEB
0,673 , 1,462 ,
1,630 2,814 . ,
HEB , , HEB 80 . 1/f .
33

 0,3.
, ,

.
(
[87])
1015 , , 1/f . , HEB
.
.
, .
1. , 1, ,
, . , , ,
1 , ,
.


.
(HEB )

.
2. ,
, HEB
( ~3
~5
).
34

3. , HEB , , HEB
. 1 , , , , .
.
4.
,
HEB ,
.

35

 2.
HEB


2.1. HEB
2.1.1. HEB
.2 HEB . HEB , ,
NbN 3,5 ,
Nb Si ,
830C.
Ar N2 5 103 812 105.
NbN in situ Au 15. ,
in situ .
, ,
.

in situ .

.
Cr(3 )
Au(70)Ti (8 ) ( ), Cr , Ti
.
36

 :
, Ti(5 )Au (200 )Ti (5 )
( ), Ti , .
2

HEB
In situ
NbNAu

-
Au
,

SiO

NbNAu

NbN-Au

SiO ,
in situ , AuNbN . , .
37

 NbN
500W, ( ) 74 W
- 0,1.

2.1.2. HEB
HEB
.
HEB Si
z- MgO 200
NbN . 0,120,13 1,5
. , HEB , 30
2 126 ( Si
,
, ).

2.2. HEB

HEB
. .6,a, .

38

.6.:
a) R(T);
) HEB ,
.

-



4- Keithley
10
Solartron . ,
.
HP34401A,
4- . .6,
RT- HEB , .
9 1.
7
Au ,
39

 NbN-Au,
NbN [64].
,
, 106A 2.

2.3. HEB
, , .7. HEB :
(),
270320 .
,
, 0,1 10 .

.
, , ,
.

, ,
LakeShore.

40

.7.

HEB 3-
, Picosecond Pulse Labs 18
MITEQ 0,112 36 . 0,1
6 Rohde & Schwartz
( 100 6) (..7,a).
6,

, (. .7,).

2 8 50
MITEQ.
HEB , 1, , , , , ,
.
, , 270320 .
, ,
,
41

 .
R(T) ( ), , .
, -
, (dV/dI)0 ,
T, R(T).
,
1/2RN ( NbN R(Tc) = 1/2R(20K)),
, (dV/dI)0 = 1/2RN, Tc, , .

HEB .
, . ,
, .
dImixer/Imixer << 1 (dImixer , );
, . dImixer/Imixer = 0,05. , - , .
HEB
dV
d
R
R Te
IR ( I ,Te ) = R + I
=
+I
. (43)

I
Te I
dI dI

(43) , [64] (
).
Z

42


, ,

R
R
RI
0,
(44)
I
I


(,
), , -.
-. ,
,
.
R+I

2.4. HEB

HEB
810. ,
, .8. HEB , . 90 0,81 .

z- ~2,7,
~60.
, ,
, . - (), .
Zitex G106, 77-K
,
, .
43

 2,54,0,

30 38.
, 35 16 , 380
c 3,5 , ,
Agilent 8473D, .

.8.

,
. DC SR560, 10- 12 23 .
HP34401A, 65.
HP
15-
.
44

 [7779].
c
17,3 HP83630A
. , 300- 20- .
. . -,
, . -, , , 3- , 3 NbN ,
. , , , ,
. , .
17,3.

2.5. HEB
.9,
,
,
, . ,
54 , -
(OCS) 5 , . OCS 10
790820 [88].

. : , , ,
45

0,02 . .

.9.

. 380
3,5 . Agilent 8473D, .
DC 23
10- 12 .
65.
46


15- . , , --.
,
3,54,5 50950
FFT Acqiris 60 .
HEB
17,3 HEB
, .
,
.

47

 3.

NBN HEB

3.1. HEB

HEB in situ . 2.

0,12 0,35 0,05 .
10 .
50 ( NbN 3,5 500 ). .3. ,
, 12, . ,
,
50. .
. 3 ( ): ; , ; , ; ;
4,2 ;
4,2 ; 300 ; , 300 , 48

 , NbN
500 2 ; ;
, (51)
(.) 2
3

1126/1#12
1126/1#15
1126/1#16
1126/1#17
1306/2#16
1306/2#23
1306/2#33
1306/1#8
1306/1#7
684#6
1126/2#4

lmeas, wmeas,

0,332 2,4
0,347 2,4
0,157 2,4
0,167 2,4
0,176 1,9
0,196 1,9
0,112
1
0,216
2
0,216
2
0,320
4
0,200 1,5

Tc,
11,5
11,5
11,3
11,5
8,9
9,8
9,1
9
8,3
9
10,6

Ic, Jc,106,
/2
554
6,60
585
6,96
578
6,88
498
5,93
175
2,63
200
3,01
132
3,77
106
1,51
103
1,47
230
1,64
280
5,33

R300,

92
98
64
60
76
85
107
99
105
74
136

lcomp, Bmeas, Bcomp,

0.594
3
3,5
0.461 3,5
3,5
0.166
6
5,4
0.197
5
5,2
0.281 4,2
4,9
0.315 4,5
4,6
0.210 6,5
7,8
0,388 3,8
4,3
0,412
3
4,3
0,576
4
3,6
0,402 6,2
4,5

1) 3,5 ()
:
R
lcomp = wmeas 300
(45)
RS

, , -,
, , in situ
.
2) NbN
.
, :
49

RScentre dedge
=
,
RSedge dcentre

(46)

d . (46) ,
, , , . ,
, ( Nb N)
.
3)
.
,

.
4) ex situ (. .2),
in situ Ti,
.
, 1261/1 1306/2 1,2 ;
2,5 .
,

:
Tc (0)
T
J c (T ) (0) f ,
Tc

(47)

, ( 1,2 2,5 ,
(47) ,
). ( ) ,
-,
. , , .3, , tph
(50) Tc
tesc,
50

 . , Tc.

3.2.
HEB

- , ,
.10. 4,2
. . .
; ,
. ,
, 50,
- (
RN/2
50). , - .

.10. - ,
.

51

 . .
1
.11
0,11.
( )

P ( f IF ) =

P (0)

,
(48)
2
1 + ( f IF f3dB )

. , 3,5 HEB Si
MgO. .12

.

.11. HEB

. 3. , 0,10,2
3,5. ,
( , 52

 , ). ,

( , ) : .
:
Gtot = G ph + Gdiff ,
(49)


1

1
C
Ce
1
e =
=
+
.
Gtot G ph + Gdiff ph diff

(50)

.12.

(19).
NbN (21) (50)
f3dB
0.06
= 3+
,
(51)
2
1
L 1 )
(

53

 L .
(51) . 12 .
,
,
, . , ,
(51), .
. .
(
10%); , ,

( , ,
. , , 0,20,3,
. ,
.

3.3. HEB
. -, , 3- .
-, . , S21
. ,
S12
S
(52)
S = 11
, S12 = S21,
S21 S22

,
,
54

 , . , 3 : 50- , .
, (, Tc)
, . , ,
.
.

2

P ( f ) = S21 PM ( f ) = S21

PM (0)

1 + ( f f3dB )

(53)

PM .
. 1, HEB , ,
. , , .
,
, [89,90]:
( IF ) =

2 20

(1 + Z

Z L ) (1 )
2

PLO
1
(0)

,
2
2
PDC 1 + IF m 1 + 2IF 2m

(54)

I 2 R Z L R
ZL R
, 0
,
m

1
Z L + Z ce Te Z L + Z

Z ,
1/tQ ZL ,
ZL =

RS Z IF
,
RS + Z IF

(55)

, . 13
. Rs
ZIF=50W .
55

 :
- .
ZL= 20 W (. .10).

.13.
HEB

,
constant I 2

ZL R
Z V I
,
= constant I 2 L
ZL + R
Z L +V I

(56)

, ,
R


e Te
- Z=R
Tc. ,

V I RL
1 + constant I
V I + RL

(57)

- ,
V/I ZL, (57) . , , . (53)
A B (VB > VA),
56

(
(

B
PA ( f ) PA (0) 1 + f f3dB
=
PB ( f ) PB (0) 1 + f f A
3 dB

)
)

2
2

(58)

.

S21 . 3- , , ,
.

57

4.

HEB
810
4.1.
HEB Y- .
, .
(295 ),

Pamp = kB BGIF Tamp + TR ,

(59)

B ; GIF ; + HEB
, ; TR
.
, (77 ),

PV = 0 = kB BGIF (THEMT + Tbath ).

(60)

, , , (HEMT)
4,2 .

58

Pcold = kB BGIF (Tcold + TR ),

(61)

 THEMT , 4, Tbath=4,2 K .
(59)(61) , , :
Pamp Pcold
T +T
= bath HEMT
.
(62)
PV = 0
Tamp Tcold

, ,
,
1. 17,3.


. , . ,
, ,
[91].
.

, NbN,
.
, < 10%,
(. .14). , .
, . ,
,
, , .
59

.14. HEB .
() ()
0,81

NbN , . , , ,
. (< 10% ),

NbN. ,
3- ,
. ,
NbN

, 1,2 0,052
60

.15.- HEB ,
0,81 17,3 .
0,81 ,
, 100% (), 80% () 60% ().

.15, 3- .
HEB , 0,81 ,
.
, , , , 0,81
, . , NbN
17,3 .
0,81
- HEB
. , ,
, .
61

 -.

. ,
.
HEB
,
HEB . .

4.2.
HEB
, HEB ,

, , DC .
[92]
0,013 ;
3. , ,

1/Bt,
(31),
t=5.

.
,
.
. t :
= t

62

P (t ) = P (0) K I ( ) I preset ,
=

(63)

 P(0) , 5; K=0,01/, Ipreset ; 1/t 65 .

,
, - HEB
,
,
. - ,
0,81 17,3 ,
(. ). ,
, - HEB
,
,

(..15). , ,

. K (63) . K 2 /.
, 0.1 /
. .16 HEB
.
. ,
.
, HEMT , (
)
. ,
63

 , ,
.
.

.16. HEB (D)

(). ()

.17. HEB () ()
. ()
380- ( )

64


.17.
, 1 10 , 1/f . . Kooi et al [27] ,
2,8 1/f
, ,
, ,
. , ,
, , , 1/f . , - .
,
. S ,
N ~ 104 Sk.
S
1 N 1
sk = k ; S S k .
(64)
S
N k =0

[sk] M
n= N/M (,
n, M = N/n ;
,
, , M ), ; M :
1 (i 1)n 1
(65)
sk , i = 0 M 1,
n k = in

xi n . (65),
:
1 M 1
2
2A (n)
[ xi (n) xi +1(n)] =
2M i = 0
xi (n) =

1
=
2M

1 (i +1)n 1
1 (i +1)n 1

s
k

sk .
n k =(i +1)n
i = 0 n k = in

M 1

(66)
65

 .17,

1/f
10. , 10 -. ,
.
, .

4.3.
HEB

,
.
77 , 295 , 298. 3
. .
4 , ,
9- . , .
2. , 20
, 5 : --.
25, . Theat, Tamb Tcold ,
, Pheat , Pamb Pcold , 5-66

 ,

Pheat Pamb
(67)
.
Pamb Pcold

20 , 40
.
Theat ,
, .
Pheat, Pamb
0.06%
, .
. 18 ,
() (). , 3,
. , . ,
, 1 .
Theat, (67)
, ,
, 0,7 K
1,0K,
. , . ,
25, . (67) ,
25- ,
. ,

25 .
Theat = Tamb + (Tamb Tcold )

67

.18.
. : ; :
. 0,4

, HEB ,
, ,
.
(ON ) (OFF 68

). , TR,
.
P OFF P ON OFFON- , ON- :
TA = (Tref + TR )

PON
TR ,
POFF

(68)

Tref .
(68),
2- ,
0,9 K 1,2 K
.
0,2 K , ,
3 , 2- .
,
,
. 17, 0,6 K
0,8K . (41) TA = 300 K, TR = 800 K,
Tref = 77 K, B = 380 M, tA = tref = 5 s, dA = dref = 1/5
DTA0,07 K. 10 , ,
.
1/f , .17.
, 1/f ,
[93]. , ,
25, , . .

4.4.
HEB

,
69

. OCS
813,3537060 ,
809,353 , 3- 3.
FFT Acqiris
40, .
250, 16384 60.
:
,
Samb ( ) = kB BG (Tamb + TR ),
(69)

77 K

Scold ( ) = kB BG (Tgas ( ) + TR )
(70)

77 K ; , , , 77
,

Sbase ( ) = kB BG (Tcold + TR ).

(71)

Tgas ( ) = Tcold + (Tamb Tcold )

Scold ( ) Sbase ( )
.
Samb ( ) Sbase ( )

(72)

12-
, ;
.19.

. 16 ,
.
.
1,7K 2,8 K
. (41) : TA = 300 K, TR= 800 K, Tref = 77 K, B = 12 M,
tA=tref = 0,25 s, dA = dref = 1/3, DTA1,4 K.
,
70


. , , 2 . ,

.

.19. OCS 813,3537060 ,

HEB

71


, ,
:
1. 6,5
300
HEB in situ ,
3,5,
HEB ex situ .
2. HEB
.
3.

HEB .
4. HEB , , 10, 1
.
5. 1/f
, , .
6. 0,7K
1,0K, , 0,07, .
,
1/f .
7.
1,7K 2,8K
.
72

 1,4.
1/f .

73


1. Ryabchun S., Tong C. E., Blundel R.l, and Goltsman G.
Stabilization scheme for hot-electron bolometer receivers using
microwave radiation // IEEE Trans. Applied Supercond, 2009.
Vol.19, .1, pp.1419.
2. Ryabchun S., Tong C.-Y. E., Blundell R., Kimberk R and
GoltsmanG. Study of the Effect of Microwave Radiation on the
Operation of HEB Mixers in the Terahertz Frequency Range //
IEEE Trans. Applied Supercond, 2007. Vol. 17, 2,
pp.391394.
3. RyabchunS.A., TretyakovI.V., FinkelM.I., MaslennikovS.N.,
KaurovaN.S., SeleznevV.A., VoronovB. M. and GoltsmanG.N.
Fabrication and characterisation of NbN HEB mixers with in situ
gold contacts // Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium
on Space Terahertz Technology. Groningen, the Netherlands,
2008. pp.6267.
4. RyabchunS., TongC.-Y.E., BlundellR., KimberkR., GoltsmanG.
Stabilisation of the terahertz Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer with
microwave feedback control // Proceedings of the 18 h
International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology /
California Institute of Technology. Pasadena, CA, USA,
2007. pp. 193198.
5. RyabchunS., TongC.-Y.E., BlundellR., KimberkR., GoltsmanG.
Effect of microwave radiation on the stability of terahertz hotelectron bolometer mixers // Proc. SPIE, 2006.
6. TtretyakovI.V., RyabchunS.A., MaslennikovS.N., FinkelM.I.,
KaurovaN.S., SeleznevV.A., VoronovB.M., GoltsmanG.N.
NbN HEB mixer: fabrication, noise temperature reduction and
characterization // Proceedings of the 3rd International
Conference Fundamental Problems of High-Temperature
Superconductivity. Zvenigorod, Russia, 2008.

74


1. BlundellR., W. BarrettJ., GibsonH., GottleibC., HunterT.R.,
Kimberk R., Leiker S., Marrone D., Meledin D., Paine S.,
Papa D. C., Plante R. G., Riddle P., Smith M. J.,
Sridharan T. K., Tong C.-Y. E., Wilson R. W., Diaz M.,
BronfmanL., MayJ., OtarolaA., RadfordS.J.E. Prospects for
terahertz radio astronomy from northern Chile // Proceedings
of the 13 th International Symposium on Space Terahertz
Technology. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA,
2002. p. 159.
2. Kawamura J., Hunter T. R., Tong C.-Y. E., Blundell R.,
Papa D. C., Patt F., Peters W., Wilson T. L., Henkel C.,
GoltsmanG., and GershenzonE. Ground-based terahertz CO
spectroscopy towards Orion // Astron. Astrophys, 2002. Vol.
394, pp. 271274.
3. WalkerC.K., KulesaC.A. Terahertz astronomy from the coldest
place on earth // The Joint 30th International Conference on
Infrared and Millimeter Waves and 13th International
Conference on Terahertz Electronics, 2005. Vol.1, pp. 34.
4. WildW., GustenR., HollandW.S., IvisonR.J., StaceyG.L.
Large antennas for ground-based astronomy above 1 THz //
Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium,
2006. pp. 23912394.
5. SMA Submillimeter Array. Internet page, 2009. http://
www.cfa.harvard.edu/sma/
6. ALMA Atacama Large Millimeter Array. Internet page,
2009. http://www.almaobservatory.org/index.php.
7. SOFIA Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy.
Internet page, 2009. http://www.sofia.usra.edu/
8. HERSCHEL. Internet page, 2009. http://www.esa.int/
science/herschel.
9. Crowe T. W., Mattauch R. J., Roser H. P., Bishop W. L.,
PeatmanW.C.B., and LiuX. GaAs Schottky Diodes for THz
Mixing Applications // Proc. IEEE, 1992. Vol. 80,
pp.18271841.
10. Gearhart S. S., Hesler J., Bishop W. L., Crowe T. W., and
RebeizG.M. A Wide-band 760-GHz Planar Integrated Schottky
Receiver // IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Lett., 1993.
Vol. 3, pp. 205297.
75

11. HeslerJ.L., CroweT.W., WeikleR.M., BradleyR.F., PanS.-K.,

and ChattopadhyayP. The Design, Construction, and Evaluation
of a 585 GHz Planar Schottky Mixer // Proceedings of the 6th
International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology.
California Institute of Technology. Pasadena, CA, USA,
1995. p. 34.
12. JohnR. Tucker, FeldmanM.J. Quantum detection at millimeter
wavelengths // Rev. Mod. Phys., 1985. Vol. 57, p. 1055.
13. GershenzonE.M., GoltsmanG.N., GogidzeI.G., GousevY.P.,
ElantevA.I., KarasikB.S., and SemenovA.D. Millimeter and
submillimeter range mixer based on electronic heating of
superconducting films in the resistive state // Sov. Phys.
Superconductivity, 1990. Vol. 3, pp. 15821597.
14. ., .., .., ..,
.., .., .., ..

// , 1990.
.3, . I, . 21432160.
15. GershenzonE.M., GoltsmanG.N., GousevYu.P., ElantevA.I.,
and SemenovA.D. Electromagnetic Radiation Mixer Based on
Heating in Resistive State of Superconductive Nb and YBaCuO
Films // IEEE Trans. on Mag., 1991. Vol. 27, 2,
pp.13171320.
16. GershenzonE.M., GoltsmanG.N., ElantevA.I., KarasikB.S.,
and PotoskuevS.E. Intense Electromagnetic Radiation Heating
of Electrons of a Superconductor in the Resistive State // Sov. J.
Temp. Phys., 1988. Vol. 14, 7, pp. 414420.
17. Goltsman G. N., Semenov A. D., Gousev Yu. P., Zorin M. A.,
GoghidzeI.G., GershenzonE.M., LangP.T., KnotW.J., and
RenkK.F. Sensitive Picosecond NbN Detector for Radiation
from Millimeter Wave Length to Visible Light //
Superconductors: Science and Technology, 1991. Vol. 4,
pp.453456.
18. KawamuraJ., TongC.Y.E., BlundellR., PapaD.C., HunterT.R.,
PattF., GoltsmanG., and GershenzonE. Terahertz-frequency
waveguide NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer // IEEE Trans. on
Appl. Supercond, 2001. Vol. 11, pp. 952954.
19. Meledin D. V., Marrone D. P., Tong C.Y. E., Gibson H.,
BlundellR., PaineS.N., PapaD.C., SmithM., HunterT.R.,
BattatJ., VoronovB., GoltsmanG. A 1-THz superconducting
hot-electron bolometer receiver for astronomical observations //
76

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Tech., 2004. Vol. 52,

10, pp. 23382343.
20. MeledinD., TongC.E., BlundellR., KaurovaN., SmirnovK.,
VoronovB., GoltsmanG. The sensitivity and IF bandwidth of
waveguide NbN hot electron bolometer mixer on MgO buffer
layers over crystalline quartz // Proceedings of the 13 th
International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology.
Harvard University. Cambridge, MA, USA, 2002. p. 65.
21. Vachtomin Y. B., Finkel M. I., Antipov S. V., Voronov B. M.,
SmirnovK.V., KaurovaN.S., DrakinskiV.N. and Goltsman G.N.
Gain bandwidth of phonon-cooled HEB mixer made of NbN
thin film with MgO buffer layer on Si // Proceedings of the 13th
International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology.
Harvard University. Cambridge, MA, USA, 2002. p. 259.
22. VachtominY.B., AntipovS.V., MaslennikovS.N., SmirnovK.V.,
PolyakovS.L., KaurovaN.S., GrishinaE.V., VoronovB.M. and
Goltsman G. N. Noise temperature measurements of NbN
phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixer at 2,5 THz and
3,8 THz // The Proceedings of the 15th International
Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology / Hotel
Northampton. Northampton, MA, USA, 2004. p. 236.
23. TELLIS Terahertz and submillimeter Limb Sounder.
Internet page. 2009. http://www.sron.nl/index.
php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2037&Itemid=1900
24. APEX Atacama Pathfinder Experiment. Internet page.
2009. http://www.apex-telescope.org/
25. MarroneD.P., BlundellR., TongE., PaineS.N., LoudkovD.,
KawamuraJ.H., LuhrD., BarrientosC. Observations in the 1.3 and
1.5 THz Atmospheric Windows with the Receiver Lab Telescope
// Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Space
Terahertz Technology. Goteborg, Sweden, 2005. p.64.
26. . Internet page. 2009. http://www.asc.
rssi.ru/millimetron/eng/millim_eng.htm
27. Kooi J. W., Baselmans J. J. A., Baryshev A., Schieder R.,
Hagenius M., Gao J. R., Klapwijk T. M., Voronov B. and
Goltsman G. Stability of Heterodyne Receivers // Journal of
Applied Physics, 2006. Vol. 100, issue 6, pp. 064904
0649049.
28. AltshulerB.L., AronovA.G. Electron-electron interaction in
disordered conductors // Modern problems in condensed matter
science Ed. A.L.Efros, M.Pollas, 1985 North-Holland Co.,
Amsterdam pp. 1153.
77

29. .., .. - // ,
1986. . 90, 3, . 10561090.
30. . ., . ., . ., .., .., .. -
Nb // ,
1990. . 96, .3, . 901911.
31. Gershenzon E. M., Goltsman G. N., Potapov V. D., and
Sergeev A. V. Restriction of Microwave Enhancement of
Superconductivity in Impure Superconductors due to ElectronElectron Interaction // Solid State Communications, 1990.
Vol. 75, 8, pp. 639641.
32. ProberD. Superconducting terahertz mixer using a transitionedge microbolometer // Appl.Phys.Lett., 1993. Vol. 62,
issue17, p. 2119.
33. Wyss R. A., Karasik B. S., McGrath W. R., Bumble B., and
LeDuc.H. Noise and bandwidth measurements of diffusioncooled Nb hot-electron bolometer mixers at frequencies above
the superconductive energy gap // Proc. 10th Int. Symp. on
Space Terahertz Technology. University of Virginia.
Charlottesville, VA, USA, 1999. pp. 215228.
34. . ., . ., . ., .., .. , //
, 1981. .34, . 5, . 281285.
35. .., .., .., .., ..
// , 1984. . 86, . 2,
.758774.
36. . ., . ., . ., .., .. // , 1982. . 36,
.7, . 241244.
37. TongCE., KawamuraJ., BlundellR., GoltsmanG., & GershenzonE.
Low-noise Terahertz Waveguide Hot-Electron Bolometer
Heterodyne Receiver / // Proc. IEEE 7th Intl. Conf. on THz
Electronics / Nara. Japan, 1999. pp. 4447.
38. Kawamura J., Blundell R., Tong C. E., Goltsman G.,
GershenzonE., VoronovB. and CherednichenkoS. Low noise NbN
lattice-cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers
78

at submillimeter wavelengths // Appl. Phys. Lett., 1997.

Vol.70, issue 12, pp. 16191621.
39. Cherednichenko S., Yagoubov P., Ilin K., Goltsman G.,
GershenzonE. Large bandwidth of phonon-cooled NbN hotelectron bolometer mixers on sapphire substrates // Proceeding
8th International Symposium on Space THz Technology.
Harvard University. Cambridge, MA, USA, 1997. p. 245.
40. HongK.S., MarshP.F., NgG.I., PavlidisD., and HongC.H.
Optimization of MOVPE Grown InxAl1x/In0.53Ga0.47As
Planar Heteroepitaxial Schottky Diodes for Terahertz
Applications // IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 1994. ED41,
pp. 14891497.
41. ChinG. Optically Pumped Submillimeter Diodes Heterodyne
receivers: Astrophysical Observations and Recent Technical
Developments // Proc. IEEE, 1992. Vol. 80, issue 11,
pp.1788 1799.
42. EricksonN.R. Low noise Submillimeter receivers Using SingleDiode Harmonic Mixers // Proc. IEEE, 1992. Vol. 80, issue
11, pp. 17211728.
43. TuckerJ.R. Quantum limited detection in tunnel junction mixers
// IEEE J. Quantum Electron, 1979. Vol., issue 11,
pp.1234 1258.
44. TuckerJ.R. and FeldmanM.J. Quantum detection at millimeter
wavelength // Rev. Mod. Phys., 1985. Vol. 57, 4,
pp.10551113.
45. TongC.-Y.E., BlundellR., BumbleB., SternJ., Leduc H. Sub-mm
distributed quasipartical receiver employing a non-linear
transmission line // Proceedings of the 7th International
Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology. University of
Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA, 1996. p. 47.
46. TongC.-Y.E., BlundellR., PaineS., PapaD.C., KawamuraJ.,
Zhang X., Stern J. A., & LeDuc H. G. Design and
characterization of 200300 GHz fixed tuned SIS receiver //
IEEE Trans. on Micr. Theory and Tech., 1996. Vol. 44,
9, pp. 15481566.
47. KarpovA., BlondelJ., VossM., and GundlachK. A three photon
noise SIS heterodyne receiver at submillimeter wavelength //
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 1992. Vol. 9, issue 2,
pp.44564459.
48. Chattopadhyay G., Rice F., Miller D., LeDuc H. G., and
ZmuidzinasJ. A 530-GHz Balanced Mixer // IEEE Microwave
and Guided Wave Lett., 1999. Vol. 9, 11, pp.467469.
79

49. Wengler M. J. Submillimeter-Wave Detection with

Superconducting Tunnel Diodes // Proc. IEEE, 1992.
Vol.80, 11, pp. 18101826.
50. De LangeG., KuipersJ.J., KlapwijkT.M., PanhuyzenR.A., Van
de StadtH., and de GraauwM.W.M. Superconducting resonator
circuits at frequencies above the gap frequency // J. Appl. Phys.,
1995. Vol. 77, issue 4, pp. 17951805.
51. De LangeG., HuangQ.Hu.H., LichtenbergerA.W. Development
of a 170210 GHz 3x3 micromashined SIS imaging array //
Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Space
Terahertz Technology. Harvard University Cambridge, MA,
USA, 1997. p. 518530.
52. BelitskyV., TarasovM.A. SIS Junction Reactance Complete
Compensation // IEEE Trans. on Magn., 1991. Vol. 27,
issue2, pp. 2638 2641.
53. BelitskyV.Y., KollbergE.L. Tuning circuit for NbN SIS mixer
// Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Space
Terahertz Technology. University of Virginia. Charlottesville,
VA, USA, 1996. pp. 234.
54. TongC.-Y.E., ChenL. and BlundellR. Theory of Distributed
Mixing and Amplification in a Superconducting Quasi-Particle
Nonlinear Transmission Line / IEEE Trans. on MTT, 1997.
Vol. 45, 7, pp. 10861092.
55. TongC.-Y.E., BlundellR., BumbleB., SternJ., LeducH. Sub-mm
distributed quasipartical receiver employing a non-linear
transmission line // Proceedings of the 7 th International
Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology. University of
Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA, 1996. p. 47.
56. FeldmanM.J. and RudnerS. Mixing with SIS arrays // Rev. of.
Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 1983. Vol. 1, pp. 4775.
57. ShitovS.V., LevitchevM., VeretennikovA.V., KosheletsV.P.,
Prokopenko G. V., Filippenko L. V., Ermakov A. B.,
ShtanyukA.M., KohlstedtH., Ustinov A.V. Superconducting
integrated receiver as 400600GHz tester for coolable device //
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 2001. Vol. 11, 1,
pp.832835.
58. Maas. Microwave mixers // Artech House Boston, MA, USA,
1993. pp. 237313.
59. Chattopadhyay G., Rice F., Miller D., LeDuc H. G., and
Zmuidzinas J. A 530-GHz Balanced Mixer // IEEE
Microwave and Guided Wave Lett., 1999. Vol. 9, 11,
pp. 467469.
80

60. GundlachK.H. and SchickeM. SIS an bolometer mixers for

terahertz frequencies // Supercond. Sci. and Technol, 2000.
Vol. 13, pp. 171187.
61. Van de Stadt H., Baryshev A., Gao J. R., Golstein H.,
Graauw T. D., Hulshoff W., Kovtonyuk S., Schaeffer H.,
WhybornN. An improved 1THz waveguide mixer // Proceedings
of the 7 th International Symposium on Space Terahertz
Technology. University of Virginia. Charlottesville, VA,
USA, 1996. p. 536537.
62. GaoJ.R., KovtonyukS., JegersJ.B.M., DielemanP., KlapwijkT.M.,
and van de Stadt H. Fabrication of Nb-SIS mixers with UHV
evaporated Al strip lines // Proceedings of the 7th International
Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology. University of
Virginia. Charlottesville, VA, USA, 1996. p.538548.
63. SemenovA.D., GoltsmanG.N., and SobolewskiR. Hot-electron
effect in superconductors and its applications for radiation sensors
// Supercond. Sci. Technol., 2002. Vol. 15, pp. R1R16.
64. Tinkham M. Introduction to Superconductivity // Dover
Publications Inc. New York, NY, USA, 2004.
65. KaganovM.L., LifshitzI.M., and TanatarovL.V. Relaxation
between electrons and the crystalline lattice // Sov. Phys. JETP,
1957. Vol. 4, pp. 173178.
66. PerrinN., VannesteC. Response of superconducting films to a
perodic optical irradiation // Phys. Rev. B, 1983. Vol. 28,
pp.51505160.
67. 66.FrenkelA. Mechanism of nonequilibrium optical response of
high-temperature superconductors // Phys. Rev. B, 1993.
Vol.48, pp. 97179725.
68. Nebosis R. S., Semenov A. D., Gousev Y. P., and Renk K. F.
Rigorous analysis of a superconducting hot-electron bolometer
mixer: theory and comparison with experiment // Proceedings of
the 7th International Symposium on Space Terahertz
Technology. University of Virginia. Charlottesville, VA,
USA, 1996. p. 601613.
69. Burke P. J., Schoelkopf R. J., Prober D. E., Skalare A.,
Karasik B. S., Gaidis M. C., McGrath W. R., Bumble B., and
LeDucH.G. Mixing and noise in diffusion and phonon cooled
superconducting hot-electron bolometers // J. Appl. Phys.,
1999. Vol. 85, pp. 16441654.
70. EisenhartR.L. and KahnP.J. Theoretical and Experimental
Analysis of a Waveguide Mounting Structure // IEEE Trans.
MTT., 1971. Vol. 19, issue 7, pp. 706719.
81

71. Hangstrom M. and Kolberg E. Measurements of Embedding

Impedance of Millimeter-Wave Diode Mounts // EEE Trans.
MTT., 1980. Vol. 28, issue 8, pp. 899904.
72. Pospieszalski M. and Weinreb S. A method for measuring an
equivalent circuit for waveguide mounted diodes // Proceedings
of the 10th European Microwave Conference / Warsaw, 1980.
p. 727.
73. KrausJ.D., RonaldJ. Marhefka. Antennas for All Applications
// McGraw-Hill New York, NY, USA, 2002 3rd ed.
74. EllisonB.N., SchafferP.L., SchaalW., VailD., and MillerR.E.
A 345 GHz SIS receiver for radio astronomy // International
Journal on Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 1989. Vol. 10,
8, pp. 937947.
75. FilipovicD.F. Double-slot antennas on extended hemispherical
and elliptical silicon dielectric lenses // IEEE Trans. on MTT,
1993. Vol. 41, 10, pp. 17381749.
76. Papoulis A. Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic
Processes // McGraw-Hill New York, NY, USA, 1991. 3rd
ed, p. 214.
77. SangwineS.J., WhitehouseJ.E. The sampling theorem-a tutorial
// IEE Colloquium on Mathematical Aspects of Digital Signal
Processing, 1994. pp. 1/1 1/6.
78. Jerry A. J. The Shannon Sampling Theorem-Its Various
Extensions and Applications: A Tutorial Review // Proc. IEEE,
1977. Vol. 65, 11, p. 1565.
79. LindenD.A. A discussion of Sampling Theorems // Proc. IRE
1959. p. 1219.
80. 79. Dicke R. H. The Measurement of Thermal Radiation at
Microwave Frequencies // The Review of Scientific Instruments,
1946. Vol. 17, 7, pp. 268275.
81. 80. Schieder R., Kramer C. Optimization of Heterodyne
Observation Using Allan Variance Measurements // A&A.,
2001. Vol. 373, pp. 746756.
82. 81.AllanD.W. Statistics of Atomic Frequency Standards //
Proc. IEEE, 1966. Vol. 54, p. 221231.
83. 82.RohlfsK., WilsonT.L. Tools of Radio Astronomy // Springer,
New York, NY, USA, 2000 4th ed. pp. 6264.
84. 83.The Receiver Lab Telescope (RLT) -
,
11,5 . 5 , 2,5 , 82

 5 (
, ).
85. Kooi J. W., Baselmans J. J. A., Baryshev A., Schieder R.,
Hajenius M., Gao J. R., Klapwijk T. M., Voronov B., and
GoltsmanG. Stability of heterodyne terahertz receivers // J. Appl.
Phys., 2006. Vol. 100, p. 064904064913.
86. TomsenF. On the resolution of Dicke-type radiometers // IEEE
Trans. on MTT, 2004. Vol. 32, 2, pp. 145151.
87. Schieder R., Tolls V., Winnewisser G. The Cologne Acousto
Optical Spectrometers / // Experimental Astronomy, 1989. Vol.
1, 2, pp. 101121.
88. Internet page, 2009. http://spec.jpl.nasa.gov/
89. AramsF., AllenC., PeytonB., and SardE. Millimeter mixing and
detection in bulk InSb // Proc. IEEE, 1966. Vol. 54, 4,
pp. 212222.
90. KarasikB.S., ElantievA.I. Analysis of the Noise Performance of
the Hot-Electron Superconducting Bolometer Mixer //
Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Space
Terahertz Technology / Caltech. Pasadena, CA, USA, 1995.
pp. 229246.
91. EkstmH., KarasikB.S., KollbergE.L. and YngvessonK.S.
Conversion Gain and Noise of Niobium Superconducting HotElectron Mixers / // IEEE Trans. on MTT, 1995. Vol. 43,
4, pp. 938948.
92. Noisewave. Internet page. 2009. http://www.noisewave.com
93. 1/f
,
.

83


DTA
B
TR
TA
t
Lth
D
t
PDC
PAC
PRF
ce
cph
Te
Tph
Tb
teph -
tdiff
h
Z
kB
Dv
G
Tsys
Tref
tA
Tc



HEB
--

84

in situ

ex situ

85

.., .., ..,

.., .., ..,
.., ..

NbN

117571 , -, . 88, . 446

.: (499) 7303861
E-mail: izdat.innov@mpgu.edu

129164 , . , . 6, . 2

. .

12.09.2011
6090/16. 5,375 ..
500 . 157.