VIII. .

1.
, , : : K1 K2 , K1 K2 .
1
( !), , (1) = 1 (1 ) = () K1 . K1 K2 - : K1 K2 ,
, , . , K1 , K2
: K1 K2 , K2 , (, ).
, K
k; , K k.
, , K/k. L
K/k, L k K.
K , , K .
:
. K .
1) K , K Q.
2) char(K) = p 6= 0 (p ), K Zp p.
1
.
1) char(K) = 0 : Q K, ( m
n ) = (m1K )(n1K )
n N m Z (, n1K - m1
). , : m
n = n1 Q, mn1 = nm1
Z (mn1 )1K = (nm1 )1K . (!), () = ()() , Q. K1 Q .
, ( !), K1 K,
Q. , - K K = K1 .

2) char(K) = p 6= 0 : Zp K, (m)
= m1K m. : m n
(m
=n
Zp ), m = n + pq q
m1K = n1K + q(p1K ) = n1K . , , , K, -
K.
K . ,
. ,
K ( ).
, ,
.
K/k M K.
, M, k(M ) k, k M ( M = {1 , . . . , n }
k(1 , . . . , n )). M , k(M ) = k() k,
.
.

1) :
C = R(i).

2) k : k() = k k.
1

 K/k. K k, f () = 0
f k[x]; ( )
k. K k, K
k.
. : f = x
R f = (x )(x )
/ R. C Q :
.
K/k K A k[x],
( f A k).
, K A k[x] (
!). , , A = {0}. k,
A 6= 0 - k[x] g k[x],
: A = hgi; g .
, ,
k[x] ,
. .
. K/k K k,
k[x].
. , g
k[x] : g = g1 g2 . 0 = g() = g1 ()g2 () ,
g1 () g2 () 0, , g1 g2
. .
K k, , IV, K
k; , K
k, K k
(K : k). , :
( ). K/k F/K , F/k
, (F : k) = (F : K) (K : k).
. (1 , . . . , n ) K k (1 , . . . , m ) F
K. ,
(i j )1in,1jm
F k.
F =
j j =

n
P

i=1

m
P

j=1

j j j K. ,

ij i - ij k. =

ij i j ,

, F
k. (!) k
.
. K F/k, K/k F/K
(, ).
:
( ). K/k , K/k . K
.
2

. (K : k) = n, K (1, , 2 , . . . , n )
K. , (0 , . . . , n ) k
0 + 1 + + n n = 0. k[x] f = 0 + 1 x + +
n xn , .
, .
, .
( ). K - k,
K k , g deg g = n.
1) k() k[x]/hgi;
2) k() k, (k() : k) = n, (1, , 2 , . . . , n1 ) k() k;
3) k() k() k, (k() : k)
n.
.

1)
: k[x] K,

(f ) = f () f k[x]. (!),
, Ker = A . L = Im .
, : k[x]/ Ker L, (f
+ Ker ) = (f ),
. k[x]/ Ker ,

((f

+ Ker ) (h + Ker )) = (f
h + Ker ) = (f h)() = f ()h() = (
f)(
h),
L K, k[x]/ Ker . , Ker g, , 1 II, , k[x]/ Ker
; L , k[x]/ Ker . , , k L,
L (, ). , k() L. F
K/k F. L = f ()
f = 0 + 1 x + + m xm k[x], = 0 + 1 + + m m
F ; , F, L k().
L = k(), .
2) 0 +1 +. . .+n1 n1 = 0 i k, f = 0 +1 x+. . .+n1 xn1
. deg f < n f g,
n, f , (1, , 2 , . . . , n1 ) . ,
, k() = f ()
f k[x]. , k[x] q r, f = gq + r
r = 0 + 1 x + . . . + n1 xn1 i k. , = r() =
0 + 1 + . . . + n1 n1 . , k() k (k() : k) = n.
3) k(), k() k()/k, , k()/k
(k() : k) = (k() : k()) (k() : k).
, k, , k
K. ,
k, .
(). k f k[x]
k, f.

. , III
, (
!).
f , k[x]/hf i ; L. j : k[x] L, h
j(h) = h + hf i. j , , k j() L
k L. , = j(x) (
), , f () = 0 L = k().
. k = Z2 2. f = x2 + x+ 1, ,
k[x]. L = k[x]/hf i 2 k = x + hf i
. (1, ) L k, L
4 : L = {0, 1, , + 1}. L :
+
0
1

+1

0
0
1

+1

1
1
0
+1

+1
0
1

+1
+1

1
0

0
1

+1

0
0
0
0
0

1
0
1

+1

+1
1

+1
0
+1
1

K1 K2 k f k[x]
, , k f, :
. k , f k[x]. k(1 ) k(2 )
k, 1 2 f,
: k(1 ) k(2 ), (1 ) = 2 () = k.
. f n, (1, 1 , 12 , . . . , 1n1 ) k(1 ), (1, 2 , 22 , . . . , 2n1 ) k(2 ). (0 +1 1 + +n1 1n1 ) =
0 + 1 2 + + n1 2n1 i k, : k(1 ) k(2 ), (, ).
, , ,
. .
k f . K k
f, K[x]
K k f.
.

1) k k[x].

2) k = R C x2 + 1, ,
(, ).

3) Q x4 2 . Q( 4 2)

4
4
2
4

(x
2)(x+
2)(x
+
2).

x
2

Q( 4 2, i) ( ).
. k k[x]
.
. f. deg f = 1 .
, deg f = n > 1 ,
4

 n. - g f k[x] ,
, K1 = k() k, g() = 0 = f (). K1 [x]
f f = (x )f1 . , deg f1 < n,
f1 K2 K1 . ,
K2 [x] f . 1 , . . . , m ()
f K2 , k(1 , . . . , m ) K2 /k
f.
.
1) K1 K2 k
k[x]. , , :
: K1 K2 , () = k.
.
2)
k[x] ,
; ,
.
k[x] ( ). ,
k[x]
k k.

, k[x]

k[x], k[x];
,
. R C, R.
,
, .

2.
, ,
.
2 II,
. (!)
, () ,
.
, - .
, .
. K k , q , K/k
|K| = q m , m = (K : k).
. K/k . (1 , . . . , m ) K m
P
k, K =
i i i k.
i=1

, i
q .

. K char K = p, |K| = pn , n K
( ,
).
: ,
, ? , ,
,
5

 > 1, ,
.
.
- , , .
, .
. K q , q = .
. = 0 .
K , q 1.
q1 = 1, , , q = .
.
. K q , K[x]
Y
xq x =
(x )
K

( , K xq x ).
. K xq x,

.
,
.
m

. K p > 0, ( + )p
K.

= p + p

. -
pm

( + )

pm

m
pX
1

Cpi m i p

+ p

i=1

, i, 1 i pm 1, Cpi m p. , p
(pm )!
i!(p
m i)! .
, [y] y,
N, N y. , n
n! p
     
n
n
n
+ 2 + 3 + ...
p
p
p
, . ,
n pm , m. , (!),
1 i < pm
   m
  m

  m
  m
i
p i
p
i
p i
p
+

j
<
m

+
< m .
pj
pj
pj
pm
pm
p
m , p
Cpi m , p Cpi m , ,
p.
6

 .
( ). p n
, pn .
. q = pn f = xq x K
p. , K (
),
q
Q
K[x] f : f =
(x i ). ,
i=1

(1 , . . . , q ) K : , f 0 1. , K q .
q-
L = {1 , . . . , q } .
, L 0, .
(i + j )q = qi + qj = i + j ,

L . , L : p
(i )q = (1)q qi , p = 2 i = i . , L (, ,
, K, f ).
, pn ,
.
( ). .
. K pn m = pn 1 .
, m 4 .
, m
m = pk11 . . . pkr r .
m

, i, 1 i r, x pi 1 =

0 K

m
pi

m
pi

, i K , i 6= 1.
m
p ki

i i , i = i i ord i i K .
pi ki
, ord i pi ki , ord i = pi li
, m
i = 1 =
li 0 li ki . , li ki :
ki 1

ki 1

= ipi 6= 1. , ord i = pi ki
= 1, pi
, pi
i.
= 1 . . . r . - m = 1 m ord ,
ord = p1 t1 . . . pr tr

ti ki . , i ti < ki ;
m, , , ,
t1 < k1 . s = p1k1 1 . . . pkr r s = 1 = 1s . . . rs . ,
js = 1 j > 1, s ord j . , 1s = 1 s
ord 1 = pk11 , s. , ti = ki
i ord = m, , , , K .
. K , k , K/k .

. K , K = k().
.
( ). p n
, pn , .
. K1 K2 , pn , k
p. K1 /k K2 /k ;
, K1 = k(1 ) 1 K1 . g 1 k,
n
n, g k[x] f = xp x
K1 .
, K2 [x] f ; , K2 g 2 . g 2 k, k(2 )/k K2 /k K2 = k(2 ).

, g.
.
pn . GF(pn ) pn
( , , Galois field , ); , , Fpn (
Q, R ..) . , Fp
p.
p n Fpn , , . .
( ).
n.

1) Fpn pm , m

2) m n Fpn , pm .
. : ,
K , k , |K| = |k|(K:k) . .
n m n = mr,


pn 1 = pmr 1 = (pm 1) pm(r1) + pm(r2) + . . . + pm + 1
n

pn 1 pm 1. , Fpn [x] f = xp 1 1
m
g = xp 1 1 : , f
(, ), g f,
m
m
( (pm 1)xp 2 = xp 2 ).
m
pn
F = x x G = xp x. Fpn
Fp F, Fpn G
, L, Fp G. ,
L pm ( ,
).
, L1 Fpn , pm : L1 6= L.
m
L1 xp x = 0
L L1 . , G Fpn ,
. .
. .
. k - pm n . K pmn k1 , pm
. , K/k1 n. K = k1 ()
g = xn + 1 xn1 + . . . + n k1 [x]. : k1 k
, xn + (1 )xn1 + . . . + (n ) k[x] (, ).
8


.
. F230 :
F230
H
H
HH
HH
HH
F215
F210
F26
HH
H


H
HH
HH

H

HH
H


H
HH


H
3
2
F25
F2
F2
HH

HH

HH


HH

F2







3.
, , , .
k , f k[x] K - :
f = (x 1 ) . . . (x n ) K[x]. i , f
, f . ,
k[x], . ,
.
. k f k[x]. , f 0 .
. K - f ,
f = (x 1 ) . . . (x n ) 6= 0, 1 , . . . , n K.
f 0 , 1 VI i f,
f.
, f 1 = 2 . f 0 (1 ) = 0. d
f f 0 k[x]. d , d(1 ) = 0,
d 1 k[x]. f
1 , 1
d f. d f f 0 f.
f f 0 , f 0 = 0.
.
1) k , k ( !).
2) Fpn . , f = xm +
1 xm1 + . . . + m , f 0 = 0, , m
p f = xpr + 1 xp(r1) + . . . + r r. - i

, ip = i (, ) , , i = ip i Fpn .


p
f = xpr + 1p xp(r1) + . . . + rp = xr + 1 xr1 + . . . + r ,
f.

3) k = Fp [t] t
p. f = xp t k[x] ( ,
VI , ) , ,
.
K/k ,
, ,
( , ). ,
K/k L ,
L (, ); , , .
K/k , K/k
; ( K k ) , K/k . , ;
.
.
( ). .
. K/k (K : k) = n;
2. n = 1 ,
n > 1.
K 1 , k, , k, K1 = k(1 ) . , K
K1 . K1 = K, . 1 < (K : K1 ) < n , K - 2 , K1 , K2 = K1 (2 )
K/K1 . K/K2 (K : K2 ) < (K : K1 ). ,
, k K :
k K1 K2 . . . Kr = K.
, ,
, , k()/k k(, )/k
, k(, ) = k() k(, ).
k f g .
deg f = r deg g = s, L - f g k(, ). ,
L f g (, ), ,
1 = , . . . , r f, L, 1 = , . . . , s L g.
k ,
i + m = j + l
, i = j m = l : ,
,
6=

j i
m l

i 6= j r 6= t, .
10

 ,
= +
, k(, ). , k() k(, ). , k().
h(x) = f ( x) , , k().

h() = f ( ) = f () = 0
, h k(). , g k(), k()[x] d h g
. g, d L[x]
. , L , . ,
- m m > 1, m h
h(m ) = f ( m ) = 0, m 6= i i . , d = x
k(). , = k().
:
.
. Fpn : Fpn Fpn , Fpn
() = p . , , ( , 2). ,
Fpn ; .
, K
Aut(K). k - K Aut(K)
, () = k,
K/k.
.
1) k K idK
K/k.
2) Aut(K) 1K 1K ; (, ), k
K, K K/k.
3) C/R (
!).
K/k Aut(K/k). , Aut(K/k)
Aut(K).
, , .
.
. , K/k g n.
1) Aut(K/k) () g;
2) K = k() g, K,
: K K,
(0 + 1 + . . . + n1 n1 ) = 0 + 1 + . . . + n1 n1
i k, K/k;
3) K = k(), , ,
Aut(K/k);
11

4) K = k(), Aut(K/k) .
.

1) g = xn + 1 xn1 + . . . + n ,
g(()) = ()n + (1 )()n1 + (n ) = (n + 1 n1 + . . . + n ) = (0) = 0.

2) ( 1), (1, , . . . , n1 ) K k, ; , () =
k. K g g k (1, , . . . , n1 ) K/k. ,
K. .
, : (r()) = r()
r k[x], deg r < n. K
= f () = h(), f h k[x], n. f h = gq + r
q r, deg r < n.
() = (f ()h()) = (r()) = r() = f ()h() = ()()
Aut(K/k).
3) .
4) 3) K/k g, n.
, , ,
.
( ). Aut(Fpn ) n.
.
. 2 , Fpn = Fp (), Fpn pn 1. Fpn /Fp ,
, g . 2,
2
n1
, , p , p , . . . , p
g; ,
ji
pi
pj
: = 0 i < j n 1, p
= 1 pji pn1 < pn 1, 2
n1
, pn 1. , , p , p , . . . , p

g | Aut(Fpn )| = n. , i Fpn
i
i () = p , 1 = i = i ( ).
K/k G = Aut(K/k).
L H G
GL = { G | () = L}

K H = { K | () = H}.

(!), GL G, K H
K/k. , K K/k,
G , :
K G, L 7 GL , G K, H 7 K H ;
. ( !), :
. K/k G
1) L1 L2 L1 L2 , GL2 GL1 ;
2) H1 H2 G H1 H2 , K H2 K H1 ;
12

3) L , L K GL ;
4) H G, H GK H .
, , ,
.
(). K , G - ( Aut(K)) k = K G K, ,
G. K/k (K : k) = |G|.
. G. G
, : k = K. |G| > 1 - K,
k.
H = { G | () = }.
, H G; , G. , 1 () = 2 ()
1 2 G , 11 2 H, 1 2
G H. m (G : H)

m
[
G=
i H,
i=1

1 = idK . , M = {() | G}
{1 (), . . . , m ()}. ,
M = {1 (), . . . , m ()}
G (, ).
f = (x 1 ()) . . . (x m ()) K[x].
, . f = xm + 1 xm1 + . . . + m ,
i si (t1 , . . . , tm ) f
( ). ( !), (i ) = i i.
, f k. ,
k , f . , :
f g , 1 (), . . . , m () g
.
(G : H) = (k() : k).
K/k K H . (!), K H
k() . , K H k() .
K H , () = H.
i , K m
1 () =
1 () =

2 ()
2 ()

...
...

m ()
m ()

h=

m
X
i=1

i () f
.
f 0 (i ())(x i ())

, G h : . , h k[x] ,
, = h() k(), K H = k().
13

 , (K, H) , (K : k()) =
|H|. , K/k
(K : k) = (K : k()) (k() : k) = |H|(G : H) = |G|.
.
, , , .
, .
K/k (K : k) = | Aut(K/k)|, ( Aut(K/k) Gal(K/k),
).
.
1) ,
(, ).
2) p . ,
f (x) = xp1 + xp2 + . . . + x + 1
p

1

Q[x] : f (x) = xx1
Q f (x + 1), . K = Q() ,
Q - f.
1 p- 1 , K f Q.
K/Q , , 7 r
r p 1, Aut(K/Q) p 1 .
, K/Q .

3) K = Q( 3 2) Q,
:
x3 2 , , Aut(K/Q) .

.
. K/k . | Aut(K/k)| = (K : k)
,
K[x] .
. (K : k) = n n > 1 ( ).
K/k : K = k() K[x] ,
g
,
g; | Aut(K/k)| = (K : k).
K/k G = Gal(K/k) .
K, f k , deg f = l > 1.
, H = { G | () = }
m
S
L = K H . (G : H) = m G =
i H ,
i=1

, 1 (), . . . , m () f, m l.
n
,
, (K : L) = |H| = m
(L : k) =

(K : k)
= m l = (k() : k).
(K : L)

k() L k() = L m = l,
f = (x 1 ()) . . . (x m ()) K[x].
14

. K/k L , K/L .
. K/L . K,
g k, f L, g K[x]
f. , f K[x].
, K/L .
.
1) , , : k[x] , K ,
K[x] . ( ),
, . , , , .
2) . ,
, | Aut(K/k)| = (K : k), . ,
. : ,
.
.
( ). , , .
. K/k G. , GK H = H
H G K GL = L L K.
H G, , , H GK H .
, GK H , , K/K H ,
|H|. , GK H = H
.
L K/k, GL K/L
(K : L) = |GL |. K GL = L, L K GL
(K : K GL ) = |GL |, .
. .
. , K/k L , K/L
. : L/k ?
: L/k , Gal(K/L)
Gal(K/k);
L/k
.
Gal(K/k) Gal(K/L). .

. ,
, .
. f (x) = 0, f
n k ( k , , Q
).
f (x) = 0 ,
k = K0 $ K1 $ . . . $ Km ,
Ki+1 xni i Ki [x],
Km f ( Ki+1

15

, , ,
).
f L. L, , k , ,
k; , L/k . G L/k
.
G. (, )
: , G
{id} = H0  H1  . . .  Hr = G,
.
Hi Hi+1 , Hi+1 Hi ( G, , ).

. ( ),
,
Sn , .
,
. ( )
.
f Q ( , ). , f (x) = 0 .
- 1 , . . . , n L
Y
(f ) =
(i j )
i<j

0 - f. , ((f )) (f ) . , (1 ) = l1 , . . . , (n ) = ln ,

((f )) = (1)t (f ),
t (l1 , . . . , ln ) . G (f )
, G
An ; (f ) LG = Q. (f ) , , ,

Y
2 (f ) =
(i j )2 = (f )
i<j

, , , f Z. ,
(f ) , G An .
,
, , n-
xn + a1 xn1 + . . . + an = 0
( k a1 , . . . , an Q). n 5
Sn
An , , , (
) . n 5 Sn .
S2 , S3 S4 . S2 2 , ,
,
{id}  S2 .
16

 S3 A3
, S3
{id}  A3  S3 .
S4 , 24, - , A4 ,
12, : K4 = {id, (12)(34), (13)(24), (14)(23)} ( );

{id}  {id, (12)(34)}  K4  A4  S4 .

, S4 .

17