*

1
 awmfvSefa&; pmayr
pmayr**~Zif;
trS w f (21)Ed k 0 if b m =2009

opPmr*Zif;ESihf opPmtifwmeuf tifwmeufEiS fh pmtkyt

f zGŒJ tEGŒJ
wm0efcH t,f'w D m xGef;atmif
armif p d k ; csd e f
rsufESmzHk; yef;csD
taxGaxG wm0efcHrsm; oD[armifarmif
OD;pdk;csdef (Edkifiw
H um)
udkzkef;jrifhoed f; (*syef) twGif;yef;csD/ 'DZdkif;
oD[armifarmif/ xGef;atmif
wGJbufwm0efcHrsm;
rpENmaomif; (*syef) tkyaf & = 1000
udkpkid f;avmifred f;ouf (*syef)

owif;ESifh jyef-um;a&; wm0efcH

ukdoef;ausmfaX;

b$ma&; wm0efcH
rwifE,
G 0f if;

2
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
awmfvSefa&;pmayr*~Zif;
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
.
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
pmayrl0g'
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
1? zufqpf ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd wprusef zsufodrf;a&;/ Armjynf trsKd;om;vlxkwkdif;
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
'Drkdua&pD&&Sda&;/ 90 a&G;aumufyGJ&v'ftwkdif; tyGef;tyJhr&Sd vlxktpkd;&w&yf
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
ay:xGef;a&; qkdonfh xkdta&;oHk;yg;yg0ifaom vlxkvrf;pOfudk ukdifpGx
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 J m;onf?
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
2? vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;tygt0if vlxw k udk yf EJG iS hf awmfveS af &;w&yfv;kH ukd awmfveS f
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
a&;pmayjzif h axmuf u lt m;ay;&ef / yHhy kd; jznf
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
hpGuf&ef?
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
3? awmfveS af &;ukd aESmif, h u S [f ef@wm;zsuq f ;D aeonfh tacsmiform;0g'ukd qef@usiw
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 f u
dk f
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
zs u f & ef ? xk d o k d @ w k d u f z s u f & mwG i f yk * ~ d K vf a &;wk
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
d u f c d k u f r _ u k d vH k ; 0a&S m if = uOf & rnf ?
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
4? jynfwGif;wGif tzdESdyfcHae=u&onf hpmayESifhpma&;q&mrsm;/ awmfvSefa&; pmay
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
tiftm;pkrsm;ukd ukd,fpm;ðy&ef?
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
5? urBmhawmfvSefa&;orkdif;ESifh tzdESdyfcH EdkifiHwumjynfolwkd@. vGwfvyfa&;/ 'Drkdua&pD
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
a&;twGuf ±kef;uefv_yf&Sm;r_ pdwf"mwf/ tawG;tac: ZGo
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012 J wWdwkd@ukd azmfxkwfay;&ef?
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
6? wkdif;&if;om; ,Ofaus;r_"avhxHk;wrf;rsm;ukd av;pm;&ef/ nD!Gwfr_ukd OD;wnf&ef?
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
&? tEkynmvuf&mrsm; zefwD;=u&mwGif tEkynmt&nftaoG;aumif;rsm;ESifh awmf
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
vSefa&;b0/ EkdifiHa&;b0ESifh vlxkb0ukd xif[yfazmfjy&ef?
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
t,f'DwmtzGJ@
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012

3
 awmfvSefa&; pmayr*~Zif;
rmwdum
t,f'Dwmh tmabmf 7
uAsm
a&$&nfvdrf;r,fh zdef;E$Jcg armifvS0if;(jrif;+cH) 8
rqdk&ao;wJh oDcsif; atmifa0; 9
=o*kwf wrf;csif; opfaumif;tdrf 10
ajcmufESpfom;av;&JΠem*pftvGef tawG;eJ@ tar; &J&ifhoufZGJ 11
uAsmyGifhcsyfrsm;ukd yGihfapcJhol (q&m=unhfatmifodk@) {y&,f 13
a&$vD - urfydkifwD - xif;±l;awmifwef; cef@OD; 14
aoG;prf;&Sif&SifxGufaewJhuAsm aqmif;,Ge;f v 16
tykyfcsdef aomif;xGef;jrihf 17
aejynfawmfukd xdk;ppfqif=uavmh 0ifah rmf (RIT) 19
'%f&m rdk;pJae 21
,Hk=unfcsufvrf; pdkif;avmifrdef;ouf 22
owif;pmq&m/ ygarmuQeJ@ oef;ig;q,f apmrd;k atmif 23

uAsm&Snf
oHr%dyef;yGihfrsm; (rJaqmuftvkyform;rsm;odk@) armifpdk;csdef 24

aqmif ; yg;
a&G;aumufyGJ0ifr,fqdk vrf;cGJuóud &Jabmfz;kd oHacsmif; 27
2010 a&G;aumufyGJ0ifjcif;tm;jzihf rnfonhft"dy`g,fukd æ rdk;ajropf 30
ppfvnf;r[kwf +idrf;csrf;a&;vnf; r[kwfwJh e,fpyfa'o &Jabmfz;kd oHacsmif; 34
'Dt,lcHukd y,fvdkufw,fqdkwm&J@ t"dy`g,f &Jabmfz;kd oHacsmif; 37
uajrmufuajcmuf uarmufur EdkifiHa&;avm vif;opfatmif 50
tcufcJqHk; teuf±_dif;qHk;aom nDn$wfa&; xGef;vif;atmif 43
opPm&yf0ef;odk h'kwd,ajcvSrf; armifnDar$;({nfhonfawmf) 47
4
umwGef;
,ra'gatmifpdef. umwGef;vuf&m 51

q&m-unfatmif arG;ae‹trSwfw&
pd=w uAsmrsm;xJrS uAsmpk 52
vrif;w&m uAsmpmtkyfxJrS ol@0dnmOf ol@uAsmpk 55
'kÏ0wDrS {&m0wDodk@ uAsmrsm;xJrS ol. &ifcHkoHrsm; 58
rdcifrm&oGef uAsmrsm;. yHk&dyfuAsmpk 61
a[rE WajcjrefawmfxJrS &ifckefoHtiftm;pk 64
opPm&Smzdk@ igjrif;pD;r,f(pum;ajypmpk) xJrS opPmwyk'f 68
ESif;qDcif;ay:u vrif;ESihf pdwful;±kyfyHkv$mrsm; uAsmpk 72

v+yf&Sm;aeaom urBm
urBmhtcif;tusif;ukd rsKd;aphcsay;aewJh 9-11 ta&;tcif; &Jabmf±_,Of 75

vli,fzwfpm
a&xrf;&if;acsmif;ukdjzwf OD;OD;uefqifh 78
oHacsmif;ukd tyfjzpfatmifaoG;jcif; OD;OD;uefqifh 78
^m%fxufjrufwJh [ef,Gd/ OD;OD;uefqifh 79
qiftav;csdef OD;OD;uefqihf 80

qef;ppfcsuf
(awmfvSefaom tawG;tac: )

,Hk=unf+rJ ,Hk=unfv#ufyg (3) &JabmfuaH rmif 81

5
tvSzGJ‹pnf;r+
wckaomydawmufaEG +idrf;csrf;ol 84
q&m=unfatmifarG;zGm;vdkufwJh "g;ajr‡mufupm;r,hf æ pdk;jrihfjrwf 88

ajymufusm;ppftawG‹t}uHK
wyfwnfaqmufa&; pmrsufESmwcsKd@ +idr;f armifO;D 90

EkdifiHwum pum;ajy
zl;aºuGb0eJ@ tqHk;owfoGm;&SmwJh aºuGyef;zl;(tpPa&;) at;jrrGefodef; 94
om;trd (xdkif0rf) rif;EkdifxGef; 96

0wˆKwdk
v_yf&Sm;aeaom awmifwef;pdrf;rsm; atmif+idr;f 97
tusnf;wef qnf;qm cif(opPm) 106
&ifaoG;q,fhwESpf xl;wifh 111
ajrukderf; Iidk±_dufol armifpdk;csdef 122

EkdifiH&yfjcm; 0wˆK
qefa&mif;oGm;wJhae@u (w&kwf) wifodef;0if; 129

tcef;quf0wˆK&Snf
{&may:&dkufcwfvmaom rSdefazsmh oHZOf æ (Zmwfodrf;) aznGef@aqG(jrawmif) 140

ordkif;jzwfoef;jcif;xJu ±kyfyHkv$m
usaemfwdk@&JΠppfa&;oifwef;rSL;}uD; &Jabmf+idr;f armif 150
6
 t,f'w
D mh tmabmf
ppftkyfpk pdwfwkdif;us a&;qGJxm;onfh 2008 ppfzGJ@pnf;yHktwdkif; raoGrwdrf; taumif
txnfazmfrnfh a&G;aumufyGJomjzpfrnfqdkv#if 2010 a&G;aumufyGJonf ppfu|efcHa&; a&G;aumufyGJ
rSvI JG tjcm;a&G;aumufyrJG jzpfEidk ?f vlowf tm%modr;f ppftyk pf v k nf;jzpf/ tzdEydS cf v
H x
l t
k oD;oD;.
&efolppftkyfpkukd w&m;0iftpdk;&tjzpf todtrSwfðyckdif;onfh a&G;aumufyGJjzpfonf? ppfykv†ifxuf
wGif rdrdudk,fudk cef@tyfxm;onhf ppfbk&ifukd vlxkw&yfvHk;u cef@tyfonhf yHkpHrsKd;zrf;xm;onfh
aumufuspo f nhf a&G;aumufyjJG zpfouJo h @kd tzdEydS cf H trsK;d om;jynfov
l xl tk m; w&m;0if xifwidk ;f usJ
owfjzwfcGihf/ jc,fvS,faoG;pkyfcGihf/ tEdkifusihfzdESdyfcGihfwdk@ukd w&m;0if&,lvdkufonhf a&G;aumufyGJ
jzpfonf?
wu,fu ppftkyfpka&G;aumufyGJonf ppftkyfpk. óud;pifjzpfonf? aowGif;vnf;jzpfonf?
EkdifiHa&;ocsõKif;jzpfonf? tb,fa=umihfygoenf;? 2008 zGJ@pnf;yHkonf tzdESdyfcH vlwef;pm;0ifrsm;
tm;vHk;twGuf ppfu|efouf &Snfapa&;ESihf/ ppftkyfpktwGufrl qufvuf zdESdyfjc,fvS,fcGihf
“ppftm%m”oufqdk;&Snfa&;twGuf jzpfaoma=umihfyifwnf;? xkd@jyif ppfzGJ@pnf;yHkxJ trsKd;om;
jynfoltoD;oD;. udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihf/ udk,hf=urRmudk,fzefwD;cGihf/ vGwfvyfcGihfESihf
'Drdkua&pD tcGihfta&;rSefor# zsufqD;ajcr$jcif;cHxm;&onf? wenf;tm;jzihf ppfzGJ@pnf;yHkonf vlxk
toD;oD;.b0udk ckdif;&mae/ ap&moGm;onhf wd&p>mefb0odk@ wGef;ydk@xm;Ijzpfonf? xdk@a=umihf vlxk
w&yfvHk;u 2008 ppfzGJ@pnf;yHkESihf ,if;. zGJ@pnf;yHkukd toufoGif;rnfh a&G;aumufyGJukd qef@usifjcif;
jzpfonf? xdk@jyif ppfw&m;cHvufonfjzpfonhf ppftkyfpkukdyg rkef;wD;qef@usif&jcif;jzpfonf?
odk@jzpf&m vlxktoD;oD;onf tzdESdyfcHb0 vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf wkdufyGJ0if=u&rSm
jzpfonf? vlxktoD;oD;. &ydkifcGihfrSefor#udk csKd;ajc/ zsufqD;ypfum wd&p>mefb0odk@ txyfxyf
wGef;ydk@aecJh aoma=umihf wkdufyGJ0if&rSmjzpfonf? aemufwck/ 1990 a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJxnfhcJh=uonhf
vlxk toD;oD;. pdwq f ENEiS fh vlxt
k pd;k &zG@J pnf;vdok nhf oabmxm;wd@k udk ppftyk pf u k tav;rxm;bJ
acsmifxdk; eif;acs zsufqD;ypfcJhIjzpfonf? xkd@a=umihf wkdufyGJ0if&jcif;jzpfonf? wdkif;jynfae&ma'o
tESH@wGif wdkufyGJ}uD;i,fwdk@Y tzdESdyfcH vlxktoD;oD;wdk@onf twufºuGqHk; yg0if=u&rSmjzpfonf?
v_yf&Sm;±kef;uef=u&rSmjzpfonf? om;orD;/ ajr;jrpfwdk@ rsKd;quftoD;oD;twGuf udk,fusKd;pGef@
tepfemcH wdkufyGJ0if=u&vdrfhrnf? wdkufyGJonfom tzdESdyfcH vlxktoD;oD;. xGuf&yfvrf;jzpfonf?
tzdESdyfcH ppfu|efvlxktoD;oD; vGwfajrmufzdk@ vlxktoD;oD;ESihf vlxkudk,fpm;ðy awmfvSefa&; tzGJ@
tpnf;toD;oD;/ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pk toD;oD;wGif wm0ef&Sdonf? b,fjynfyEkdifiH/ b,fjynfy tzGJ@
tpnf;rSmrS xkdwm0efr&Sday? “ppftm%m&Sifpepfwdkufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;” nDnGwfa&;
tiftm;pk}uD; zGJ@pnf;r_atmufY tzGJ@tpnf;tiftm;pktm;vHk;/ vlxkw&yfvHk; twufºuGqHk;yg0if
wkdufyGJ0if awmfvSefjcif;jzifhom awmfvSefa&;atmifyGJonf rvGJraoG&&Sd=u&rSm jzpfygonf?

wm0ef c H t,f ' D w m

7
 uAsm
jrm;wef;vef;eJ@ ysHoef;aewJh csKd;iSufav;
'%f&moifhvsuf &Sifoef±kef;uef csKd;iSufav;
rkd;oufrkefwkdif; uqkefpkdif;wJh
t±kdif;awmukd xkd;cGaJ v æ
jcpfjcpfawmufaewJh
jrpfeDauG@aumuf
acsmif;eDauG@aumuf
jzwfcJhavæ
rif&nfrnf;oef; awmifwef;}uD;awG ausmfchaJ væ
ysHoef;aewkef; t±_H;ray; csKd;iSufav;
yapPum ac|;awmfodyfwhJ
eENrl vkd%f*lxdyfu at;&dyfomrSm
jrm;qdyfajzav ac|;odyfav?

oifhcE<m jrm;c|efpl;ovkd
eufjzefcg
olwkd@ukd,frSm opPmpl;ayvdrfh
rkd;ajrodrfhodrfh +cdrfhoJtkef;u|uf
bufawmfom;awG wcJeuf pk±kH;vm
ydawmufa&$0g ika&$0geJ@
a&$od*Fg xdefxdefomvkd@
jynf&GmtvkH; a&$&nfawG csKd;okH;zkd@
zdef;E$cJ g wefaqmifrkef;rSm
‘yG’J 0ifvSnfhOD;? ?

armif v S 0 if ; (jrif ; +cH )

3-10-2009

8
 jrpfawGu qkd+yD;wJh oDcsif;rsm;w,f?

awmawG awmifawG vGijf yifawGu

qdk+yD;wJh oDcsif;rsm;w,f?

=u,fawG vawG
yef;awG prf;awG
vdyfjymawGu qdk+yD;wJh oDcsif;rsm;w,f?

jynfolu jynfoltwGuf oDcsif;qdkw,f?

&efolu &efoltwGuf oDcsif;qdkw,f?

usaemfwkd@qdkzdk@ oDcsif;wpfyk'f vkdaew,f?

ukd,fh&efol&JŒ &efol[m ukd,fh&JŒrdwfaqG?

usaemfwkd@ tJ'DrdwfaqGtwGuf oDcsif;qdk=ur,f?

atmif a 0;
(pufwifbm 20/ 2009)

9
 ae0ifwmapmifhr=unfhcsifbl;
aevHk;ukd ðzwfcsypfcsifw,f?

vrf;}udwfpufatmufu
xGufvmwkdif;
vrf;jyefjzpfcJhr,f?

qifypfzdk@qdk+yD;
awmeufxJ0ifcJhwm
b,fawmhrS
'&,faowaumif xrf;rjyefbl;
pdwfcs æ wJh?

urBmðyrkefwkdif;udk 'kef;pkdif;&if;
atmufarhzG,f wdrfwdkufawGudkayG@ydkuf
oifwdk@ESvHk;om;xJu
ol@todkuf&Sd&mqD
=o*wfpfv&JŒawmifyHrsm;
jyefcJh+yD? Ò

opf a umif ; td r f

10
taz æ
tazhrSmem;&Sdvm;[if
ighom; ac:aewm
bmjzpfvdk@ rxl;wmvJ æ?

taz æ
ighom;ajymr,faemf
rdom;pkqdkwm pdwfrqdk;&bl;
rql&bl;aemf æ?

taz æ
ighom;ar;r,faemf
atmufrSmxkdifaewJh
vlawGtrsm;}uD;u
bmjzpfvdk@ t0wftpm;r&SdwmvJ[if
bmjzpfvdk@ vuftkyfcsDwJhvleJ@
idkwJhvleJ@ jzpfaewmvJ[if æ?

11
taz æ
ighom;ajymr,faemf
t0wfqifwleJ@
rwfwyf&yfaewJh vleJeJav;u
bmjzpfvdk@ pum;ajym&if; &D(&,f)aewmvJ[if æ?

taz æ
ighom;ar;r,faemf
qdkifuvkef;aowJh txJrSm
qifwl0wfwJhvlawGa&m
bmjzpfvdk@raowmvJ[if æ? taz æ
+yD;awmh [dkav æ ighom;ajymr,faemf
bkef;}uD;awGukd wkwfeJ@±dkufwJh vlawGa&m ighom;av vl}uD;jzpf&if
rkefwdkif;xJrygoGm;bl;vm;[if æ? tazhukdvnf; ydkufqHawG trsm;}uD;ay;r,f
qifwl0wfxm;wJhvlawGukdvnf;
taz æ ighom; armif;xkwfypfr,f
ighom;ajymr,faemf wu,fajymwm æ?
ighom;wkd@ Armjynfjyef&if
qifwl0wfwJhvlawGeJ@ awG@&rSmvm;[if ajcmufESpfom;av;&JŒ
tazh tpnf;a0;uvlawGpk+yD; tawG;eJ@ tar;pum;awGxJrSm
qifwl0wfwJhvlawGukd ql;=um;u bl;ocGm;[m
bmjzpfvdk@ armif;rxkwfwmvJ[if æ? igudk,fwdkif jzpfvdk@oGm;w,f æ?

&J & if h o uf Z G J

12
 uAsmyGic
fh syfrsm;yGia
fh pcJo
h l
uAsmq&m =unfatmifodk@

{y&,f

wcsKd@ uAsmawGu
oefrmvS xkwf a,muf 'dkif;rsm;
tawG;tac:rsm; o,fvmcJh? ol@uAsmyGihfcsyfawGeJ@
pdwf"gwftaqmuftOD;opf
uAsmwcsKd@u zGihfvSpfcJh æ xGef;opfapcJh
oHr%dacsmif; oH,ufr oHr_d u|efeH@ uif;apcJh
ZGJ owWdrsm;udk o,faqmifcJh? u|efjyKolukdawmfvSefcJh
,Ofaus; oduQmjrihfjrwfol
ol@&JŒ wcsKdŒuAsm opPm"rR cspfol wyfrufol
jrihfjrwfol pGef@v$wfoltjzpf wnfaqmufr_ trSefw&m;twGufckcHol
twwfynmaqmif,lcJh zd&ifºuG xd&ifcs
uAsmyGihfcsyfrsm;rSwqifh ±kef;ºuG awmfvSefol
ESvHk;aoG;a=umxJ xm;&pfcJh? tJ'Djynfolvlxkrsm;pGm
ol@uAsmeJ@ &ifhusufapcJh
vl@ordkif;v_yf&Sm;r_ ay:xGef;apcJhaygh?
&yfwnfr_ròydvJyJ
wkdufyGJ0if&rS ol[m æ uAsmtvSw&m;eJ@ xGef;y
vl@ t"dy`g,fzGihfqdkr_awG ygvmav&JŒ? avmuukdtvSqifolyg
jynfol@ uAsmq&m
uAsmyGihfv$m tvSw&m;awGeJ@ awmfvSef&J&ifh æ uAsmwyfrSL;
b0xJ wyfOD;u 0ihfx,f
acgif;xJ &ifxJu taqG;tnpf =u,feD wyGihf? ?
aq;a=umav#mfzGwfypfEkdifpGrf;
tHhrcef;pGrf;tif {y&,f
uAsmzefwD;&Sif olomjzpfcJh? {y&,f 9/ 2009
13
 &Jabmfa&
rif;arS;puf aysmfygawmh
arS;pufygawmhav ææ

[dkt&iftwdwf
ig pdwfvGifhpOf;pm;
ausmif;om;&Jabmf armifqak tmif
q,fhajcmufausmf q,fhcGef
rdcifEdk@ rpifhwpif ææ

wdkufy0GJ ifzdk@ avhusifhaewJh rif;

wufºuaewJh rif;
rif;[m &Jabmfaumif;
tem*wfudkyHkoGif;avmif;rJh
jynfcspfppfonfawmf ææ

'gayrJhvJav
tajctaeawGajymif;vJ
ppf&yfpJa&;
vufeufeJ@+idrf;csrf;a&;
vJvS,f=uwJh
wdkufyGJo¾meftajymif;tvJ
qif;&Jol qufqif;&J
csrf;omol qufcsrf;om
14
vlwef;pm; uGm[csuf}uD;vm wu,fqdk rif;[m
wae@xufwae@ toufi,fvS
w&ufxufw&uf ighnDt&G,f vlrr,fyg
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ysufpD;+yKduGJ rif;&yfwnfcsuf
tJ'Dvdk tajymif;tvJumvrSm xufjrufjywfom;
rif; emusif&Sm+yDaygh ææ igtwk,lp&m oabmxm;ygw,f
rif;[m awmfvSefa&;orm;
a&$vDqdkwJhajr rif;[m tvHjzLrv$ifhol
rif;aecJhwJhajr tnHhrcH t¶_H;ray;ol
rif;ae&pfwJhajr jynfolbufu &yfwnfcJhol
ayGvD¶_yfaxG; rif;udk ig twk,lr,f ææ
aoG;enf;wJhol
tawG;r&Jol rif;pdwfxm;jrifhjrwfygw,f
xdx
k kd olw@kd rif;pdwfwtm;wufºuygw,f
tvHjzLv$iv hf kd v$ihf rif;[m pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfvdkol
ypfuGif;aysmufvdk@ b0rme}uD;ol
tcsif;csif; wGef;olwGef; &Jabmftcsif;csif; tcspf}uD;ol
twWudkpm;oHk;&if; &yfwnfcsuf tvHxl
tcsif;csif; rkef;olrkef; ææ twk,lp&mjzpfchJol ææ

'Dawmh tckawmh rif;

rif;b0rif; xif;¶SL;&dyfudkcdk
rEdkifreif; jzwfoef; igwdk@udkcGJcGg
prf;w0g;0g; xm0&tdyfpufchJ+yD ææ
vSrf;tm; r&Sdw&Sd
ig &ifrcsdbl; &Jabmf ææ cef @ OD ; (ref ; wuU o d k v f ) rwf 99

(nD y k a v;qk a tmif a & rif ; aemuf u d k vif ;

rif;vdk &Jabmfaumif; atmifa&m tnmom;yg vdkufoGm;=ujyef+yyDD )
rif;vdk ppfonfaumif;
vlwaomif;rSm &Sm=unfh &SdcsifrS &SdrSmyg ææ
15
 aoG;pdrf;&Sif&iS fxu
G faewJh uAsm
aqmif;,Gef;v
pdrf;pdrf;}uD; pkduf=unfhaewJh vl[m ausmuf±kyfrjzpfEdkifcJhwmawmh aocsmw,f
avmu}uD;&JŒ rsuf0ef;awGu ol@twkdif; æ wkd;v#dK;awmif;yefwmawmif pdrf;jyaewJhtcg
tjzLa&mif ESvHk;om;awG&JŒtay:rSm
tpdrf;a&mifvd_if;awG ayusHaewJh teDumvmawG +idpGef;vmcJh=u æ
ouU&mZfjrpfwpfpif;ay:rSm
tpdrf;a&mifrkefwkdif; cyf±kdif;±dkif;awGu pkdif;qif; tpdrf;i&JrD;awGtwGuf rJhòyH;udk
tpdrf;a&mifjrifuGif;awGu tpdrf;a&mifESvHk;rSm vGef;wifvdk@
pdrf;vef;jcif;udk raqmif æ tpdrf;a&mifawG jrifwkdif;
ysdK@tefwwfvmwm qef;ovm; ´
eufarSmifarSmif noef;acgifay: arSmufusvmwJh
tpdrf;&ifha&mif wHcg;acgufoHawGuvnf; pdrf;zsm; zsm;wJholawGudk u,fwifzkd@
tpdrf;vdkuftonf;udk cGJoGm;cJh æ tjzLa&mif vufESpfzuf
t0ga&mif pm;yGJwpfvHk;xufrSm
tpdrf;a&mif &ufpGJawGu
tpdrf;a&mif uH=urRmudk tjyma&mif vufwpHkudk iHhvifh&if;
yGwfwkduf±kdufykwfwJhtcg tndKa&mif naecif;wkdif;
pdrf;jymjym rsuf&nfawG v#Husvdk@ wqwfqwfwkef,ifaewm =umaygh æ
tpdrf;urf;em;rSm tjzLa&mifwHwm;av; usdK;yJh æ
&if[ufwufuGJ
aoG;pdrf;±Sif±Sif &JaewJhESvHk;om;
tpdrf;a&mif rkom;awGudk
r,HkwwfcJhwmvnf; =um+yD æ

r=umcifrSmawmh æ
tpdrf;awG t&nfaysmfus
avmu}uD;u jzLjymeD0gawGeJ@ vSvm&awmhrSmyg?

aqmif ; ,G e f ; v

16
 tykyfcsdefrSm
bmrqkd jzpfvmEkdifw,f?

tdrfjrifh}uD;ay:0,f
tljrL;&,foHawGu
us,favmifvGef;vS?

&GmxdyfrSm
t&dyfrJawG
aomif;xGe;f jrihf ±kwf±kwf±kwf±kwf/ v_yfv_yfv_yfv_yf
wD;wkd; wD;wkd;eJ@ a&G@&Sm;ae=uw,f?
tykyfcsdef ae&mwumrSm
a¹rwGefoHawG =um;ae&w,f?

&GmacG;awG tloHu
ikdnnf; ylaqG;aeovkdy?J

twifh&w J hJ acG;tawGu
&Gm&JΠwpjyifem;xd uyfvmw,f?

yg;uGufom;eJ@ okb&mZm
usdwfusdwf usdwfusdwfeJ@ wkdifyifae=uw,f?

rdef;rysufeJ@ bdef;ykef;pm;
vufcsif; csdwfxm;=uygvm;?

"mwfvkH;ayguf aiGjzpfaeolawGu
olawmif;pm;awGukd aiGay;0,faewm
bmtwGufvJ?

ausmif;xkid q
f &mawmf
aysmufcsif;rvS
ausmif;ay:u aysmufoGm;w,f?

17
a=umifcHwGif;ysufeJ@ quf&ufawmifyHusKd;wkd@
olawmfpif r[mrdwfzGJ@ae=uwm
obm0awmh odyfrusbl;?

a=u;pm;awGu a&SŒxGuf&rf;um;=u
vufyg;apawGu &GmxJrSm &rf;um;ae=u?

tykyfcsdefyJ tdrfjrifh}uD;ay:u
tEW&,f[m ae&mwumrSm? tm%mykdifhorD; tysKdr
csufcsif;}uD; ±l;oGm;&vkd@
armif;xk vlpkvkd@r& oGufoGufcgatmif [pf=uatmf=u
wkH;armif;acguf ta&mufac:vkd@r& yGufavmxcsdefæ?
usdwfjyifxm;=u
"m;aoG;xm;=u/ vlpk=u? &Gmab; awmifukef;xdyfay:u
awmfvJoH}uD;eJ@twl
jzKef;ceJ w&Sdefxkd; vdrfhqif;us
&Gmxdyfewfpifu {&mr ausmufwkH;}uD;
"m;xrf;ewf±kyf wvdrfhacgufauG;eJ@
v_yfv_yfvm+yD; &GmtvnfwnfhwnfhrSmus
rsufvkH;awG rD;0if;0if;awmufvmcsdef æ [kdbuf'Dbuf
ol@bufukd,fhbuf
bufESpfbuf jywfom;=uzkd@
bufESpfbuf wkdufyGJpzkd@
tv,fu pnf;jcm;ay;vkdufcsdef
“nDapaemf”qkdwhJ atmf[pfoHawG ay:vmw,f?

aomif;xGef;jrifh
3-10-2009

18
 tazhtay:rSm xm;wJhtrkef;
woufvHk; zHk;cJhor#
orD;tay:rSm tòid;w}uD;eJ@ oGefcscJhwm
OD;ae0if;u pcJhwmyg
tazhajc&m xufcsyfruGmvSrf;vmawmh
emrnf=um;&if zsm;csifwJh
AdkvfcsKyfvufopfawGu
tdrfcsKyf
tus,fcsKyf
axmifxJajymif;csKyf
bm[kwfao;vJ
taoowfzkd@awmif vkyf=uao;wmyJ?

19
'g[mæ
taoowf
tjywf&Sif;
2010 twGuf vrf;cif;aewmjzpfw,f?
olwkd@[m æ
OD;ae0if;+cHayguf
t&Sufta=umufuif;wJh
+AdefavmifajAmifvdefwJhae&mrSm
q&mxuf rsufESmxlw,f?
olwkd@[mæ
OD;ae0if;+cHxGuf
vuf&JZuf&J&Sdw,f
rJrJjrif&m ypfwmr[kwf
rkd;ay:axmifazmufwmryg
wnfhwnfhrSefatmifypfwJh
jzLjzLpdrf;pdrf;jrif&ifypfwJh
eDeD0g0gjymjymjrif&if ypfwJhae&mrSm
q&mxuf vufaZmif;xuf=uw,f?
'Dwcg'DwauG@ æ
rsufpdvnfvrf;rSm;&if
0uFbmc&D; trsm;}uD; auG@0ifoGm;r,f?
olrsm;tm;ukd;w,fqdkwm
ulazmfxuf avmifzufawGu rsm;wmyg?
20
qwfaumhvwfaumh
ausmhausmharmharmh
aysmhaysmhuav;eJ@eHwJh
prwfyg0geJ@
tm;vHk;pkaygif;
tm;uD;aumif;wkd@
ta=umif;taygif;oifh
0kdif;+yD;yifh=uawmhr,f?
wkdif;jynfrSm
ygawmfrlt&Sifaysmuf
u|efoabmufb0 a&mufcJh&zl;w,f?
tckvnf; wkdif;jynfrSm
vGwfvyfa&;ydokum&Sifudk azsmuf
wyfrawmfzcifukd azsmuf
ppfzdeyfoHcGmatmufrSm
u|efoabmufa&mufae&+yD?
rsdK;qufopfrsm;æ
jynfolrsm;cifAsm;æ
'Dwcg'DwauG@
rsufpdrvnfvrf;rrSm;bJ
todowd
b,fnm!‡d wnfhwnfhvSrf;=uyg?
'Dwcgæ
rif;wkd@aoewfwcsufazmuf&if
aejynfawmfa&muf awmufav#mufxdk;0if
bufaygif;pHku xdk;ppfqif=uavmh?
0ifharmf (RTC - Mdy)
2009? =o*kwf 8 &uf?
 1
uav;av;awG vufxJu
vGwfoGm;wJh a&mifpHkrdk;ysHylazgif;av;awGudk
ai;&D&if;
b0rSm bmrSrnfrnf&&
rjzpfcsifawmhwm =umyg+yD æ

2
nDrav;a&
t±H_;qdkwm aocsmwJh {nfhonfqdk&ifawmif
rkd;vif;ayguf apmifhcJh&wJh
nawGrsm;cJh+yD
acwf}uD;ukdu aoG;qdk;vGef;vSw,f æ

3
aEGOD;ayguf&if
eifhtyfcsKyfqdkifav;&Sd&m
jyefvmzdk@ ar#mfvifh&if;
wESpfcsif;
wkd@awGa0;cJh=uw,f æ a0;cJh=uw,f

(28/ 1/ 2008 &uf a e@wG i f usa&muf a om nD r i,f . arG ; ae@od k @ )

rd k ; pJ a e
20/ 1/ 2008

21
 ppftm%m&Sifpepf tJ æ pepfzsufodrf;a&;u
zsufodrf;ypf E_wfxGufoGm;=u+yDqdk&ifawmh
ppfu|efepfolawG&JΠ,Hk=unfcsuf olwdk@eJ@ vrf;cGJ=u&raygh
bmeJ@rS zsufr& æ aqG;aEG;a&; æ aphpyftav#mhay;a&; æ
r&? tusKd;wlaygif;pyfa&; æ
tm%m ESpfjym;wyJ&a&; æ
ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;r_ tJ'Dta&;awGxm;cJh
vlxkacgif;aqmif wpk(wpk) eJ@igwdk@rSm igwdk@,Hk=unfwJhwkdufyGJvrf;
wv$mxJ wom;xJyg? wvSrf;+yD;wvSrf;
wufvSrf;=u&r,fa[h?

igeJ@vlxkrsm;pGm
wv$m wom;xJ
wdkufyGJxJ &Sd&r,fa[h?

pdkif;avmifrdef;ouf
atmuf w d k b m 1/ 2009

22
 orkdif;pmtkyfu xlw,f
oef;ig;q,f b0eJ@ a&;xm;w,f
vuftacsmif;acsmif;eJ@
aoG;rifazsmfvdk@a&;cJhw,f
pmrsufESmu oef;ig;q,f?
ppftkyfpk t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;
ajymif;vJvdkwJh pdwfrjzpfrjcif;
ajymif;vJjcif;r&SdEdkif qdkwJh oabmw&m;
owif;pmq&m bmaw;vpfwemajym=um;
'gukd orkdif;pmtkyf}uD;u =um;oGm;
rJhòyH;&,faxh avSmifoHrsm;
waomaomeJ@ xGufusoGm;?
aemufwOD;u
ygarmuQ a'gufwma';Apf pwdkif;bwfwJh
ESpfaxmifhwpfq,f a&G;aumufyGJ0if&rwJh
rJxJhay;=u(ppfu|efcH=u)wJh
ig;ESpftwGif; ppfzGJ@pnf;yHkt&
u|JEGm; wd&p>mef opfwHk;awGvdk ae=uwJh?
owif;pmq&m
ygarmuQ eJŒ
oef;ig;q,f
apmrd;k atmif
“ig;ESpftvGefrSm
wpHkw&mtxd ajymif;vJrSm
ppfwyfxJ rsKd;qufopfawG xGufvmrSm
jynfolvlxkxJ ynmwwfawGrsm;vmrSm
tJ'Dtxd apmihf=uyg æ ”?
ygarmuQ[m
ppftkyfpk&JΠabmukdr
cspm;cJhwJh yHkyJ[
a&G;aumufyGJ0if=ur,hf w&m;cHawG
acG;ckefwufeJ@ wxyfxJav
ol@pdwful;,OftdrfrufawG
Armjynf EGm;ausmif;om;xuf csmwl;vefvSay?
ordkif;pmtkyf}uD;u
tm;ygw& &,foGrf;ae
tJ'DxJuyJ
usdefqJoHawG aygufuGJxGufvmawmh
· qef; atmhzf bpfcsf
ygarmuQ tpkwftnpfqdk+yD; qJ+yDaygh?
aiGyHkxJu ygarmuQcrsm
rpifxkwf oef;ig;q,feJ@ taygufcH&&Sm
acgif;idkufwGJvJ
rpifyHkxJ ðryfae&pfayghwcg?
apmrdk;atmif (Ekdif0ifbm 6/ 2009)
·Son of bitch – acG;rom; (qJqakd ompum;)
23
 uAsm&S n f
rJ a qmuf tvk y f o rm;rsm; od k Œ

avhvma&;c&D;tp
taemufbufurf;ukd
wvGrf;vGrf;eJ@
vSrf;jrifaecJh&?

aomif&if;jrpfurf;oDóud;eJ@
taemufbufurf;ajcay:u
ykwD;aphwJtdrfuav;awGoDuHk;xm;
0g;x&H tifzufrdk;
ESpfukd;&mtwkdif;
r_efrd_if;±kd;tDaeqJav?

taemufbufwJtdrfa[mif;
ta&SŒbuf wdkufwmeJ@ taqmuftOD;opf
aomif&if;jrpf ol@vufeJ@
jrpfurf;ESpfbuf qufxm;av&JŒ?

ta&SŒbufjrpfurf;
pDwef;aewJh aoG;pkyfpuf±Hktvkyf±Hk
ikwfwkwfxkdifapmifhae=u
'&,f*lvm aoG;pkyfzkwfaumif}uD;awGtjzpfeJ@
'grSr[kwf
jrpfurf;/ opfawmwef;xJ
òyH;+zJ+zJapmifhaewJh aoG;pkyfbDvl;
tpG,fjyL;jyL;puf±HkawG
apwDwefaqmif;a&SŒu
jcaoFhbDvl;ausmuf±kyfawGES,f
'gayrJh æ 'gawGu
wu,fhtom;pm; usm;eJ@jcaoFh
bDvl;o&JawGyJa[h?

24
o&Jpuf±HkwJh
=um;&±HkeJ@ oHAka'<&Gwfrd
Ak'H<o&%H &Gwfqdkrd
yDau*g;rifh æ wJh
trf'D*g;rifh puf±HkwJh
tvkyform;waxmifausmf&JŒaoG;
ar#m@aoG;pkyfovkdpkyf
,leD,Hpwm; okd;ar$;puf±Hk
aomif&if;jrpfurf;ay:
0ifh0ifhºuGm;ºuGm; æ rm;rm;}uD;&yfvdk@?
aut,fv'f D wJh
yefeD/ vdkif;&if;awmif;ukr`%D
yef;±Hk(ac: ) eef@=umvdk
trdk;eDpuf±HkwJh
csefyD,Hodk;ar$;puf±HkwJh
bDbDawmhyf puf±HkwJh
tdk æ okd;ar$;puf±HkawG
puf±HkawG æ
tòydif;t±kdif; tòydiftqkdif
awm*Ekdiftpyf
armvkd@±dkif&ifawmif rrwfEkdifapwJh
aoG;iwfwJhacsmif; æ awGaygh?
tpm;tpm zk(wf)puf±Hk
*sm*Ggukr`%D pwD;ZGef;puf±Hk
+yD;awmh æ tar$;wkdifpuf±Hk
aomif&if;urf;yg;rSonf
rJaqmufòrdŒta&SŒbuf
wyf(cf)c±kdif jrifhrwfawmifwef;awGtxd
puf±Hkig;&mausmfxJu puf±HkawGav?
qnf0uAsdKif;
ajc wefvufwef&Snf a0omvDAdsKif;awG
ArmjynfxJu xGufvm
rJaqmufwHcg;aygufrS xGufusvm
aiGqm æ tvkyfqmwJh ig;awG
tJ'Dig;qmwJh AsdKif;awGyg;pyfayguf
wa,muf+yD;wa,muf
wzGJ@+yD;wzGJ@ a&mufvmcJh?
tufpfyDwD*g;rifh txnfcsKyfpuf±HkxJ
tvkyform; wkd;}udwfcJ
aoG;pkyfzkwfaumifvuf
0 uGuftyfESHxm;cJh
tvkyform; ESpfaxmifausmf&Sd&JŒ?
pDautkdif odk;ar$;puf±Hk
tay:±Hk atmuf±Hk tvkyform;oHk;axmifausmf
ykdif;xpfa&mif;pm;
taoG;tom;avScg;xpfeJ@
wpfxpf+yD;wpfxpf vSrf;wuf,l
rdk;ay:uvrif; aiGtjymudk
qGwfcl;ae=uav&JŒ?
puf±Hk}uD; 73 ck
tdrfpuf±Hktygt0if 500 eD;yg;
tvkyf&Sif æ ocif
aoqdkao æ &Sifqdk&Sif
vuf ajc vkyftm; ydkifpdk;wJhbk&if
jc,fvS,fcGifh om;vSD;"g;
ykid q
f ikd x
f m;+yD;om;
Armtvkyform;udk yg;yg;vSD;w,f
zdESdyfaESmifóud;txyfxyf
vufjyefóud;&pfywf
aoG;iwf
txyfxyf!‡pfxkwf aoG;pkyf?
25
wcsdK@puf±HkxJrSm
aep&ma=umwcif;
vwpif; r&Sdbl;uG,f vl@b0&vm
xrif;wvkwfwkwfwcsufeJ@ b,frSm=unfh=unfh/ wkdufyGJtjynfh
touf&Sif&wm av&SdwJhae&m/ a&&SdwJhae&m
i&JwGif;rSm usa&muf ajreJ@rD;&SdwJhae&m
aysmufqHk;oGm;wJh vl@tcGifhta&; obm0wkdufyGJ/ vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJ
ypPnf;rJh tvkyform;tcGifhta&; wkdufyGJ}uD;ao;
tarSmifxkxJu tyfacsmif;uav;rsm; jzpfcJh? ajy;rvGwfEkdifawmh?

taemufbufurf;u ppfu|ef wcg æ wcg/ ±H_;edrfhrSmyg

ta&SŒbufurf;ay:rSm t&if;&Sif&JŒu|ef 'gayr,fh vd_if;}uD;avSatmuf
u|efeH@ESpfckeJ@ pGJ+rJvljzpfaecJh awmif}uD; z0g;atmuf
b0&JŒ teuf±d_if;qHk;aom obm0wkdufyGJ
tm±Hka=umxJ/ toJxJxd vltodw&m; owWdZGJ
wcsdK@tvkyform; atmifyGJcH+rJ/ cHaeqJ?
u|efeH@awGeJ@ ,Ofyg;
ociftm;& u|efyg;0vkd@? vlr_wkdufyGJ
vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJ
wcsdK@tvkyform; tvkyform;tcGifhta&;wkdufyGJ
rdrdu|efb0 pufqkyf tvkyfcGifwkdufyGJ
a[mifykyfu|efeH@ a&pdrfu|Jvkd/ ZGJeyJnD!Gwfr_
b0udk wkdufc|wfaq;a=um ckdifusnfr_wnfaqmuf
aoG;a=umxJtxd oef@pifxm;vdk@ ra=umufw&m;
wkdufyGJ0ifvkd@ enf;y&d,m,ftm;vHk;/ xkwfoHk;ºuG,f0
vGwfvyfpdwf"gwfrsm; æ tm; atmify&JG cJh
tcGifhta&;wkdufyGJ oabmw&m; æ 'g; orkdif;&JŒtawG@tóuH
toGm;xuf ukefvHkcJh+yD;om;yg?
tm;wufaecJh=uaygh?
armif p d k ; csd e f
Ze0g&D 5/ 2009

(2007 ZGefvtwGif;/ udkrkd;óud;-OuUX/ jrefrmjynfolrsm;ta&; yl;wGJv_yf&Sm;r_ aumfrDwDESifh

tvk y f a umf r D w D 0 if q&mpk d i f ; atmif w k d @ ES i f h t wl puf ± H k w±H k 0 if w ±H k x G u f avh v ma&;c&D ; ok d @
trS w f w &)
26
aqmif ; yg;
Armjynf rD', D mawGukd zwf=unfw h thJ cg ArmjynfEidk if aH &;rSm ±_yaf xG;p&mawG ay:vmr,fh
vuQ%mawG awmfawmf awG@vmae&ygw,f? 'D=um;xJ tar&duefEkdifiHu ay:vpDajymif;r,fqdkwJh
owif;uvnf; &Sdaeawmh r=umcifrSm toHawG ykdpDnHvmOD;rSm aocsmaeygw,f?
'gayr,fh b,fvkdavoHawGyJ jzpfaeae/ tqHk;rSm owˆKcsvkduf&ifawmh ajymqkdae=uwm
[m etzuusif;yr,fh vmr,fha&G;aumufyGJudk 0ifrvm; r0ifbl;vm;qdkwJh ESpfckygyJ? =um;r&Sdbl;vdk@
awmif ajym&&if&ygw,f?
'Da&G;aumufyGJudk0ifzdk@ wkdufwGef;olawGxJrSm ukd,fwkdif0ifr,fhvlvJ&Sd/ udk,fwkdifr0ifbJ
a[majymw&m;cswmoufouf vkyfaeolawG&Sd? vltrsdK;rsdK;yJqdkwm awG@&rSmyg? 'DtxJu wcsdK@u
qkd&if tkdbm;rm;eJ@ a':uvifwefawmifrS olwkd@&JŒaemufudk vkdufvmw,fvkd@ ajymcsif[ef&Sdygw,f?
'Dvadk &G;aumufyt
JG wGuf awmajcmufay;/ ab;wD;ay;olawGxrJ mS wcsKd Œu 'Dvv dk yk w
f m[m
olw@dk u,
kd u
f sKd ;twGuf r[kwyf gb;l / olw@dk u,
kd wf idk v
f nf; 'Da&G;aumufyu JG kd r0ifygb;l vd@k qd=k uygw,f?
[kwfygw,f? olwkd@&JΠtouft&G,ft&jzpfap/ olwkd@&JΠoknem;uyfaewJh EkdifiHa&;*k%foduQm
t&yJjzpfap olwkd@awG[m a&G;aumufyGJudk 0ifcsifvkd@vnf; 0ifvkd@r&ygbl;? olwkd@[m 'Dae@ etz&JŒ
t"du &efbufpm&if;rSmygaewJh trsdK;om; 'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyf/ Auy pwmawGxJrSm ygbl;ygw,f?

27
vufeufvJ csbl;=uygw,f? 'Dawmh ‘wcg vuf
eufcsbl;&if t}udrf}udrfvufeuf csae&w,f’
qkdwJh vufeufcswkd@&JΠtpOftvmtwkdif; rao
rcsif; wkdif;jynfrSm ta&;}uD;wJh udpPay:vmwkdif;
ppftkyfpkuvkdtyfw,fqdk&if axmufcHpmawG
a&;ay;ae&wmygyJ? olwkd@udk,fwkdifuawmh vlxk
tay: bm=oZmrS r&Sdawmhygbl;? 'gayr,fh olwkd@
u t*Fvdyfpum;vHk;awGeJ@ oabmw&m;awG
xkwfwwfawmh etzudkvnf;zm;csif/ bmo
abmw&m;ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ zm;&rSef;rod jzpf
aeolawGtwGuf taxmuftul jzpfapygw,f?
aemuf+yD; etzudk zm;csifvkd@jzpfap/ ynmwwf
*kdufzrf;csifvkd@jzpfap olwkd@a&;wmawGudk azmfjy
ay;aewJh rD', D mawGvnf; &Sad eygw,f? 'ga=umifh
olwkd@a&;wm/ ajymwmawG[m wcsdK@vlawG t
wGufawmh toHk;0if wefbkd;&Sdw,fvkd@yJ ajym&
r,fxifygw,f? jynfwGif;u òrdŒay:rSmaeolawG
qdkawmh olwkd@[m olwkd@eJ@òydifjiif;vkd@r&rSef; od
xm;wJhtwkdif; vlwumudkwkdufcdkufwm qGwm
awGvkyf=uygw,f? wcgwavrSm oufawmf&Snf
q&m'*kHwm&mudk aoabmf!d‡wmvJ vkyf=uyg
w,f? q&mhcifAsm 'if;wkd@rkd@ayudk;qkd+yD; rod[efyJ
aqmif ae&[efwlygw,f? 'gayr,fh olwkd@cifAsm
zm;omzm;& rsufrmef&SrSmudkawmh a=umufae&
wJh vuQ%mawGvnf; jrifae&ygw,f?
aemufwrsdK;u pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif/
ynmwwfv@dk q&kd r,fo h al wG jzpfygw,f? olw@dk u
ra0;vSwhJ ukev f eG af v+yD;wJo
h rkid ;f rSm Akv
d cf if!eG @f
eJ@eD;pyf/ ywfoufbl;w,fvkd@ em;vnf&ygw,f?
olwkd@u aiGa=u;wwfEdkifawmh ukd,fykdifrD'D,m
vnf;&Sdw,f? jynfytquftoG,fawGvnf;
&Sdygw,f? urBmtES@H&Sd ±_yfaxG;vSwJh tifef*sDtkd
uGef,ufawGeJ@vnf; ywfoufae=uygw,f?
olwkd@u a&G;aumufyGJudk 0ifr,fhvuQ%mawG
azmfjyaeygw,f? 'gayr,fh aiGa=u;&Sifvnf;jzpf/
28
ynmwwfvnf;jzpfqadk wmh olrsm;vkd jymjymovJ
rjzpf/ wnfwnf+idrf+idrfeJ@ ajymEkdif/ v_yf&Sm;Ekdif=u
ygw,f? olw@dk rmS u etz ppftyk pf x k u J b,fxyd f
oD;eJ@ tquftoG,f&Sdw,fqdkwJh t&nftaoG;
rsd K ;awG v nf ; &S d a eygao;w,f ? 'ga=umif h 'D
a&G;aumufyeJG @J olw@dk &ŒJ pD;yGm;a&; wk;d cs@J r[
_ m uif;rS
uif;&JŒvm;vkd@ wcsdK@u awG;ae=uygw,f? olwkd@
ajymwJh oabmw&m;awGrSm em;a,mifp&m &Sd
aumif;&SEd idk af yr,fh olw@dk bma=umihf 'Da&G;aumuf
yGJudk axmufcH yg0ifcsif=uw,fqdkwm uawmh
&Sif;aew,fvkd@ xifygw,f?
'DvdktrsdK;tpm;awG cGJajym+yDqdkv#if
wpnvdk wyfrawmf t&m&Sda[mif;rsm;ukdvnf;
csex f m;vd@k rjzpfygb;l ? olw@dk ukd csev
f yS v
f @dk r&ayr,fh
olwkd@&JΠawG;ac:enf;/ ajym=um;csuf pwmawG
uawmh vlwidk ;f tzd@k bmrSrqef;? ±_yaf xG;p&mvnf;
r&Sdwmrdk@ 'Daqmif;yg;xJrSm csefvSyfxm;cJhygr,f?
wpnyJ/ 'DvkdyJajymawmh rayghvkd@om rSwfxm;
vdkuf=uygpkd@?
'ghtjyif aemufwrsdK;uawmh vlopf
wef;vdk@ajym&if &rvm;ygyJ? olwkd@u ydkajcoGuf
ygw,f? yd+k yD; rsuEf mS ajymifw,fv@dk ajym&ifawmif
&rvm;ygyJ? wu,fu olwkd@xJuwcsdK@[m &Spf
av;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkwkef;u tzGJ@tpnf;wcsdK@rSm
wwd,wef; acgi;f aqmifavmuf vkyzf ;l +yD; tajc
taeqkd;vmawmh xkdifoGm;/ ikyfoGm;olawG jzpfyg
w,f? olwkd@taeeJ@ &Spfav;vHk;acgif;aqmifawG
tay: tmCmwawGxm;a=umif; ay: jywmvnf;
wcgw&HrSm awG@&ygw,f? 'DtrsdK;tpm;xJrSm
owdrðybJraeEkdifwJh a'G;a&m,Sufwif jzpfaeol
awGvnf; &Sdaeygao;w,f? tJ'gawGuawmh
}uHŒzGwfvkd[m/ owif;ay;vkd[mawGyg a&myg
aewmjzpfygw,f? tck azmfjycJholtm;vHk;xJrSm
olw@dk [m tjywfom;qH;k vd@k awmif qkEd ikd yf gw,f?
olwkd@[m bmrSra=umufbl; qdkwmrsdK;vnf;
óuwH idk ;f vdv
k dk azmfjy=uygw,f? tifwmeufrmS vnf;
usupf m;? olw@dk &ŒJ zH;k eHygwaf wGuakd =ujim/ uk, d u
hf dk
udk,f tjywfa=umfjimae=uygw,f? 'ghtjyif
olw@dk u jyifyrD', D mawGxrJ mS ‘pdeaf c:vk@d uawmh 'Da&G;aumufyu JG 0kd ifzŒkd
wdraf y:udak wmif wufx;kd r,f’qdw k mrsKd ;udv k nf;
ajym=uygw,f? olwkd@OD;wnfwmu etz qef@ wku d w f eG ;f olawGxrJ mS
usifoltm;vHk;udk jzpfygw,f? 'DvkdtcgrSm olwkd@ uk, d w f idk f 0ifr,fv h v l &J /dS
udk etzu vkdvm;[efvnf; azmfjyaeawmh
olwdk@u ydkurf;wufw,fvkd@ ajymEkdifygw,f? ud,
k w f idk rf 0ifbJ a[majym
'D2010 a&G;aumufyGJeJ@ a&G;aumufyGJ w&m;cswmoufouf
vGefumveJ@ ywfoufvkd@ jynfyrSmazmfjycsuf
awGvnf; wkd;wkd;wzHk/ ajymifwrsdK; trsdK;rsdK; ay: vkyaf eolawG &S?d
vmaeygw,f? wcsKd Œuqd&k if ‘armifarmif tac:’ vltrsdK;rsdK;yJqw kd m
apmifhae=uwmyg? óud+yD;wdwfwqdwf zsmcif;wm
awG vkyfw,fvkd@vnf; =um;ae&ygw,f? olwkd@ awGΠ&rSmyg? 'DtxJu
u EkdifiHjcm;ynm&Sif}uD;awG&JŒ tqdktrdef@udk ukd; wcsdKŒuqk&d if tkb d m;rm;eJŒ
um;+yD; ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;udk csOf;uyfygw,f? 'gay
r,fh r&Jw&JeJ@ tcsdefra&G;jyefqkwfvkd@&atmif a':uvifwefawmifrS olwŒdk
ajymqkjd yifqifae=uwmvnf; owdxm;rdygw,f? &JŒaemufukd vku d v f m
=unfh&wm olwkd@[m etz&JŒ óud;udkif'Drdkua&pD
&JŒ t&omudk jrnf;prf;csif=uwJh oabmygyJ? w,fvŒdkajymcsif[ef &Syd gw,f?
óu;d ukid n f ifom&if jynfwiG ;f uuGi;f rSm upm;r,f?
óud;ukdif=urf;&ifawmh jynfyrSmyJ aer,fqkdwJh
oabmygy?J olw@dk taeeJ@ tifet f ,fv'f u D kd tjypf
wifwm[m rvkyfrjzpfvkyf&wJh óudwifvrf;cif;
jcif;vkd@qkd&if rrSm;ygbl;?
'DvdkvlrsdK;awG/ 'Dvkdtpkd;&eJ@ 'Dvkd a&G;
aumufyrJG sKd ;udk =unf&h wm aysmpf &mawmh taumif;
om;vkd@yJ atmufarh&ygw,f? Zmwfu bkef;}uD;
±l;eJ@ avSvl;xuf ydk+yD; [moajrmufrSmyg?

&J a bmf z d k ; oH a csmif ;

&nf ! $ e f ; - acwf ò yd i f 0 uf b f q d k u f E S i f h tvif ; td r f r *~ Z if ; / atmuf w k d b m 2009 rS

aqmif ; yg;ud k xyf r H u l ; ,l azmf j yygonf ?
29
 (1)

ppftkyfpkusif;yrnfh 2010 a&G;aumufyGJonf rnfonfhae@&uf/ em&DwGif usif;yrnf

enf;? &efolppftkyfpku ,ckxd rxkwfjyef&ao;ojzifh rod&ao;? okd@aomf ppfu|eftjzpfESifh
qufvuf &yfwnfvkd=uonfh tnHhcHa&;orm; ppfu|efrsm;onf ocifu t±kd;t&if;au|;ojzifh
t+rD;wESH@ESH@ jzpfaeaom tdrfarG;acG;uJhokd@ t±l;x jrL;ºuGae=uonf?
wcsKd @ppfu|erf sm;u &efo. l a&G;aumufyu JG kd 0ifa&;twGuf Tok@d ta=umif;jy=uonf?
a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;onfESifh v$wfawmfxJwGif ukvm;xdkifae&m &&Sdvdrfhrnf? EkdifiHa&;vkyfuGuf &&Sd
vdrfhrnf? a&G;aumufyGJ r0ifrDuxuf ppftkyfpkv$wfawmfxJwGif EkdifiHa&;vkyfcGihf&rnf[k pdwful;
,Ofae=uonf? xk@d a=umihf ppfvw $ af wmfxw J iG f ae&musO;f usO;f uav;yJ &&/ xko
d @dk &&S&d eftwGuf
a&G;aumufyGJ0if&rnf[k qdkonf?

30
 wcsdK@ppfu|efu ppftkyfpkv$wfawmftwGif;rSm ppfOya'abmifxJuae ppftkyfpkudk
wkdufyGJ0ifEdkifzkd@twGuf a&G;aumufyGJ0if&rnf[k qkdonf? ppfu|efðyzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHpnf;rsOf;
Oya'awGudk wck+yD;wck jyifqifoGm;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k óuH;0g;oHrsm;udkvnf; =um;ae&onf? ppf
tm%m&Sifpepfukd zsufodrf;&ef/ ppftkyfpkudk qef@usifawmfvSef&ef q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; tHkºuG
wkdufyGJtoD;oD; ay:xGufvmcJhonf? ,ckvnf; wkdufyGJawGu jyif;xefaeqJ? xdkwkdufyGJrsm;udk
t,Hkt=unfr&Sdaom/ xdkwdkufyGJrsm;udk a&Smifz,fcJh+yD; ppfu|efv$wfawmftwGif;wGif wkdufyGJ0if&
rnf[k óuH;0g;[pfaºuG;aomtcg “[kwfyghrvm; armifumVK&,f”[k avSmifòyH;òyH;um ar;cGef;
xkwf&efom &Sdawmhonf/ a&SŒaemufaum nD!Gwfyg&JŒvm;? wvGJqHyif aumif;=uyguvm;?
rnfokd@yifjzpfap a&G;aumufyGJ0ifrnfqdkygu a&G;aumufyGJ0ifjcif;. t"dy`g,frsm;u
b,ft&mrsm; jzpfonfukd azmfjy+yD;jzpfaecJhonf? wu,fu ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;
orkdif;jzpfpOfu azmfjyaeonfh t"dy`g,fjzpfonf? okd@jzpf&m tacsmiform; ppfu|efrsm;/ ppftkyfpk
vufudkif'kwf opPmazmufavmufaumifrsm; azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;. tjrifESifh vHk;0qef@usif
aeygvrd rhf nf? &efopl pftyk pf Ek iS hf tzdEydS cf H trsKd ;om; vlxt
k oD;oD;wd@k t=um;&Sd yÉdyuQwu
kd yf w
JG iG f
avmufaumifESifh vufukdif'kwfrsm;u olwkd@. t&Sifocif ppftkyfpktwkdif; (tkyfpkd;olvlwef;pm;
bufrS &yfwnfum) jrifrSmjzpfonf? &yfwnf=urSmjzpfonf? tzdESdyfcH ppfu|efrsm;uvnf;
tzdESdyfcH vlwef;pm;tjrifudk b0ESifhay;qyf&if;ESD;um xlaxmif=urSmygyJ?

(2)

okd@jzpf&m ,ckoHk;oyftjrifonf ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;/ 'Drkdua&pDa&;/

+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf rsdK;qufvdkuf wkdufyGJ0ifcJh=uaom tzdESdyfcHvlwef;pm;. tjrifjzpfonf?
wenf;tm;jzifh tzdESdyfcH ppfu|efb0a&mufaeonfh vlxktjrifjzpfonf?
yxr? ? ppftkyfpkzufqpf. 2010 a&G;aumufyGJudk ðyvkyfjcif;onf jynfolvlxk
toD;oD; qENrJay;cJh=uonfh 1990 a&G;aumufyGJESifh a&G;aumufyGJtajzudk ppfzdeyfjzifh eif;acs
zsuq f ;D ypfvudk jf cif;jzpfonf? “igw@dk b&k ifvyk f tkycf sKyfaewJuh mvrSm igw@dk rw&m;wmvky&f ifvnf;
w&m;w,f/ igw@dk vyk cf si&f mvkyrf ,f/ igw@dk vyk o f r# acsycGirhf &Sad p&/ bmwckrS ajymcGirhf &Sb
d ;l ”qdo
k nfh
oabmxm;twkdif; 1990 a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fESifh vlxkqENoabmxm;rsm;udk eif;acsypfjcif;
jzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh zufqpfppftkyfpkðyvkyfonfh uvdrfuuspf 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ0ifjcif;
tm;jzifh zufqpfppftkyfpk. xifwkdif;usJ tEdkifusifhapmfum; ,kwfrmr_ukd oabmwlay;vkdufjcif;
jzpfonf? toifzufqpfppftkyfpkwdk@ vkyfor# axmufcHygw,f[k (ykvif;wl bl;qkd@jzpfa=umif;)
azmfjyvkdufonfh t"dy`g,fjzpfonf?
'kwd,? ? zufqpfppftkyfpkonf ppfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk pdwfwkdif;us a&;qGJcJh+yD;/
t"rR tm%modrf;,lcJhonfh ppf"g;jytkyfpku w&m;0iftpdk;&tjzpfESifh zdESdyftkyfcsKyf&ef/ tzdESdyfcH
jynfolvlxk toD;oD;udk qufvufI w&m;0if(w&m;0if) ppfu|efðy aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,f&ef 2010

31
 a&G;aumufyGJukd usif;yjcif;jzpfonf? ppftkyfpk. xkda&G;aumufyGJudk yg0ifjcif;onf olwkd@.
pkwfcsmazmufjyef ,kwfrmr_rSefor#udk av;av;eufeuf axmufcHvkdufonfh t"dy`g,f jzpfonf?
wwd,? ? 2008 ppfzGJ@pnf;yHkonf trsdK;om; jynfolvlxktoD;oD;. 'Drdkua&pDESifh
vGwfvyfcGifh/ wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pktoD;oD;. ukd,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhtygt0if udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh/
ukd,fh=urRmukd,fzefwD;cGifh rSefor#udk zsufqD;acsr$xm;onfh ppftkyfcsKyfyHk Oya'jzpfonf? 'Drkd
ua&pDESifh w&m;r#wcGifh aumif;uGuf wuGufwavawmif ryg&Sdonfh ppfu|efðya&; Oya'
jzpfonf? 2010 a&G;aumufy0JG ifjcif;onf ,if;pkwyf ±hJ idk ;f pkid ;f aom ppfz@JG pnf;yHu k kd rGejf rwf,Ofaus;
aom ppfzGJ@pnf;yHktjzpf vkyfay;jcif;jzpfonf? axmufcHay;&jcif; jzpfonf?
pwkxˆ? ? 2010 a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJay;&ef okd@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0ifjcif;
ðy&eftwGuf ppftkyfpk. rJ±Hkokd@vSrf;oGm;aeaom vlwpfa,muf. ajcvSrf;rsm;onf ppftkyfpkESifh
ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk qef@usifzsufodrf;cJh=uonfh ol&Jaumif;jynfolrsm;/ ausmif;om;ESifh
&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;. toufEiS hf aoG;ac|;rsm;ay:wGif eif;acsomG ;&jcif;jzpfonf? xdk taxmif
taomif;aom ol&Jaumif;rsm; awmif;qdkcJhonfrSm 'Drkdua&pDjzpfonf? vGwfvyfa&;jzpfonf?
vlxt k pd;k & ay:xGuv f ma&;jzpfonf? vGwv f yfat;csr;f onfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;w&yf topf wnf
aqmufa&;jzpfonf? 2010 ppftyk pf ak &G;aumufyu JG dk 0ifa&mufjcif;. t"dyg` ,rf mS xdk ol&aJ umif;
jynfolrsm;/ tzdESdyfcHb0wlrsm;udk apmfum;vkdufjcif;jzpfonf? opPmazmuf vkdufjcif;jzpfonf?
udk,fhwyfudk,fjyefeif;jcif; jzpfonf?
yOPr? ? a&G;aumufy0JG ifrnfo h l ok@d r[kwf rJay;rnfo h o
l nf olu, kd w f idk u
f ppfu|ef
b0udk &&Sdxm;oljzpf&m oludk,fwkdif ppfu|efb0rS u,fwif&rnfhtpm;/ olukd,fwkdif oduQm
t&Sufudk q,f,l&rnfhtpm;/ ol@udk,fol ppfu|eftjzpf qufvufxm;&Sd&ef opPmazmufvkduf
jcif;jzpfonf? ,kwfrmvkdufjcif;jzpfonf? xkd@jyif a&G;aumufyGJ0ifjcif;/ rJay;jcif;tm;jzifh ppfu|ef
ouf xyfr&H n S af pownf;[lI rdru d ,kd rf rd d tr_p&D ifvu dk jf cif; jzpfonf? ppfu|eb f 0rS tnHch aH &;/
'l;axmufa&; orm;tjzpf xyfI ESpfvkdufjcif;vnf;jzpfonf? xdkjyif t&SufoduQm/ uif;rJhoGm;yHk
ukd azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf?
qXr? ? ppftkyfpku uvdrfuspGm twnfðycJhonfh 2008 ppfzGJ@pnf;yHkwGifvnf;
ta&;awmfyHkrsm; umvtwGif;/ okd@r[kwf ppftkyfpkudk qef@usifolrSefor#udk ppftkyfpku owf
jzwfco hJ r# !‡i;f yrf;tEkid u f sichf o
hJ r#/ acsre_ ;f ypfcohJ r#/ tusO;f axmifEiS hf ppfa=uma&;i&Jcef;rsm;wGif
owfjzwf!i‡ ;f yrf;cJo h r# tm;vH;k onf tjypfwpHw k &mr&Sad =umif;/ w&m;pGt J a&;,lI r&a=umif;
ppftyk pf uk rdrw d @kd twGuf tjywftom; umuG,af &;qGx J m;onf? a&G;aumufy0JG ifjcif;tm;jzifh
2008 ppfzGJ@pnf;yHkudk twnfðyay;&ma&mufonf? twkdif;tqr&Sd vlxkudkowfjzwfcGifh/ acsr_ef;
!‡if;yrf;cGifh w&m;0ifvkdifpif &&Sda=umif; axmufcH tm;ay;vkdufjcif;jzpfonf? okd@jzpf&m
a&G;aumufyGJ0ifol/ qENay;olonf ppftkyfpk ppf&mZ0wfaumifrsm;ESifh tr_wGJwckwnf;
ppf&mZ0wfaumifrsm;jzpfonf? yl;wGJ ppf&mZ0wfr_ yl;wGJppf&mZ0wfaumifrsm; jzpfonf?
,if;onf 2010 a&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0ifol. orkdif;omjzpfawmhonf?

32
 owWr? ? 2008 ppfOya' zGJ@pnf;yHkxJwGif “EkdifiHawmf umuG,fa&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;
aumifpD”qkd+yD; zGJ@pnf;xm;a=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? xdkaumifpDonf orRw. txufrSm
&Sdonf? ppfwyfppftkyfpku &moufyef tkyfcsKyfzdESdyfxm;a&;twGuf &nf&G,fxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
ppftkyfpk. 2008 zGJ@pnf;yHkudk toufoGif;a&;twGuf 2010 a&G;aumufyGJudk t"rRzefwD;
vkyf}uHxm;ojzifh a&G;aumufyGJudk0ifjcif;/ rJay;jcif;onf xdkppftkyfpkudk &moufyef tkyfcsKyfcGifh
ay;tyfvkdufjcif; jzpfonf? Armjynf ppftkyfpkqdkonfrSm b,folawGvJ? jynfwGif;ppfESifh
rwnf+idraf tmif zefw;D ðyvkyaf eolrsm;yif jzpfonf? 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf vGwv f yfr_ rSeo
f r#ukd ±ku
d cf sKd ;
zsufqD;aeolrsm;rSmvnf; xdkppftkyfpkyJjzpfonf? vlxktoD;oD;. udk,fykdiftcGifhta&;rsm;
twGuf wku d yf 0JG ifvy_ &f mS ;aeolrsm;ukd owfjzwfjcif;/ acsre_ ;f jcif;/ zrfq;D owfjzwf !‡i;f yrf;jcif;udk
ðyvkyfolrsm;rSmvnf; ,if;ppftkyfpk ppf&mZ0wfaumifrsm;yJ jzpfonf? xkduJhokd@aom wkdif;jynf
udk òzdcGJaeaom/ rwnf+idrf rat;csrf; rwkd;wufapcJhaom wkdif;jynf. w&m;cH ppf&mZ0wf
aumifrsm;udk &moufyef qufvuftkyfcsKyf zdESdyfcGifhay;&ef 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ0ifolonf
wkdif;jynf. w&m;cHrsm;om jzpfonf?

(3)

&efolppftkyfpk. 2010 uvdrfòcHa&G;aumufyGJwGif yg0if,SOfòydifrnfholESifh xdk ,SOfòydif

oltm; rJay;rnfholonf orkdif;. w&m;cHjzpfonf? ppf&mZ0wfaumifESifh tr_wJGwckwnf;
orkdif;w&m;cHom jzpfonf? wkdif;jynf. om;aumif;&wem orD;aumif;&wemtjzpf
rdru
d ,
kd rf rd d cef@tyfum ppfu|eb
f 0 vGwaf jrmufa&;vrf;udk a&G;cs,af v#mufvrS ;f zd@k orkid ;f uyif
vrf;jyxm;+yDr[kwfavm? ?

rd k ; ajropf
atmuf w d k b m 10/ 2009

33
 +yD;cJhwJhudk;uef@ta&;tcif;rSm etz
ppftpdk;&u tpG,f+zJjycJh+yD? aoewfazmufjycJh+yD?
'g[m +idrf;tzGJ@awGudkomru wwdkif;
jynfvHk;udkyg owday;+cdrf;ajcmufvdkufwm jzpf
w,fqw kd m oHo,±Spd &mrvdyk gb;l ? tdref ;D em;csi;f
EdkifiHrsm;eJ@ EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;rsm;udkvnf;
=um;vdkuf=u&JŒr[kwfvm;vdk@ ar;aewJh tvm;
ygyJ?
etztckvdk udk;uef@u MNDAA udk
tjywfacsr_ef;wJhtxd vkyfvdkufwm[m olwdk@
pDpOfwehJ ,fjcm;apmihw f yf tpDtpOfukd vufrcHwhJ
ta=umif;&if;wckxJa=umihfajym&if etzpum;
udk tvG,feJ@,Hk=unf&m usygvdrfhr,f? wu,f
u 'Dae@ typf&yftzG@J awGxrJ mS OD;zke=f um;qif;wd@k
34
vdyk J vufrcHEikd bf ;l vd@k ajymaewJh wjcm;tzG@J tpnf;
}uD;i,fawG renf;±Sdaeygao;w,f?
aemuf ta=umif;jycsuf wckjzpfwJh
vufeufpuf±u kH pd [P mvnf; awmfawmf &,fp&m
aumif;wJh ta=umif;jycsufjzpfygw,f? w±kwf
Arme,fpyfu wcsdK@+idrf;tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSm vuf
eufcJ,rf;xkwfvkyfwJh puf±Hki,fav;awG ±Sdwwf
w,f/ ±Swd ,fqw kd mudk etzrodwm r[kwyf gb;l ?
tJ'DtzGJ@tpnf;awGuvnf; ajymifom xkwf
rajymwm odyfzHk;uG,fxm;=uwm r[kwfygbl;?
aemuf+yD; 'Dpuf±HkawGwnf±Sdaewm[m ESpfaygif;
udk=umvSyg+yD? 'ghtjyif ajymjzpfatmif ajym&r,hf
tcsufwcku e0weJ@ 'DtzGJ@awG typftcwf
&yfpJa&;qdkwmudk vkyfcJh=uwkef;u vufeuf
cJ,rf;rpkaqmif;&/ rxkwfvkyf&vdk@ oabmwlnD
csurf ±Scd yhJ gb;l ? tckrS olw@kd &ŒJ wyfawGudk jyifqif+yD;
+yDqdkawmhrS 'DudpPudk vuf!d‡k;xdk;jy+yD; &r,f
±Smwmjzpfygw,f?
rl ; ,pf a q;0g;? 'D t a=umif ; jycsuf
uawmh ydv k @kd awmif &Dp&maumif;ygw,f? 'Da'o
awGrSm Adkvfcif!Gef@eJ@ typftcwf &yfpJa&; vkyf
vdkuf+yD;rS rl;,pfaq;0g;xkwfvkyfr_[m ta&
twGuft&/ t&nftaoG;t&/ trsdK;tpm;t&
tukef wd;k yGm;vmw,fqw kd m urBmtodyg? 'gukd
ppftpd;k &u rodusKd ;u|eðf yxm;ovdk axmufvrS ;f
a&;tyg ppfwyfwcsdK@[mvnf; 'Dvkyfief;awGudk
rSD+yD; 0ifaiGaumif;aecJh=uwmyg? 'gayrJh 21 &mpk
0if+yD;aemufup+yD; 'Da'oawGrSm rl;,pfaq;0g;
xkwfvkyfr_ usqif;oGm;w,fqdkwmvnf; urBm
u todtrSwfðy+yD; jzpfygw,f? etzppftpdk;&
[m OD;zkef=um;qif;wdk@ rl;,pfaq;0g; vd_ifvd_if
xkwfaewkef;u olwdk@&JŒ“trsdK;om;nDvmcH”rSm
wdik ;f &if;om; acgi;f aqmif}uD;vd@k zl;zl;r_wf Aef;wif
xm;cJhwmudk b,folu arhyghrvJ? aemuf+yD; tck
OD;zkef=um;qif;wdk@udk AuyxJuae cGJxGufap
wke;f ua&m/ tckòzdcw JG u
kd cf u kd w
f t
hJ cgrmS a&m etz
ppftpdk;&[m vm;±d_;rSm rl;,pfaq;0g; &mZm}uD;
awGukd wrifyifzh w d f t}u^H m%fawG ,lcw hJ ,fqw dk m
urBmu rodbl;rSwfvdk@vm;?
'Dwcg etzu OD;zkef=um;qif;wdk@&JŒ
acgi;f ay:udjk zwf+yD; aoewfazmufjyvdu k w f m[m
aoaocsmcsm/ aphaphpyfpyf pDrjH yifqifcw hJ hJ wjynf
vHk;/ wurBmvHk;=um;atmif wrifypfazmufvdkuf
wJh aoewfoHvdk@yJ em;vnf&ygw,f? olwdk@eJ@
rwloal wGukd aoewfpmau|;r,fv@kd azmfjyvdu k f
wmjzpfovdk olwdk@&JŒaemufvdkuf oAŠeHaygif;pHkudk
vnf ; “&-&uf ” eD ; +yD v d k @ wyf v S e f @ tcsuf a y;
vdu k w f mjzpfygw,f? wygwnf; “rif;wd@k &ŒJ aemuf
rSm aoewf±Sdw,f/ vkyfcsifwmomvkyf=u”vdk@
usm;pG,fwdkufay;vdkufwmvnf; jzpfygw,f?
'Dupd u
P kd tckvw kd wdik ;f jynfv;kH Edik if aH &;
eJ@qufpyfvdkufawmh xyfawG@&wJhtcsufwcku
'DudpP jzpfay:wJhtcsdefumvygyJ? ,ufawmudpP/
a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk tdrfcsKyfxyfcswmawG
+yD;pD;oGm;wJhaemufrSm jzpfay:vmjcif;ygyJ? wòydif
eufwnf; rjzpfb;l qdw k m owdðy&ygr,f? =uyfajy;
u 'g±dkufwm pDpOf!$ef=um;aewJhtwdkif; tpD
tpOfwus jzpfay:aewmcsnf;jzpfygw,f? jynfr
wvSn/hf jynfe,fwvSn/hf vufeufrudik o f al wG
wvSnfh/ vufeufudkifolawGwvSnhf wvSnhfpD
aoG;wd;k prf;aewm&JŒ aemufu, G rf mS bm&nf±, G f
csuf±Sdw,fqdkwm aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;oihf
ygw,f? wygwnf;rSm aemufajcvSrf;&JΠypfuGif;
[mbmjzpfrvJqw kd mvnf; awG;awmoihyf gw,f?
0jzpfrvm;/ rkef;vm;jzpfrvm;qdk+yD; vG,fvG,f
pOf;pm;vdk@ rjzpfygbl;? etz[m xifrxm;wJh
ypfrw S af wG azmfxw k w f wfw,f qdw k mudk owdðy
&ygr,f?
aocsmwmuawmh olwdk@taeeJ@ 'Dae
&m/ 'DtqifhrSmwif &yfxm;vdk@r&ygbl;? 2010
a±G;aumufyGJrwdkifrD olwdk@&JŒ vrf;jyajryHktwGuf
cvkwfuefoif;rSefor#udk ±Sif;&ygawmhr,f? tEk
enf;eJ@&&if&/ r&&if OD;zke=f um;qif;wd@k uv kd yk o f vdk
t=urf;enf;eJ@ ±Si;f ygvrd rhf nf? a±G;aumufyq JG wkd m
tm%mjy\emjzpfygw,f? etzppfAdkvfcsKyf
awG[m tm%meJ@ywfouf&if enf;enf;rS [ef
raqmifbl;qdkwm tm;vHk;od=u+yD;om;yg?
tckow l @kd [m 0eJ@rikd ;f vm;udk rwdu k b f ;l
vdk@ajymw,f? 'gayrJh oHcsyfumum;rsm; tyg
t0if tifrwefrsm;jym;wJh wyfaygif;pHkudk tJ'D
a'oawGudk vmqdkifxm;w,f? +cdrf;ajcmufxm;
w,f? jyefrqkwfbl;? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk
jypf'%fcsrSwf&mrSm qdkif;iHhwESpfcGJvdk@ vkyfxm;
vdkufwmeJ@ wlvdkufavvdk@ awG;rdw,f? 'ghtjyif
35
ucsijf ynfe,frmS vnf; etzwyfawGu tm;jznhf
ae&m,l+yD;jzpfaew,f? 'Dvdktaetxm;udk jrif&
awmh wu,fv@kd om wwdik ;f jynfv;kH rSm v_y±f mS ;r_
}uD;wckck ay:aygufcJh&if/ 'grSr[kwf etzzufu etz ppfAdkvfcsKyfawG[m
ae vlxkzdESdyfa&; v_yf±Sm;r_}uD;wck vkyfcJh&if jynfov l x
l k eJ‹ twdu k t f cH
etztpd;k &[m olw@kd wyfawGukd 'Dvykd J csxm;rSm/
+idr;f tzG@J awGukd &ifqikd x
f ed ;f csKyfxm;rSmyJv@kd awG;rd trsdK;rsdK;udk *kwfay:"m;0J
p&mjzpfaew,f? etztpdk;&taeeJ@ rkef;vm;eJ@ tae txm;rsdK;
0udk rwdkufbl;vdk@ ajymw,fqdkwmudk etz&JΠawmufav#mufjzpfaeatmif
owif;pmawG/ toHv$ifh±Hk/ ±kyfjrifoH=um; wdk@u
ae razmfjybl;qdkwJh tcsuf[mvnf; owdxm; wzufrSm zefwD;xm;+yD;
p&myg? olwdk@zufu 'gudk w&m;0if uwdtmrcH wzufrSm
csufrjzpfatmif wrifvkyfxm;wJh oabmvdk@ olwdk‹udk,fwdkifuawmh
,lqp&m jzpfaeygw,f? wzufrSmusawmhvnf;
“0wdk@/ rkef;vm;wdk@udkomwdkuf&if vufeuf}uD; 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ twGuf
awGeJ@ wdkufav,mOfawGoHk;r,f”vdk@ w&m; e,fqif; pnf;±Hk;wmawG tyg
r0ifajymqdk owif;v$ihfaeygw,f? ajcvSrf; trsdK;rsdK;udk
'Dae@ ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;udk jyef=unhf
vdkufawmhvnf; etz[m trsdK;om; 'Drdkua&pD }udwfvSrf;ae=u ygw,f?
tzGJ@csKyf pwJh tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ qufqHa&;rSm
vnf;“ppfvnf;rjzpf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;vnf;r[kwf”
qdkwJh vdyfcJwif;vif; taetxm;yJ xdef;odrf;
xm;wmyg? tcsed rf a±G; acsre_ ;f ypfr,fh +cdr;f ajcmuf
r_udk ppftpdk;&u w&m;r0if xkwfrajymayrJh
vlwdkif; cHpm;rdaeygw,f? ud k ; uef @ tjzpf t ysuf u d k = unh f + yD ;
etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawG[m jynfolvlxk w±k w f o abmxm;ub,f v d k / tar&d u ef
eJ@ twdkuftcHtrsdK;rsdK;udk ‘*kwfay:"m;0J’ tae oabmxm;u b,fvdk/ tmpD,Hoabmxm;u
txm;rsdK; awmufav#mufjzpfaeatmif wzuf b,fvdk qdkwmawG wGufaevdk@ c&D;raygufygbl;?
rSmzefw;D xm;+yD; wzufrmS olw@kd u, kd w
f ikd u
f awmh etz&JŒoabmxm;ub,fvdk/ etz&JŒ t}uH
2010 a±G;aumufyGJtwGuf e,fqif;pnf;±Hk;wm tpnf u b,f v d k / 'ga=umif h igwd k @ ub,f v d k
awGtyg ajcvSrf;trsdK;rsdK;udk }udwfvSrf;ae=u qdkwmrsdK;udk wdwdyypOf;pm;&/ jyifqif&awmhr,fh
ygw,f? jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&;udk t"duxm;w,f tcsdefjzpfygw,f?
qdk&if etz&JŒajcvSrf;awGudk rsufajcrjywf apmifh
=unhw f m/ azmfxw k w
f m/ qef@usiw f mawG awmuf &J a bmf z d k ; oH a csmif ;
av#mufvkyfae&rSmyg?
36
 rsufarSmuftcsdefrSm
ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;[m EdkifiHwum
t0ef; t0dkif;udk a&mufoGm;wmeJ@
twl urBmtESH@±Sd ArmjynfeJ@
ruif;olawG[m owif;awGukd
em;pGihf=u/ ajymqdk aqG;aEG;=u/
xifjrifcsufay;=u/ a±SŒtvm;
tvm awGudk wGuf=ueJ@
tawmhfudk v_yf±Sm;ae=uygw,f?
tenf;qHk; OD;a%Smufydkif;
v_yf±Sm;=uw,fv@kd q&kd if rrSm;ygb;l ?
obm0uspmG yJ wcsed w f nf;rSm
t,ltqtrsdK;pHkvnf; yvlysHatmif
ay:aygufaeygw,f?
'DvdkwurBmvHk;u tm±Hkpdkuf
tav;xm;aewJ h t=um;rS m yJ etz
ppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu a':atmifqef;
pk=unftay: csrSwfxm;wJh jypf'%f
awGudk t,lcHwm y,fcsvdkufw,f
qdwk uhJ pd P ay:xGuvf mygw,f? etz
&JŒAD Z eJ @ obm0ud k trS e f t wd k i f ;
jrifxm; wJh vlawGtzdk@rSm 'Dvkyf&yf[m
bmrS rqef;bl;vd@k ajymp&mygy?J 'gayrJh
tar &duefu trwfrpPwm0ufbf wd@k vkd
vlawGtzd@k awmh etzAdv k cf sKyf
awG“zdk;oif;arsmuf” vd k
vkyv f u kd wf t
hJ wGuf tawmf
udk tae&cufoGm;rSmyg?
'gjzifh Armjynfom; EdkifiHa&;
orm;awG/ EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pk
awGtwGuaf &m etz&JΠ'Dvyk &f yf[m
b,fvdk t"dy`m,f aqmifygovJ?
37
 pdw0f ifpm;p&mawG@&wJh tcsuw f csuf
uawmh 'Dvkyf&yf[m tckwavm Armjynf EdkifiH
a&;rS m ay:ayguf a jymqd k a e=uwJ h t,l t q
topfawG/ ta=umif; jycsuftopfawGudk wdkuf
±dkuftajzay;vdkufovdk jzpfoGm;wmygyJ?
Oyrmwckjy&&if etz&JŒ 2010 a±G;
aumufyGJ+yD;&if ArmjynfrSm EdkifiHa&;vkyfp&m
payhpf (e,fy,f)&r,fv@kd qdak eolawG? olw@kd &nf
!$ef;ae=uwJh payhpfqdkwm[m trsdK;om; 'Drdk
ua&pDtzGJ@csKyfudk tckvdkt,lcHcGihf/ jyifqifr_
awmif;qdkcGihfawGay;wJh payhpfrsdK;vm;vdk@ jyefar;
&rvdkjzpfaeygw,f? etz[m aemifrSmvnf;
'Dvdkv_yf±Sm;cGihfawG/ “óu;udkif'Drdkua&pD”awG
ay;aerSmyJqdkwm aocsmygw,f?
wcsd K @uawmh “ bmrS r ±S d w meJ @ pm&if
wckck±Sdwmu aumif;w,f”vdk@qdk=uygw,f?
'gjzihf&if tckvdkw&m;Oya'eJ@ w&m;±Hk;udk vdk&m
qGJoHk; vkyfaewmrsdK;awG wckcktjzpf wnf±Sdae
wmrsdK;ua&m aumif;w,fvdk@ qdkrvm;?
2010 a±G;aumufyGJrSm 0if+yD;aemuf
“'Dru kd a&pDukd &mcdik Ef e_ ;f w&m &csirf &S r,f/ 'gayrJh
'Drdkua&pDqDudk ajcvSrf;wvSrf;awmh vSrf;vdkuf
Edkifr,f”vdk@ qdkwhv J lawGudkawmh 'Dvdkbdef;ypfzrf;/
r±Sad wmhwzhJ @JG pnf;yHOk ya'xJu yk'rf awGe@J tjypfay;
pwJh ajcvSrf;rsdK;awGeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDqDudk vSrf;vdk@
&rSmwJhvm;vdk@ rar;oihfaybl;vm;?
'Dae@Armjynf&ŒJ EdkifiHa&; a±SŒrwdk;om
aemufrqkwo f m t=uyftwnf;awG@ae&wm[m
a':atmifqef;pk=unfbufu wif;rmvd@k jzpfw,f
vdk@ qdkaewJhvlawGudkawmh rsm;rsm;rajym uJ-
b,fEh , S ±f pdS vd@k om ar;vdu k zf @kd vrkd ,f xifygw,f?
txufygt,ltqudk wifwv hJ al wGu
“abmhvHk;[m a':atmifqef;pk=unf (trsdK;om;
'Drukd a&pDtzG@J csKy)f bufrmS a&mufaew,fv@kd vnf;
ajymavh±Sdygw,f? Adkvfoef;a±$wdk@u 'Dvdk tm
38
%moHk;+yD; rw&m;wJh wzufowfenf;awGeJ@
abmhv;kH udk wbufuuGi;f xJ yd@k aew,fqw kd mudk
tckudpPu xyf+yD;oufaojywm jzpfygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: 'Dvdk qHk;
jzwfvdkufw,fqdkawmhrSyJ wcsdK@u 'D 2010 a±G;
aumufyGJudk0ifzdk@ xkwfjyefcsufawG xkwfvm=u
wmawG@&ygw,f? wdkufqdkifr_vm;/ wrifvkyfwm
vm;qdkwmudkawmh um,uH±SifawGrSodrSmyJ?
'gayrJh Armjynf jynfolawGuawmh 'Dvkyf&yfudk
rsufarSmifñuwfrd=urSmygyJ? twlordkif;w&m;cH
jzpf&atmif etzu tiSm;AdkufeJ@ "m;xdk;cHzdk@
w&m;cH±Smxm;wJh 'Da±G;aumufyGu J dk od'<dwifay;
ovdkjzpfaer,fqdkwm pOf;pm;=uoihfygw,f?
csKyaf jym&&if etz&JŒ'Dvyk &f yf[m 2010
a±G;aumufyu JG 0kd ifz@kd aoabmfna‡d eoltm;vH;k udk
owday;vdkufwm jzpfygw,f? olwdk@ta=umif;jy
wmawGtwGuf tm;wufp&m/ ar#mfvihfp&m r±Sd
a=umif; jzpfay:r_wdkif;u azmfjyaeygw,f?
'Dupd rP mS jrifoihw f maemufwcku t,lcH
y,fcswm[m a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ Adv k o f ef;a±$
qDay;pmudk tajzay;vdkufwmjzpfw,fqdkwJh
tcsufyJ jzpfygw,f? tm%m±SdaewJhvlawG[m
olw@kd wdu k ±f ukd t f ajzay;vd@k r&wJh udpaP wGukd 'Dvkd
yJ wbufvn S efh @J tajzay;wwfw,fqw kd m rarh
oihyf gb;l ? trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J csKyu
f wurBm
vHk;jrifatmif oHvGifcufudk a0S@,rf;jyaecsdefrSm
Adkvfoef;a±$wdk@u bDvl;pG,fudk+zJjyvdkufwm jzpf
ygw,f?
ydk+yD; a'goxGufp&m aumif;wmu
etzppftpd;k &[m a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd 'Dvkd
t,lcyH ,fcsvu dk +f y;D wJah emufrmS wywfrS r=umbl;/
qufqHa&;0ef}uD; Adkvfatmif=unfeJ@ awG@w,f
qdwk m jzpfvmwmygy?J +y;D awmh a':atmifqef;pk
=unfudk rD'D,mawGa±SŒrSm ðyH;jycdkif;ygw,f? olwdk@
[m tar&duefauseyfatmif 'DvdkawG@cdkif;wm/
0g'jzef@aumif;±HkvkyfwmrSef; vlwdkif;odygw,f?
'gayrJh rae@wae@urS rw&m;qHk;jzwf+yD; tcsKyf
oufwrf;wd;k xm;wm cH&olbufu pOf;pm;=unhf
&ifawmh 'Dvdk vkyfwm[m tifrwef±dkif;jywJh
apmfum;r_ jzpfygw,f?
ydkxif±Sm;oGm;wmuawmh OD;0if;wif
wae@uajymovdk etz[m a':atmifqef;pk=unf
udk aps;qpfp&m "m;pmcHvkd toH;k ðyaew,f qdw k m
wae‹rmS Adv k of ef;a±$wkd‹
ygyJ? Adkvfatmif=unf aqG;aEG;w,fqdkwJh rsuf wawGe‹J
vSnhfjyyGu J dk umvwck&yfxm;+yD;aemuf 'Dae@vdk
tcsdefusrS jyefyGJxkwfvmwm[m etz&J@ r±dk;
wjcm;ordkif; w&m;cHawGudk
om;r_udk jyowmjzpfygw,f? jynfol‹cHk±Hk;wif&mrSmawmh
wygwnf;rSm axmufjy&rSmu a':
atmifqef;pk=unf&J@tr_[m EdkifiHa&;tr_/ 'Drdk
w&m;r#wap&r,fqdkwm
ua&pDjy\emjzpfw,f qdkwmudkvnf; 'DudpP jynfolawGu tckuwnf;u
awGu xif±Sm;apygw,f? 'ghtjyif etzAdkvfcsKyf
awGtaeeJ@ EdkifiHa&;jy\emudk EdkifiHa&;t& ajz
±dk;±dk;om;om;/ &J&Jwif;wif;
±Sif;&r,fqdkwmudk jiif;y,fqJyJqdkwJh om"uwck tmrcHxm;ygr,f?
vnf; jzpfygw,f?
'gayrJh wae@rmS Adv
k of ef;a±$w@kd wawGe@J
olrsm;vdk wdk‹r±dkif;w,f/
wjcm;ordkif;w&m;cHawGudk jynfol@cHk±Hk;wif&mrSm wdkif;odyg&JŒ jzpf&ygapr,f?
awmh w&m;r#wap&r,fqdkwm jynfolawGu
tckuwnf;u ±d;k ±d;k om;om;/ &J&w J if;wif; tmr
w&m;Oya'txufrSm
cHxm;ygr,f? b,folrS r±Sb d ;l qdw
k mvnf;
olrsm;vdk wdk@r±dkif;w,f/ wdkif;odyg&JŒ
jzpf&ygapr,f? w&m;Oya'txufrSm b,folrS
wu,f jrifawG‹ }u&
r±Sb
d ;l qdw
k mvnf; wu,f jrifawG@=u&ygapr,f? ygapr,f?

&J a bmf z d k ; oH a csmif

&nf n G e f ; - tvif ; td r f / atmuf w d k b m

2009 ES i h f acwf ò yd i f 0uf q d k u f ' f r S

39
 (u)

EkdifiHa&;jy\emrSm tm%mjy\emjzpfonf? ppftkyfpku tm%mudk txdyg;rcH? t"rR

odrf;ykduf&,lxm;aom tm%mudk ta=umrcH? Tenf;wckwnf;ESifhyif ppftkyfpkonf vlxk.
&efolrsm; jzpfvmcJhonf? &efolonf EkdifiHa&;jy\emudk ajz&Sif;&ef owWdr&Sd? t+rJwrf; aoG;a=umif
avonf? vlxktpkd;&tm; vlxktm%mv$Jajymif;a&;twGuf ESrf;waphr#yif aqG;aEG;!‡dEd_if;vkdpdwf

r&S d a y? 'D r k d u a&pD t if t m;pk trsm;pk

uvnf; zufqpfppftkyfpktm; tm%m
udpPudk pum;&dyfroef;&Jay? trsdK;om;
jyefvnf oifhjrwfa&;[laom acgif;pOfukdyJ
a&G;jc,fvi$ x hf u
l m 2 buf/ 3 buf aqG;aEG;
&ef &efoludk awmif;qdk&jcif; jzpfonf?
trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udk
aoe*FAsL[mtjzpf xm;vmcJh=uonf?
awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;udk t"duenf;y&d,m,f
tjzpf xm;&SdvmcJhonf? tkyfpdk;zdESdyf tEkdif
usifhaeonfh &efolppftkyfpkudk awG@qHk aqG;
aEG;zdk@ wGifwGifawmif;qdkvmcJh=uonf? xdk
awmif;qdkr_ vd_if;*,ufrsm;atmufwGif
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf zsuf o d r f ; a&;onf
vnf;aumif;/ ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f
a&;twGuf vlxkwkdufyGJESifh vufeufukdif
wkud yf JG enf;y&d,m,frsm;onf vnf;aumif;/
tzdESdyfcH ppfu|efvlwef;pm;rsm;. wyfOD;
vnf;jzpfonfh trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&; wyf
aygif ; pk zG J @ pnf ; a&;onf vnf ; aumif ; /
tm;enf;onfxuf enf;um/ ydev f DS ao;auG;
vmcJhonf? 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pk tawmf
rsm;rsm;rSm wkdufyGJudk pdwfr0ifpm;awmh?
wk d u f y G J vuf v G w f u if ; rJ h j cif ; ES i f h twl /
wku d yf JG tawG;tac: pdw"f gwu f , kd cf t H m;yg
±kyfav#mhvmcJh=uonf?
40
 wkdufyGJvnf;r&Sd? wkdufyGJudkvnf; rjyif
qif? vlxktiftm;udkvJ pm&if;xJxnfhrwGuf?
vlxkvGwfajrmufzdk@ vlxkudktajccHa&; tawG;
tac:vnf;uif;rJ/h olw@dk rmS &efopl pftyk pf Ek iS hf awG@qkH
aqG;aEG;a&;udo k m [pfaºuG;awmif;qdk ae=uawmh
onf? wu,fu ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;
a&;twGuf awmfveS af &;vm;/ awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;
vm;/ bmvJ/ b,fvkdvJ ar;&ayvdrfhrnf? awmf
vSefa&;qkdonf pepfopfwnfaqmuf&ef pepf
a[mif;udk zsuo f rd ;f jcif;ESit
hf wl tzdEydS cf v
H x l u
k kd
tjywfajcr_ef;ypfaeaom &efoludk/ tzdESdyfcH
vlwef;pm;0if trsdK;om;vlxktoD;oD;u jyef
vnfajcr_ef;&jcif;jzpfonf? wnf&SdaeqJ zdESdyfa&;
ESifh aoG;pkwfjc,fvS,fa&; yHko¾efrsm;udk wGef;
vSefòzdcsa&; wkdufyGJyifjzpfonf?
(c)
&efolESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;onf ppf
tm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;twGuf aoe*FAsL[m
r[kwfay? enf;y&d,m,frsm;xJrS enf;y&d,m,f
wckr#om jzpf&ayvdrrhf nf? tb,fo@kd aom enf;
y&d,m,f jzpfoifhygoenf;? wkdufyGJudkjyifqif/
jyifqif+yD; wku d /f jyifqif&if;wku d yf 0JG if/ tus,jf yef@
qHk; tus,f0ef;qHk; wkdufyGJqifE$J&if; &ifolESifh
aqG;aEG;yGJ pum;0dik ;f wuf&rSm jzpfonf? oef;aygi;f
rsm;pGmaom tzdESdyfcHvlrsdK;pHk vlxktiftm;jzifh
wkdufyGJqif&if;/ &efol. vnfòrdeif;um aqG;aEG;
&rSmjzpfonf? wkdufyGJrsm;tqifhqifh ray:xGuf
or# tm%m&pfrl;vGefa&m*g pGJuyfaeonfh ppf
tm%m±l; zufqpfppftkyfpkudk EkdifiHa&; aqG;aEG;
yGJudk wufckdif;Ir&Ekdif? ESpfaygif;ESpfq,fu ouf
aojycJh+yD;jzpfonf? aqG;aEG;yGJwuf&ef &efolESifh
vlxk wyfOD;=um;wGifvnf;aumif;/ &efolESifh
'D r k d u a&pD t if t m;pk =um;wG i f v nf ; aumif ; /
tenf;qHk; tiftm;wl&vdrfhrnf? ppftkyfpkonf
vlxkaxmufcHr_r&or# vlxktoD;oD;. tif
tm;rSm rkd;ESifhajrudk ajymif;vJypfEkdifonfh yifr
tiftm;}uD;jzpfonf r[kwaf yavm? xdt k iftm;
xk}uD;jzifh wkdufyGJzefwD;um &efolppftkyfpkudk
pdefac:&rSmvnf; jzpfonf? xdktiftm;xkrSm
&efol@wyfxuf tiftm;vGefuJvsuf &Sdonf?
vlr_pepf ajymif;vJa&;twGuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
toD;oD;wGif awmfvSefa&;rsm; &SdcJh=uonf? xdk
vlxktiftm;pk}uD;ESifhyif atmifyGJcHcJh=ujcif;
jzpfonf?
(*)
tzd E S d y f c H vl x k oabmxm;um;
tb,fenf;? tzdESdyfcH vnfpif;cHae=u&aom
tzdESdyfcH vlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;rSm &efolppftm
%m&Sif ppftkyfpkudk ðiwfqHkxJxnfhum tr_ef@acs
ypfcsifae=uonf? rdrdwdk@. vl@b0udk wd&p>mef
b0odk@ twif;t"rR wGef;ydk@cHae&ojzifh xkd&efol
ppftkyfpktm; jyefvnfwGef;vSef ajcr_ef;ypfvkd
vSonf? v,form; tvkyform;rsm;rSm ygwD
pnf;±Hk;a&; pm&Gufrsm;ay;rnfhtpm; aoewfyJ
ay;yg[k wpmpm awmif;qdak ejcif;rSm ,if;oabm
w&m;yifjzpfonf? vlxkb0udk at;csrf;wnf+idrf
ap&ef/ wdk;wufzGJ@òzd;ap&ef }uHaqmifóud;yrf; Ekdif
rnfh vlxktpdk;&w&yfudk xdkvlxktoD;oD;uyif
zG@J pnf;xlaxmifv=dk uonf? ppftyk pf /k ppftm%m
&Siq f o
kd nfrmS raumif;qd;k 0g; &mZ0wfaumif &efol
jzpfaeojzifh b0xJrS armif;xkwfajcr_ef;ypf vkdvS
onf? vlxku olwkd@.&efolESifh aphpyfvdkjcif;r&Sd?
vufawG@b0wGif trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;
awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&; pum;0kid ;f jzpfay:a&;onfum;
avxJwGif wkduftdrfaqmufjcif;r#om jzpfonf?
xkd@a=umifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;udk vlxkuróuduf
41
awmh? vufrcH pdwrf &SnEf idk af wmh? aqG;aEG;yGw J uf
&ef tyfwzsm;pm oabmxm;r&So d nfh (u|yJ g;apmif;
awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;/ trsdK;om;&if=um;apha&;udk
wD;) &efou
l kd ±GrH ek ;f pufqw
k of uJo h @kd yif/ aqG;aEG;yGJ
udk zdwfac:onfh yk*~dKvfudkvnf; tav;teuf apmif;ay; t"duxm;vmonfu h mvwGif uajrmuf
r&Sdawmhay? xkdtcg awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;rSvGJI uajcmufESifhuarmufur tacsmiform;rsm;u
tjcm;vkypf &mr&Sd qdak om 'Dru kd a&pD tiftm;pkEiS hf Ek difiHa&;rsufESmpm ae&mtawmfr sm;rsm;wG i f
vlxt k =um;wGif qef@usiu f vJG v JG mae+yDjzpfonf? v$rf;rd;k aecJoh nf? ae&m,lxm;=uonf? ae&m,l
cGif/h ajymcGifq h ckd iG fh v_yf&mS ;pDpOfciG fh &&S x
d m;=uonf?
(C)
yxrawmh awmfvSefa&;orm; a,mifa,mif?
ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&; ppfppf aemufawmh 'Drk u d a&pDtiftm;pk0if a,mifa,mif?
vnf;r[kwf/ awmfvSefa&;vnf;r[kwf? awG@qHk aemufawmh tacsmiform;? aemufq;kH xH;k pH twk id f;
aqG;aEG;a&;/ trsdK;om; &if=um;apha&;udk apmif; &ef o l E S i f h a ygif ; pnf ; um azmuf j yef o G m ;av
ay; t"duxm;vmonfhumvwGif uajrmuf awmhonf?
uajcmufESifh uarmufur tacsmiform;rsm;u
EkdifiHa&;rsufESmpm ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif
v$r;f rd;k aecJo
h nf? ae&m,lxm;=uonf? ae&m,l av;vHwkef@qdkif;aprSm jzpfonf? Oyrm - ppftm
cGi/hf ajymcGiq hf ckd iG hf v_y&f mS ;pDpOfciG hf &&Sx d m;=uonf? %m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;wkdufyGJajcvSrf;udk 2010
yxrawmh awmfvSefa&;orm; a,mifa,mif? uvdru f sonfh a&G;aumufyJG rJ±0kH ifa&;ESihf ppfu|ef
aemufawmh 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pk0if a,mifa,mif? cHa&;rJ±Hk0ifa&; ajcvSrf;tjzpf ±kdufcsdK;ajymif;vJ
aemufawmh tacsmiform;? aemufqHk;xHk;pH ypfjcif;jzpfonf? aemufxyfOyrm? ppftm%m&Sif
twkdif; &efolESifhaygif;pnf;um azmufjyefoGm; pepf zsufodrf;a&;tpm; &efolESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;
avawmhonf? a&;udk wGe;f wifvmjcif;tm;jzifh pepfa[mif; zsuf
xdu k o hJ @kd &efoEl iS hf odoo d mom raygi;f odrf;a&;twGuf wkdufyGJjyif&efrvkdawmh/ wkdufyGJ&Sd
pnf;rSD vlxk=um;wGif vlxkudk t[ef@twm; &ef rvdkawmh - [laom tnHhcHa&;enf;jzifh ±kduf
taESmuft,Suf txyfxyfay;ygawmhonf? csdK;ypfjcif;?
ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;ESifh &efoludk Tod@k tm;jzifh ArmjynftzdEydS cf H tEdik f
awmfveS w f u dk cf u dk af &;twGuf wufºuGvrS ;f csD ae usichf H vlwef;pm;. &efojl zpfonfh ppftm%m&Sif
aom vlxkajcvSrf;rsm;udk/ a&SŒukdwkd;I rwuf ppftkyfpkonf olxif&mpdkif;cGifh/ vkyfcsif&mvkyfcGifh
vSrf;Edkif&eftwGuf enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh ±dkufcsdK;aejcif; &onfxuf &vmcJhavawmhonf? ydkI jyif;xef
jzpfonf? ('Drdkua&pD tiftm;pk tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ onfxuf jyif;xefaom zdESdyfcGifh acsr_ef;cGifhudk
awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;xJwGif xdktacsmif t&,lonfxuf ,lvmcJhawmhonf?
orm;rsm; v$rf;vmygu awmfvSefa&;c&D;onf
rwGifus,fEkdifawmhay? atmifyGJonf a0;onf vif;opfatmif
xuf a0;oGm;ayvdrrhf nf?) vlxu k kd uarmufur atmuf w k d b m 1/ 2009
42
 (u)
ppftm%m&Sif ppftkyfpk. t}uD;rm;
qHk;aom&efolrSm tzdESdyfcHvlwef;pm;jzpfonfh
jynfolvlxk toD;oD;jzpfonf? xkdzdESdyftEkdif
usifhcHae&onfh wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pHk trsdK;om;
jynf o l v l x k toD ; oD ; . t}uD ; rm;qH k ; aom
&efolrSm ppftm%m±Sif ppftkyfpkjzpfonf? vl
wef;pm;t&ajym&v#if tEkdifusifh zdESdyfaoG;pkyf
tkyfpkd;ol vlwef;pm;ESifh tzdESdyfcH/ tEkdifusifhcH/
aoG;pkyftjc,fvS,fcH vlwef;pm;? pm&if;csKyf
vkdufv#if ArmjynfwGif xdkvlwef;pm;ESpf&yfonf
tc&mjzpfonf?
ppftm%m&Sif ppftkyfpkonf Armjynf
. wOD;wnf;aom ajr±Siyf a'o&mZf jzpfouJo h @kd
ppft&if;&Sifvnf; jzpfonf? tkyfpkd;olvlwef;pm;/
zdEdSyfolvlwef;pm;rSm xkdppft&if;&Sif/ ppfajr&Sif
ya'o&mZfjzpfonf? xkdenf;wl vlrsdK;pHktoD;oD;
wkdif;&if;om;jynfolvlxk toD;oD;rSm tzdESdyfcH/
tjc,fvS,fcH vlwef;pm;jzpfonf? oef;aygif;
rsm;pG m aom ppf a jru|ef v ,f o rm;/ ppf u |ef
tvkyform;rsm;/ ppfu|efynmwwfrsm; jzpf=u
onf? rsufarSmufumv Armjynf. yÉdyuQ
wkdufyGJrSm xkdvlwef;pm; ESpf&yf=um;rS yÉdyuQawG
ESifh wkdufyGJjzpfonf?
(c)
Armjynf v l r sd K ;pk i ,f / vl r sd K ;pk v wf /
vlrsdK;pk}uD;toD;oD;wkd@onf zdESdyftEkdifusifhcH
43
ae=u&onfh/ aoG;pkyf tjrwfxkwfjcif; cHae=u&
onfh tzdEydS cf vH w
l ef;pm; pm&if;0ifrsm;yifjzpfonf?
ajrjyef@wGif aexdkif=u+yD; ArmvlrsdK;jzpfaeI xdk
zdESdyfcHvlwef;pm;b0rS vGwfajrmufoGm;onf
r[kw?f ArmvlrsKd ;pkonfvnf; tzdEydS cf v H w l ef;pm;
pm&if;0ifjzpfonf? ppfu|efpm&if;0ifrsm;vnf;
jzpf o nf ? xk d e nf ; wl p G m csif ; awmif w ef ; wG i f
aexkdif=uaom csif;trsdK;om;jynfolrsm;/ &Srf;
ukef;ajrjrifhwGif aexdkif=uonfh &Srf;vlrsdK;pk0if
trsdK;om;jynfolrsm;rSmvnf; awmifwef;ESifh
ukef;ajrjyifay:wGif aexkdif=uojzifh tEkdifusifh
tjc,fvS,fcHae=u&aom tzdESdyfcHb0rS vGwf
xGufoGm;onfr[kwfay? ppfu|eftzGJ@0ifESifh zdESdyf
tEkdifusifhcHae&aom vlwef;pm;xJwGif tckdifrm
qHk; tusHK;0ifv#uf&Sdonf? tb,fuJhokd@aom
Armjynfwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrS tzdESdyfcH vlwef;
pm;rS vGwfajrmufoGm;onfr[kwf? zdESdyftEkdif
usifhcH/ aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,fcH&aom vlwef;pm;om
jzpfonf? xdkvlwef;pm; pm&if;xJwGif yg0ifae=u
qJyifjzpfonf? a&SmifIr&/ wdrf;Ir&Ekdif? csif;/
ucsi/f u&ife/D rGe/f &ckid /f Arm/ u&if/ &Sr;f / yavmif/
ytk@d ponfæ h trsKd ;om; toD;oD;onf tzdEydS cf H
vlwef;pm;0if vlwef;pm; nDtukdarmifESrrsm;
jzpfonf? b0wlrsm; jzpfonf?
tkyfpdk;zdESdyftEkdifusifhonfh vlwef;pm;
rSm ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'Drsm;jzpfI rkef;wD;emusnf;
rnfqv kd #if vlwef;pm;t&om pufqw k of ifoh nf?
Armwkdif;(Armwkdif;ukd) rkef;wD;pufqkwfaeI
rjzpfEkdif? ArmvlrsdK;pk0ifwkdif;onf r[mArm
vlrsdK;}uD;0g'Drsm; r[kwf=uay? Armv,form;/
tvkyo f rm;/ vufvyk v f ufpm; oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmudk
r[mArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'udk odygovm;[k oGm;ar;
=unfh? rif;bmawG vmar;aewmvJvdk@ jyefar;
vdrfhrnf? tzdESdyfcH vlwef;pm;tcsif;csif; rkef;wD;
aev#if (=uufjcif;xJa&mufaeonfh =uuftcsif;
44
csif; cGyfae/ wkdufcdkufaernfqkdv#if) &efol tkyfpkd;
ol p pf t k y f p k u tif r wef ES p f o uf v k d v m;rS m
jzpfonf? tb,f a =umif h q d k a omf tk y f p d k ; ol
ppftkyfpkukd,fwkdifu vlrsdK;}uD;0g'udk pGJudkif+yD;
wzGJ@ESifhwzGJ@/ vlrsdK;wckxJrSm okd@r[kwf vlrsdK;pk
wckEiS hf wck=um;wGif wku d cf u
dk o f wfjzwf aeapvdk
I jzpfonf?
txl;owdðy&rnft h csuf wcsuaf wmh
&Sdonf? zdESdyftkyfpkd;ol ppftkyfpku ppftm%m&Sif
pepfESifh ppftkyfpkudk qef@usifawmfvSefol rSefor#
udk owfjzwfacsre_ ;f ypfygonf? òrŒd jy tkºH uaG wmfveS f
r_/ vlxkwkdufyGJrsm;wGif towfjzwf tacsr_ef;
cH=u&onfh trsm;pkrSm ArmvlrsdK;pk0ifrsm; jzpf
onf? axmifxJ/ ppfa=uma&; i&Jcef;rsm;wGif
owfjzwfjcif;cH&aom/ acsre_ ;f jcif;cH&aom trsm;
pk c snf ; rS m Armvl r sd K ;pk 0 if r sm; r[k w f y gvm;?
vlrsdK;pk wkdif;&if;om; awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;xJrS
wcsdK@u vlxkwkdufyGJrsm;udk Armtcsif;csif; jzpfwJh
yGJ/ óudufw,fa[h[lIyif &,farmajymqdkonfudk
=um;cJh&/ óuHcJh&bl;onf? a=uuGJp&m aumif;vSyg
onf? Armtcsif;csif; jzpfwJhyGJwJh? tawmfhudk
evydef;wHk;jzpfjcif;/ EkdifiHa&; tawG;ac: ao;odrf
usOf;ajrmif;jcif;tjzpfudk azmfjyaejcif;jzpfonf?
ArmvlrsdK;pkxJrS ArmwcsdK@uvJ zdESdyf
tkyfpkd;ol ppftkyfpkuJhodk@ ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'udk
vufudkifxm;cJh=uonfvnf; &Sdonf? &efol@
tawG;tac: &efol@oabmw&m;twkdif; wxyf
wnf;/ wom;wnf;jzpfaeojzifh ppftm%m&Sif
pepf y suf o k O f ; a&;/ jynf a xmif p k t opf wnf
aqmuf a &;twG u f }uD ; rm;aomtE W & m,f /
}uD ; rm;aom taES m if h t ,S u f jzpf a eonf ?
xdk@a=umifh usOf;ajrmif;aom trsdK;om;a&;0g'
onf av;axmifjh zpfaeojzifh 'Dru kd a&pDopf/ jynf
axmifpkopf wnfaqmufa&;t0kdif;ESifh tHr0if
*Gifrus jzpfaerSmjzpfonf?
 (*)
Tae&mwGif zdESdyftkyfpdk;ol ppftkyfpk
onf b,fae&mwGif &Sad eoenf;? ppftm%mjzifh
tb,fo@dk aomae&mwGif cif;usi;f ae&m csxm;cJh
oenf;? aoG;pkyfonfh jc,fvS,ftjrwfxkwf
onfh ae&maumif;wGif ppftkyfpkonf eef;yv†if
wnfaqmuf+yD; tuste ae&m,lxm;=ujcif;
jzpfonf? EkdifiHa&; abm*aA't& ukefxkwfvkyf
ief; 95µ udk ppftkyfpku odrf;ykduft&,lxm;
onf? ajr,m/ b%f/ b%fvyk if ef;/ pufrv _ yk if ef;/
ukefxkwfud&d,mESifh ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;pk ukef
xkwfvkyfief;tm;vHk;eD;yg;udk ppf%mjzifh odrf;ykduf
&,lxm;onf? xkd@a=umifh ppft&if;±Sif/ ppfajr±Sif
ya'o&mZf[k ac:wGif&jcif;jzpfonf? wu,fu
ac:wGifp&myifrvkd? ykdifqkdifr_ taetxm;udku
xdkodk@jyXmef;xm;+yD;om;? xkd@jyif rnfodk@aom
ukefvkyfqufqHa&;u vlwef;pm;vuQ%mESifh
vlwef;pm; yÉdyuQudk azmfaqmifaeygoenf;?
ukefxkwfvkyfief;&Sd&m vkyfief;*Gifonf ppfajrjyif
wrsdK;jzpfonfh 'Drkdua&pDuif;rJhpGm/ vGwfvyfr_
uif;rJph mG ac:&ifvm/ cdik ;f wmvky/f cHrajym&/ ppfred @f
ppftm%matmufwGif ukefxkwfvkyfae&jcif;
jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh ppft&if;±SifESifh ppfu|ef
tvkyform; qufqHa&;jzpfonf? ppfajr&Sif ya'
o&mZf e J @ ppf a jru|ef v ,f o rm;/ v,f u l v D
qufqHa&;jzpfonf? ppfvufeuf/ ppfcHk±Hk;/ ppfrdef@
atmufu qufqHa&;jzpfonf?
&Srf;/ ucsif/ u,m;/ 0/ ytkd@/ yavmif/
u,ef;/ u&ifeD/ rGef/ &cdkif/ Arm/ vDa&Sm/ vm;[l/
u&if/ csif; ponfh vlrsdK;toD;oD; jynfolvlxk
wkd@onf aoG;pkyfcH/ tjc,fvS,fcH/ tcGifhta&;rJh
pGm ppfu|efrsm;jzpf ukef;±kef;tvkyfvkyfae&jcif;
jzpfonf? qufqHa&;udk xyfajym&v#if t&Sif
ocifEiS t hf aptyg;aus;u|ef qufqaH &;jzpfonf?
u&ifvlrsdK;/ &Srf;vlrsdK;jzpfI qufqHa&; ajymif;vJ
vl x k w k d u f y G J r sm;wG i f
towfjzwf tacsr+ef; cH-u&onfh
trsm;pkrSm Armvl r sd K ;pk 0 if r sm;
jzpfonf? axmifxJ/ ppfa-uma&;
i&J c ef ; rsm;wG i f owf j zwf j cif ;
cH & aom/ acsrIef ; jcif ; cH & aom
trsm;pk c snf ;rS m Armvl r sd K ;pk
0if r sm;r[k w f y gvm; æ
oGm;onfr[kwf? ArmvlrsdK;jzpfI qufqHa&;rSm
at;csrf;om,moGm;onf r[kwf? tb,fuJhodk@
vlrsdK;pk}uD;/ vlrsdK;pkvwf/ vlrsdK;pki,fudkrqdk
aoG;pkyftjc,fvS,fcH ppfu|efrsm;tjzpf tEkdif
usifh qufqHavonf? Tjc,fvS,faoG;pkyfr_
t& ArmvlrsdK;udk zGI av#mhI zdESdyfaoG;pkyfjcif;
rðycJhay? &Srf;ESifhtwl/ rGefESifhtwl tjcm;vlrsdK;
toD;oD;ESit hf wl ArmvlrsKd ;pkonf wH;k atmufu
zm;rsm;tjzpf wom;wv$mwnf; zdESdyfaoG;pkyf
jcif; cHae=u&jcif;jzpfonf? Tokd@jzpfv#if Arm
vlrsdK;pk0ifrsm;udk tjcm;vlrsdK;pk0ifrsm;u tb,f
a=umifh rkef;wD;ae=u&oenf;? zdESdyftkyfpkd;olu
ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'DawGjzpfI/ tzdESdyfcH tEkdifusifhcH
ae&onfh b0wl ArmvlrsKd ;wkid ;f udk rke;f wD;jcif;onf
tb,fa=umifh ygenf;? a±S;ya'o&mZfacwfrS pI
e,fcsJ@+Adwdo#tygt0if Adkvfusjc,fvS,fonfh
tk y f p d k ; ol t quf q uf u aoG ; cG J t k y f c sKyf cJ h I
jzpfonf? xkdtkyfpkd;olwdk@udk,fwkdif tjrifusOf;
ao;odro f nfh vlrsKd ;a&;0g'udk wrSww
f & pdu k yf sKd ;/
ysdK;axmifcJhIjzpfonf?
okd@jzpfv#if ykyfapmfeHaeonfh tjrif
usOf ; vl r sd K ;a&; a&S @ wef ; wif 0 g'onf ,ae@
wkdif;jynfwckvHk;. tE W&m,fjzpfonfh ppftm
%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;twGuf tH0if*Gifus
45
jzpfyg&JŒvm;? a±S@em;wGifvnf; qdkcJh+yD;jzpfonf?
aumif;+yD/ tjcm;qef@usib f uf axmifw h ae&mu
axmufjycsifygonf? tjrifusOf;vlrsdK;a&; 0g'jzifh
awmfvSefa&; vkyfcJh=uolrsm;teuf ppfzdeyf
atmufrS vGwfajrmufoGm;onfh/ 'Drdkua&pDESifh
vGwfvyfcGifh&±SdoGm;onfh vlrsdK;pkawmfvSefa&;
tiftm;pkrsm; &SdcJhygovm;? &SdcJhv#if axmufjy
prf;yg? awG@csifygonf? jyprf;yg?
Arm vl r sd K ;pk 0 if r sm;ud k tjcm;
vl r sd K ;pk 0 if r sm;u tb,f a =umif h
rk e f ; wD ; ae=u&oenf ; ?
zd E S d y f t k y f p k d ; ol u Armvl r sd K ; } uD ;
0g'D a wG j zpf I tzd E S d y f c H tEk d i f u sif h c H
ae&onfh b0wl ArmvlrsdK;wkdif;udk
rkef;wD;jcif;onf
tb,fa=umifhygoenf; æ
(C)
,ae@ ArmjynfwGif b,fvlrsdK;pk tzGJ@
0ifyifjzpfap/ tjrifusOf;vlrsdK;a&;pdwf"mwfESifh
vlrsdK;a&;rkef;wD;pdwfu jyif;xefaeqJjzpfaev#if
ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;twGuf nD!Gwf
a&; wnfaqmufEkdifrnf r[kwfay? jynfwGif;ppf
tqHk;rowfEkdifjcif;ESifh 47 ESpf=um tm%modrf;
xm;onfh ppftm%m&Sifpepf ppftkyfpk touf
&S i f a ejcif ; rS m vnf ; xk d n D ! G w f a &;ud k rwnf
aqmufEidk cf I hJ yif jzpfonf? a&S;ESpaf ygi;f waxmif
0ef;usiu f mvuwnf;u tm;aumif;vmcJo h nfh
tjrifusOf; trsdK;om;pdwf"mwfESifh ya'o&mZfeH@
eHa[mifaeaom vlrsdK;a&;rkef;wD;r_pdwfwkd@udk
tarGcHtjzpf odrf;ayG@xm;or# tzdESdyfcH vlwef;
pm;pdwf"mwfudk rwnfaqmufEkdifor# tzdESdyfcH
vlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;. &efoljzpfaom ppftkyfpk
46
onf tdyaf ysmpf m;0if Zdrcf rH jywf &Sad e=urSm jzpfonf?
csKyfvkdufv#if xdk±Snf=umvmcJhonfh
ordkif;tawG@tóuHu zdESdyfcHvlwef;pm;rsm;jzpf
onfh ppfu|efwkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;toD;oD;udk
oGefoifcJhonfh oifcef;pmrsm;udk t&,l=u&vdrfh
rnf? yxr- rdrw d @kd vrl sKd ;pkwckwnf; vGwaf jrmuf
a&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;±kef;uefawmfvSefaeI woD;
wjcm; vGwfajrmufvmrSmr[kwf? twdtus
xyfajymygrnf? xked nf;jzifh b,fawmhrS vGwaf jrmuf
rSmr[kwyf g? 'kw, d - awmifwef;uke;f jrifah 'oESihf
ajrjyef@a'o woD;wjcm;pDcGJI uef@owfI v_yf
&Sm;aejcif;jzifhvnf; 'Drdkua&pDESifh vGwfvyfa&;
r&Ekdif? wwd,- tzdESdyfcH vlwef;pm;jzpfonfh
ppfu|eftrsdK;om; jynfolvlxktoD;oD; pkpnf;
nD ! G w f r _ t if t m;jzif h awmf v S e f a csr_ e f ; rS o m
ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd zsuo f rd ;f ypfEidk rf mS jzpfonf?
acwfaemufususefcJhaom oHk;pm;r&Ekdifonfh
tjrifusO;f vlrsKd ;pGpJ w
d "f mwfukd wk;d wufonfh Ekid if H
a&;tawG ; tac:ES i f h zsuf o d r f ; ypf & vd r f h r nf ?
tzdESdyfcHvlwef;pm; pdwf"mwfjzifh nD!Gwfr_ wnf
aqmuf=u&vdrfhrnf? xkd@aemuf awmifwef;
ajrjyef@wkd@ uspfvpfodyfonf;pGm aygif;pyfum
v_yf&Sm; awmfvSef=u&vdrfhrnf?
1948 rSonf 2009txd/ 1962 rSonf
2009 txd ±Snf=umcJhonfh orkdif;umvtwGif;
&±Sdxm;cJhonfh oHk;r&aom/ a[mif;EGrf;tkdrif;
aom/ c|wòf cHusaeaom/ tawG;tac:a[mif;rsm;
udk av#mzf yG af q;a=umypf+y;D opfviG f wk;d wufaom
awmfveS af &;tawG;tac:wd@k ukd wnfaqmufa&;
onf pkpnf;nD!Gwfaom trsdK;om;tiftm; t
wGuf tajccHtusqHk; aomhcsuftusqHk; jzpfay
ownf;?
xG e f ; vif ; atmif
 wwd,t}udrfajrmuf rJaqmufokd@
a&muf&SdvmcJhpOf òrdodyfodrf;qnf;xm;cJhonfh
v_yf&Sm;r_ tawG@tóuHrsm;udk zGifhtH xkwfazmf
vdkuf&jcif; jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDESifh
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf ppftm%m&Sifpepf
zsufodrf;a&;twGuf usaemfwdk@ jynfolvlxk
trsm;pk[m óud;yrf;v_yf&Sm;aepOf
oef;a&$ppftkyfpku zdESdyfowfjzwf acsr_ef;cJhw,f?
'Drdkua&pDESifh zufqpftm%m&Sif? vlxkESifh
zdESdyftkyfpdk;ol ppftkyfpkt=um; jyif;xefcJhonfh
wdkufyGJonf ordkif;w&yfjzpfvmcJhw,f? 'Dru kd a&pD
ESihf vGwvf yfa&; ordik ;f onfArmjynf a'o
toD;oD;rS vlxt k oD; oD;. ordkif;vnf;
jzpfaejyefygw,f? T }uD;rm;
us,fjyef@ euf±_dif;onfhordkif;wGif
usaemfwdk@a'o. vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rSm
wpdwfwydkif; jzpfaeyg w,f?

47
xdw k pdww f ydik ;f udk azmfxw k v f udk &f jcif; jzpfygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@dk òrdŒ&JŒ a&$0ga&mif awmfveS f
a&;tp tdrfodk@qGrf;cHºuGaeaom oHCmi,f
oHk;yg;u æ vdk@ ajym&rSmjzpfw,f? r[kwfrcHwJh
pdwf"gwf/ vlxkeJ@oHCmudk zdESdyfapmfum;vm&if
ckcHvdkwJhpdwf"gwf&SdwJh tJ'DoHCmi,f oHk;yg;eJ@
usaemf pwifv_yf&Sm; cJhjcif;jzpfw,f? pnf;a0;cJh/
pnf;±H;k pkpnf;cJ&h m b,fae@rmS b,fae&mu b,f
yHkpHeJ@ pwif=ur,fqdkwJh oHCmxk&JΠqHk;jzwfcsuf
ukd &&SdcJhygawmhw,f?
Tv_yf&Sm;r_wGif oHCmrsm;omru
NLD vli,ftzG@J 0iftrsK;d orD;rsm;ESifh yl;aygi;f I
jynfolvlxk yg0ifvma&; pnf;±Hk;=uum oHCm
ESifhjynfol tawmfrsm;rsm;yg0ifaom +idrf;csrf;pGm
pDwef;vSnv hf nfI arwWmokw&f w G jf cif; qkawmif;r_
òyjcif;rsm;ukd (3) &ufqufwdkuf òyvkyfcJhygonf?
usaemf w d k @ òrd @ e,f . v_ y f & S m ;r_ w G i f
aESmuf,SufzsufqD;r_/ [ef@wm;ydwfyifr_/ zrf;qD;
csKyfaESmifrr_ sm; wpHw k &mr&Scd ahJ cs? Tonfyifv#if
usaemfwdk@. atmifjrifr_tjzpf cH,lrdygonf?
&efuek Ef iS fh tjcm;òrdŒ}uD;rsm;wGif pufwifbm (26)
&uf rSpwifI t=urf;zuf owfjzwfESdrfeif;r_
rsm;ukd oef;a&$. etz vufudkif'kwfrsm;ESihf
ppfom;rsm;u pwifvkyfaqmif=uygawmhonf?
Tta&;tcif;wGif;rS pwiftoHk;ðyvkdufaom
pGrf;tm;&Sifqdkaom trnfopfESihf vlopfrsm;ukd
tb,f y H k t b,f e nf ; pk a qmif ; vd k u f y H k r sm;
ta=umif; ajymjyyg&apAsm?
rlv&Sd&if;pGJjzpfaom }uHhzGH@tzGJ@0ifrsm;.
om;rsm; rdwfaqGo*F[rsm;ESif &yfuGufxJ/
òrdŒ&GmxJwiG f tvkyrf &Sd tudik rf &S/d td;k tdrf twnf
wusr&Sd/ t&ufaomuf/ zJ±dkuf/ =uufwdkuf/
cdk;qdk;ae=uaom *savbD vlwef;pm;rsm;ukd
wae@v#if xrif; (3)eyf t0au|;rnf? ae@pm;c
tjzpf wae@ (2000d)ay;rnf[k ajymqdpk nf;±H;k um
48
}uHŒzGH@òrdŒe,f±Hk;rsm;wGif pkpnf;apv#uf uy&
[D;Edk;tjym}uD;rsm;jzifh &efukefodk@ òrdŒe,ftvdkuf
wifydk@ay;cJh=uavonf? T*savbDrsm;onf
qENjyyGJòzdcGif;&mY pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm;[lownf;?
ta&;tcif;ESdrfeif;+yD; òrdŒodk@jyefa&muf
vmaom usaemfwdk@&yfuGufxJu vlwa,muf
ukd ar;jref;=unfh&mwGif atmufygajzqdkcsufrsm;
ukd awG@&Sd=u&avawmhonf? &efukefòrdŒ trnf
rod a omwae&m&S d *d k a 'gif r sm;xJ w G i f / pwif
a&muf&SdcsdefrSpI BE t&ufrsm;ukd yHk;rsm;ESihf
xnfu h m óuduo f avmuf aomufEidk =f ua=umif;/
xrif; [if;rsm;rSmvnf; &S,rf sm;omjzpfa=umif;?
'kwd,ae@wGifawmh t=urf;zufòzdcGJenf;/ wkwf
±dkufenf;? vlukdzrf;csKyfI um;ay:ypfwifenf;
ponfrsm;ukd tcsdefwdktwGif; oifwef;ay;=u
a=umif;?
aemufwae@wGifawmh ‚if;pGrf;tm;&Sif
wdk@ xJwGif (10) a,mufv#if aygufrJ (1)rJE_H;jzifh
rJE_duf=u&avonf? aygufrJ usolrsm;rSm acgif;
qHyifukd tajymif&dwfcH&+yD; csufcsif; oCFef;
0wfay;um atmufwdkrpfwpf bkef;}uD;pdrf;rsm;
jzpfoGm;=uv#uf wwd,ae@wGifawmh uGif;qif;
=u&avawmhonf? Todk@ uGif;rqif;rSDwGif BE
t&ufESifh Beer rsm;ukd vdkonfxufydkatmif
weifw h yd;k wdu
k af u|;um ppfajrjyifo@kd armif;xnfh
vdkuf=uavawmhonf? rdrdwdk@ us&mwm0efukd
xrf;&Guf=u&avawmhonf? wkwf&&Sdolrsm;u
twif;0ifa&muf &dkufESuf&.? vufAvmorm;
rsm;url twif;csKyfI zrf;qD;um um;rsm;ay:odk@
ypfwif ay;=u&onf[l.? teD;uyf }uD;=uyf
cdkif;apaom etz wyfAdkvfrsm;u xyfqifhIyif
qkay;/ 'g%fay; ðyvkyfay;rnfjzpfa=umif; tmr
0ef w m cH = ujyef y gowJ h ? etz ppf a cG ; rsm;.
pdwfóuduf =urf;=urf;&rf;&rf; vkyfaqmifEkdifol
rsm;ukd rlvaps;jzpfaom wae@v#if jrefrmusyfaiG
(2000d) ae&mwGif (5000) txdyif ay;urf;.?
òrŒd od@k jyefa&mufv#iv f nf; olaumif;òy ajrm‡ ufpm;
cH&tHk;rnfjzpfa=umif; rufvHk;ay;um ajym=u
ojzifh ‚if;pGrf;tm;&SiftrnfcH ,pfxkyf *savbD
rsm;onf olxufig tòydiftqdkif 0ifa&mufI
oHCmawmfrsm;ukd ±dkufESuf zrf;qD;jcif;rsm; ðy=u
avawmhonf?
txufwiG af z: jycJah om oifwef;pcef;
(Camp) 0if pGr;f tm;&Siaf vmif;rsm;xJrS rJusol
bkef;}uD;pdrf;rsm;onf oHCmxkaemufrSvdkuf&if;
'd@k ta&;rsm;ukd atmf[pfum vufo;D / vufarmif;
wef; qENjy=u&avonf? ‚if;wdk@onf twkrsm;
omjzpf = uv#uf oH C mr[k w f o nf h t wG u f
arwWmokwf &Gwzf wfjcif;vJròyEkid af y? ‚if;bke;f }uD;
pdrf;rsm;ukdvnf; ypfuGif;xJodk@0ifI rnfodk@rnfyHk
aqmif&Guf&rnfukd oD;jcm;oifwef; ay;cJh=u+yD;
vnf;jzpfavonf? Tonfwdk@um; pufwifbm
a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;ukd udk,fwdkif 0ifa&muf
acsr_ef;cJh&aom etz. yg;uGuftm%mom;
wOD;xHrS od&SdcJh&aom etz. uvdrfuuspf
vkyfenf;rsm;. wpdwfwa'oomv#if jzpfav
onf? rdrdwdk@. òrdŒodk@jyefa&mufv#if olaumif;òy
jcif; cH&tHk;rnfqdkaom tem*wf ar#mfvifhcsuf
tdyfrufrsm;ukdvnf; ay;vdkufjyef&m ‚if;*savbD
yg;uGuftm%mom;onf wae@ac:Edk;/ ajr‡muf
pm;Ekd;ESihf?
wu,fawmh pGr;f tm;&Siaf c: tES*D savbD
onf ukd,fhaowGif; udk,fwl;onfukd vm;vm;r#
rod c J h a cswum;? usaemf wd k @ od v d k u f & aom
aemufqufwJG jzpf&yfrmS um; ‚if;wd@k . ESrd ef if;a&;
vkyftm;crsm; &Sif;ay;rnfqdkum }uHŒzHG@tzGJ@0if
wa,mufu vma&mufac:aqmifoGm;um ,QK
xufwikd f jyefvnf ra&muf&adS wmhjcif;yif jzpfav
awmhonf?0if;qdik af c: *savbDwa,muf rnfonhf
t&yfo@kd a&muf&o dS mG ;+yeD nf;? olaumif; ðyjcif;avm
ol.acgif;ukd ay;qyfvdkuf&+yDavm? bmr#rodEkdif
awmhacs? etz. vkyf&yfrsm;onf ±dk;tDvSaom
wcgoHk; tpazsmuf vkyfief;rsm;om wnf;?
Tjzpf&yfrsm;enf;wl 'DyJ,if;ta&;
tcif;wGifvnf; òyrlcJhzl;av+yD? rE Wav;axmif/
jrif;+cHaxmif/ o&ufaxmif/ om,m0wDaxmif
rsm;xJrS qdk;cdk;/ wdkufcdkuf/ vlowf/ rk'def;paom
&mZ0wf om; ESpf}uD;orm;rsm;ukd rufvHk;ay;I
ESdrfeif;cdkif;um yGJ+yD;rD;ao wcgoHk;+yD; vufp
azsmufcJhonfyJ r[kwfukefavm? ynmrJhaom/
qifjcifww kH &m; uif;aom/ A[kow k enf;yg;ukef
aom vlru kd f vl&rf;um;rsm;ukd arG;jrLI ESdrfeif;
acsr_ef;cdkif;vJ+yD;a&m ,if;vlo&rf;rsm;ukd vufp
azsmuf vdkufavawmhonf? etzoef;a&$ESifh
ppftm%m&Sifvlwpkwdk@onf rdrw d @kd . touf&iS f
&yfwnfa&;/ pnf;pdrOf pPm wd;k yGm;a&;/ wef;cd;k tm%m
wnf+rJa&;twGufqdkygrl rnfonfhvkyf&yfudkrS
aumif;raumif; a0zefyikd ;f jcm; Ekid jf cif;r&Sbd J Oya'rJh
wm0efrJh vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf vm=uonfrSm
ESpf(20) yif jynfhcJhav+yD?
‚if;wd@k . (Road Map) ac: ppftyk f
pk a&SŒqufoGm;rnfh vrf;jyajryHk (7) csufudkvJ
wck+yD;wck qufvuf taumiftxnfaz:v#uf
&Sdavonf? trsKd;om; nDvmcHac:,lI zGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qGJum wdkif;ol jynf
om;rsm;tm; twif;t"rR axmufcHrJay;cdkif; +yD;
twnfðyvdkuf+yDvnf; jzpfayonf? vmrnfh
(2010)wGifvJ a&G;aumufyGJ vkyfaytHk;awmhrnf?
Ta&G ; aumuf y G J r vk y f r D ,Q K =um;umvwG i f
b,fo@kd b,fykH qufvuf&yfwnfum bmawGudk
jyifqifoifh ygoenf;? jyifqifoifhyg+yD?
Armjynf jyifya&muf 'Drdkua&pDta&;
OD;vnfroHk wdu k yf 0JG ifae=uaom ausmif;om;rsm;/
wdik ;f &if;om;rsK;d EG,pf rk sm;/ vlxv
k w l ef;pm; toD;
oD ; rS tod y nm&S i f / twwf y nm&S i f r sm;/
49
'Drdkua&pD vdkvm;awmifhwv#uf &Sd=uaom vkyf
om; jynfolrsm;onf *dk%f;*CpGJ/ yk*~dKvfpGJ/ ygwDpGJ
rsm;ukd c%ab;z,fI rdrdwdk@OD;wnf&mjzpfaom
'Drdkua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd jynfhjynfh00
&&Scd pH m;apa&; wckwnf;aom yef;wdik u f dk vufwJG
nDnD pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;jzifh 0dkif;0ef;&,l&rnfom
jzpfayonf? etz ppfzdeyfatmufrS vGwf&m
vGwfa=umif; ykef;atmif;&m&Sm=u&if; jynfyEkdifiH
rsm;a&muf 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;onf rdrdwdk@
. cH,lcsuf/ ,Hk=unfcsufrsm;jzifh rdrdwdk@OD;wnf
csuf raysmuf&avatmif qufvufxdef;odrf;
EkdifygrS rdrdwdk@. ar#mfvifhcsufa&mifjcnfonf
vif;vufawmufy Ekdifayvdrfhrnf?
&ef o l etzonf enf ; rsKd ; pH k o H k ; I
twdkuftcH 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;ukd òzdcGif;
cJhav+yD? aemifvnf; qufvuf òzdcGif;tHk;rSmyJ
jzpfonf? enf;AsL[mtm;jzifh tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f
0ifa&muf oyfv#Kd aoG;cGjJ cif;/ aiGa=u;ay;I 0,f,l
jcif;/ +cdr;f ajcmuf[ed ;f a[mufI t"rRxu G cf ikd ;f jcif;/
Oya'rJh zrf;qD;xdef;odrf; n‡if;qJjcif;pwJholwdk@&JŒ
AsL[mawGe@J awmfveS af &; tiftm;pkawGudk trsK;d
rsK;d òzcd aJG erSmygy?J 'gawGudk od&adS e+y;D vJ jzpfygvrd hf
r,f? awmfvSefa&;owd tpOf&Sdaezdk@om ta&;
}uD;ygonf? ydkIta&;}uD;onfrSm awmfvSefa&;
orm;tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSef em;vnf;r_&jdS cif;ESifh
wOD;eJ@wOD; tcuftcJukd 0dkif;0ef;ajz&Sif;um
rdrdwdk@ OD;wnfcsDwufaeaom awmfvSefa&; vrf;
a=umif;rS raoGzDa&;yif jzpfayawmhonf?
awmfvSefa&; vkyf=u&m0,f vufeuf
udkifawmfvSefjcif;/ pnf;±Hk;0g'jzef@jcif;/ pmay/ *Dw
tEkynmjzifh rD;armif; xd;k jyjcif;/ ,if;vkyif ef;rsm;
wGifwGifus,fus,f ðyvkyfEkdif&eftwGuf rdrdwdk@
vkyt f m;crsm;udk xnf0h ifvLS 'ge;f jcif;( *syef Ekid if rH S
opPmtiftm;pk tvSL&Sirf sm;od@k &nfneG ;f ygonf)
ponfwdk@rSmvJ awmfvSefa&; vkyfaejcif;om
50
jzpf y gonf ? rnf o d k @ yif qd k a pumrl rd r d w d k @ .
vkyf&yfrSefor# vkyfuGif;vkyfuGufrSefor#onf
TawmfvSefa&; a&pD;a=umif;xJodk@ 0ifa&muf
jcif;yif tESpfom& jzpfayawmhonf? toGif
o¾mefonf jy,k'fomjzpfI tESpfom&onf
om t"dujzpfa=umif; od=uapcsifygonf?
‘opPm’ qdo
k nfrmS ygVpd um;omjzpfI
jrefrmvdk bmomjyefygu rSefuefjcif; teufudk
&avonf? ,ae@acwf usaemfw@kd Eidk if . H Ekid if aH &;
ZmwfcHk tcif;tusif;onf tm;vHk;od&Sd+yD; jzpf
onft h wdik ;f etz. zufqpf0g' ppfbv D ;l tcef;
onf &Snf=umepfarsmv#uf y&dowfwdk@ idkufrnf;
uke=f u+yD? rsupf ad wGanmif;/ cg;awGuu kd /f em;awG
ylI/ wav#mufvHk; n‡if;yef;ESdyfpufcef;rsm;om
=unf h ± _ = u&+yD ? a'go,rf ; rD ; rsm; tpG r f ; uk e f
aygufuGJae&onfrSmvJ &ifawGatmifhvSyg+yD?
Tod@k aom tcif;tusi;f trSew f &m;
rsm;ukd jrif=uol/ od=uolrsm;onf opPmxkdufol
rsm; jzpf=uavawmhonf? opPmukdod/ opPmukd
jrif=uavukefaom awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;
onf opPm&Spd mG jzifh rdrw d @kd Eidk if H rdrw
d @kd wdik ;f &if;om;
aygif;pHk jynfoltzHkzHkwdk@. taxGaxG t=uyf
twnf;rsm;ukd enf;pHk/ vrf;pHkjzifh Armjynf EkdifiH
a&; Zmwfcx kH ufu ADved v f =l urf;}uD; ppf&mZ0wf
aumif etzppftkyfpkukd qGJcs+yD; 'Drdkua&pDESihf
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf tzdESdyfcHjynfolrsm;ESihftwl
opPmtiftm;pktygt0if wufºuGaom wd;k wuf
aom tif;tm;pkrsm;onf ,QKxuf tqaygif;
rsm;pGm ±ke;f uefaer_twGuf óudqv kd u kd &f ayawmh
onf?
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf usqH k ; &rnf ?
'D r d k u a&pD t a&;awmf y H k atmif & rnf ?
armif n D a r$ ; ({nf h o nf a wmf )
acwW rJaqmuf 25/ 8/ 2008
umwG e f ;

51
 av;pm;&aom uAsmq&m/ tEkynm&Sifrsm;ESihf
pmzwfy&dowfrsm;cifAsm; æ

uAsmq&m/ pma&;q&m/ pmaya0zefa&;q&m q&m=unfatmif ruG,fvGefrDuwnf;u

q&mtwGuf arG;ae@trSwfw&tjzpfESihf uAsmvuf&mrsm;/ olxkwfa0cJhonfh uAsmrsm;twGuf
pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&m/ owif;pmq&mESihf pmayynm&Sifrsm;. trSmrsm;ukd opPmr*~Zif;Y
pk;pnf;azmfjy&ef óud;yrf;cJhaomfvnf; tcuftcJtrsKd;rsKd;a=umihf q&m rwfv 27/ 2009 - 3
em&D 46 wGif touf- 72 uG,fvGef+yD;aemufrSmrS opPm- 21 ukd xkwfa0EkdifcJhonf? xkdr#omru
trSmrsm;ukv d nf; pmrsuEf mS tcuftcJa=umifh azmfjyEkid pf rG ;f r&Sad wmhyg? ol. uAsmpmtkyrf sm;xJrS
ol@vuf&mtcsKd@ukd azmfjyxkwfa0jcif;r#ESihfyif tmomqEN ajzodrfh=u&ef arwWm&yfcHtyfygonf?

wm0efcH t,f'Dwm

apwem

vd_if;u+idrfvnf; æ
wdrfonfha&jym/ jruefom0,f
a±$=umb,fodk@ vSrnfenf; æ ?

rjynfhrpHk/ tvSbHk0,f
=umiHkryGifhygapcsif æ ?

=unf a tmif

52
 olcdk;zrf;qD;cef;
“0kdif;[ æ0kdif;[/ zrf;qD;=u æ”[k
wdk;±Gv_yfv_yf/ vlwtkyfvnf;
"g;wkwfvSHrdk;/ rD;a&mifxdk;onf
tEkynm olcdk;zrf;cef; atmfoHrsm; æ ?

eD,GefrD;ESifhæ
uAsmq&m/ puULjym0,f
cef;qD;=u,fjym/ uef@vef@umrS
vuFmvufa&;/ pdwftawG;ESifh
rsufESmuG,f0Suf/ nOfharSmifeufodk@
warS;tdyfpuf aeav+yD æ ?
ckefvsufajy;v$m; oGm;ownf; æ ?
yef;csDq&m/ a±$±kyfv$m0,f
=u,fvufvuf0,f æ
eD˜jym˜0g˜aq;/ pdwftawG;ESifh
aoG;qufaEG;aEG;/ ºuGuf+rD;ajy;I
warS;tdyfpuf aeav+yD æ ?
aoG;ESifhajc&m/ vrf;p&Smaomf
b,frSmolcdk; ajy;oenf; æ ?
*Dwq&m/ aw;yefwsm0,f
oHomcsdKat;/ pdwftawG;ESifh
a&eHusyfcdk;/ xef;&Gufrdk;aom
warS;tdyfpuf aeav+yD æ ?
ydk;xdk;0g;wkdif/ wJav;,dkifpG
"g;udkifwkwfpGJ/ vltkyfcGJI
tdyfpufjcif;wGif/ touf&Sifvsuf
wJodk@0if&Sm/ awG@&yg+yD
0dnmOfESvHk;/ ykvJuHk;udk
rsufESmndKndK/ tartkdESifh
yef;zHk;0Sufum/ uvmyf=umjzifh
&G,fysdKom;av;/ òydifidkaºuG;onf
urBmbHkcGif/ tvSqifonf
ykdufaxG;pkd;xdwf ae[efwum; æ ?
oef@pifrGefjrwf ygaywum; æ ?
=unfatmif
=unfatmif

53
 aumufcsuftjrifrsm;

pd=wuAsmonf qef;=u,faomuAsmrsm; jzpfonf? tawG;tac:qef;opfI zGJ@EGJ@aom

ta=umif;t&mrsm;vnf; xl;axGqef;jym;vSayonf? uAsmpmqdkrsm;rSm =unfatmifESifh
armifprG ;f &nf ESpOf ;D jzpfonf? olw@kd EpS Of ;D vH;k onf jr0wD˜ ±_r0˜aoG;aomuf˜ aiGwm&D r*~Zif;rsm;wGif
a&;om;vsuf&Sd=uaom uavmifopfrsm;jzpfI rE Wav;wuUokdvf. *k%fukdaqmif=uaom
wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; jzpfayonf? odk@a=umifh pmaye,fwcGifrS “pd=wuAsm” rsm;onf
qef;=u,faom uAsmrsm;tjzpf zwf±_&ayonf?
jref r mpmuxd u OD ; armif a rmif w if

TuAsmrsm;onf t&omwumwkd@. yef;wkdifjzpfaom oE W&o (t+idrf;t&om)rS/

t&omwumwkd@. yef;OD;jzpfaom 0p>v&o(trdcspf)okd@ jyefvmvkduf/ aqG;aqG;ESifh t&om
,Sdaom *±k%m&orSonf ±$if±$ifESifht&om,Sdaom [mo&oqDokd@ ul;oef;vkdufESifh a&mif0g
&Sufoef;aeaom a0ylrsufjrwf ausmufaumif; ESpfvHk;ygaywnf;?
OD ; qef ; xG e f ;

“a&S;a[mif; trSwftom;ygwkdif;vnf; taumif;r[kwf/ acwfuAsmqdkwdkif;vnf;

tjypfrjrifoifh/ ynm&Sdrsm;onf ta[mif;rSjzpfap topfrSjzpfap taumif;udk vufcH=uonf?
rkdufrJonfh a0befa&;orm;onf ol@q&mu ajymxm;onfhtwkdif;om vkdufemonf? ”[k
vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;2000 cef@u uAsmhpmqdkq&m}uD; umvd'go qdkcJhonf?
vl x k O D ; vS

TwuUodkvf. pmayO,mOfrS cspfpzG,faumifonfh yef;uav;rsm; wyGifh+yD;wyGifh

yGifhvef;vmonfudk awG@jrif&aomtcg vGwfvyf+yD;jzpfonfh TEkdifiHY wkdif;jynf}uD; at;csrf;
om,mI i,f±, G o
f wl idk ;f pmoifcef;0ok@d a&mufvmEkid =f uonfh tcsed rf sKd ;qdyk gv#if Tvkv
d yS onfh
yef;uav;awG ra&rwGufEkdifatmif tb,fr# yGifh=u zl;=uayvdrfhrnfenf;[k ar#mfrSef;wrf;w
rd&awmhonf?
a':trm

54
 vrif;w&m uAsmrsm;
q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;odk@
trsKd ; om;vG w f v yf a &;/ e,f c sJ Πqef @ usif a &;/ +id r f ; csrf ; a&; Armh p mqd k q&m}uD ;
ocif u k d , f a wmf r _ d i f ; od k @ TuAsm pmtk y f i ,f j zih f yl a Zmf u ef a wmh y g.?

yxrt}ud r f ±d k u f E S d y f j cif ;
tk y f a & - 2000
1325 ck / ewf a wmf v qef ; 1 &uf
1963 ck / Ed k 0 if b mv 16 &uf

ae@ ESihf n

aerif;om;onf æ
ywWjrm;ydk;/ vnf&pfóud;ESihf
rdk;jymom'fay:/ tdyfpufaysmf+yD?

c|wfoHeif;vsuf æ
rsufuGif;=u,fpHk/ arSmif0wf±HkESihf
rdk;bHkjymom'f/ olcdk;uyf+yD?

ywWjrm;óud; æ
cdk;IxGufajy;/ rrdao;yg
zrf;a[;qD;[/ olcdk;}uD;n?

1963 ck

55
 vrif ; w&m
vrif;w&m/ ntcg0,f
urBmtESH@ omvsufyg?
w±kwfjynfrS æ
a&=unf&pfjzm/ jrpfoJ0g0,f
ncgvrif;/ a&aomufqif;.?
qdAk ,
D ufrS æ
jrpfrpdrf;jym/ aAmfv*g0,f
ncgvrif;/ a&csdK;qif;.?
wkdif;tD*spf. æ
Edkif;jrpfa&jyif/ vrif;&Sifonf
aysmf±$ifuckef/ vd_if;a&pkefESifh?
rpPpPyD/ jrpfe'D0,f
od*ôa±$Ed_if;/ vrif;0dkif;onf
a&vd_if;,uf=um;/ ajy;upm;vsuf?
tdENd,. æ
jrpfr**F g/ a&=unfjymi,f
ncgv˜&dyf/ avsmif;aysmftdyfvsuf?
jynfjrefrm.æ
{&m0wD/ a&jym=unf0,f
yDyD±$ef;±$ef;/ vjynfh0ef;onf
ay:xGef;=unfvif/ a±$&dyfxifvsuf
a&jyifvd_if;,uf/ wvufvuf?
56
vrif;w&m/ onfurBm0,f
omvsuftpOf ygwum;?
okd@wapvnf; æ
ol@a&ajray:/ ppfusL;ausmfaomf
a±$avSmftqif;/ zdk;vrif;onf
jrpfwGif; ikyfv#dK;oGm;wum;?
jrpfra&wGif;/ ppfausmfeif;v#if
vrif;r_ef&D/ aoG;pGef;eDum
yDyDrvif;Edkif&Smay?
urBmajray: æ
usL;ausmfppfcif;/ e,fcsJŒeif;u
vrif;w&mromEdkif?
vrif;w&m/ onfurBm0,f
omvsufxdef=unf/ +idrf;tHh&nfI
wdkif;jynfukdusL;/ e,fcsJαl;udk
wyfOD;zGifhum awmfvSefonf?
e,fcsJŒuif;rS æ
vrif;vnf;om/ urBmvnf;at;?
aw;vnf;tESH@/ yef;oif;ysHŒvdrfh
EkdifiHhjynfol Ekd;=um;onf?
e,fcsJŒuif;I æ
vrif;w&m/ omaomcg0,f
urBm+idrf;csrf; vmvdrfhwum;?
1963 ck
 awmifAD,uferfjynfolodk‹
idk'ifZifESifh/ idk'ifEku
&Gmpk0dkif;ywf/ ql;óud;cwfvsuf
rGwfiwfqmavmif/ ac|;wyfaxmifodk@
ydwfavmifcHpm;/ AD,uferfjynfolrsm;?
oHql;óud;ESifh æ
&Gm±dk;vrf;axmifh/ nOf@tarSmifh0,f
uif;apmihfppfom;/ tar&duefrsm;?
eHeufvif;aomf æ
v,fuGif;qif;&ef/ AD,uferfwdk@
&Gm+cHpnf;±dk;/ oHql;óud;rS
nd‡K;nd‡K;i,fi,f xGufvmonf?
tar&duef
armif;jyefusnfxdk;/ aoewfrdk;vsuf
pdkufysKd;uefoif;/ ajc&yfeif;um
wif;wif;rmrm apmihfae.?
awmwef;pdrf;ndK/ olykefcdkI
&efodkzGJ@òid;/ e,fcsJŒqdk;onf
qdyfrdk;}uJzsef;/ tdk æ rdkufuef;pG?
avmifqDqdyfa&/ }uJzsef;avI
*sHKa&$pyg;/ ysufpD;oGm;um
jynfom;jynfol iwf&Sm+yD?
tqdyfoifhI
vlESihfu|JEGm;/ uav;rsm;wdk@
arSmufvsm;ypfvJ ao&Sm+yD?
AD,uferfrS/ yGufavmx+yD
avmui&Jcef;ES,fwum;?
e,fcsJŒacG;em;/ uyfajr‡mifpm;ol
tom;xJavmuf/ opPmazgufukd
aoG;azgufxkwfypf/ jynfol@ppfjzifh
rsKd;cspfAD,uferf awmfvSefonf?
tar&duef/ e,fcsJŒ&efukd
awmfvSefqD;wm;/ jynfoltm;jzifh
w&m;ppfyGJ qifEGJonf?
w&m;ppfcif;/ jynfolwif;aomf
b,frif;cHEkdifvdrfhrnfenf;?
57
 q & m -u nf a t m if
vrf ; uav;
vlwdkif;av#mufI
auG@aumufjzwfajy;/ vrf;uav;onf
a&;a&;zHkzHk ay:vm.?
ajcwvSrf;ESihf
=urf;onhfajrom;/ jzwfav#mufoGm;I
z0g;ajc&m/ vrf;ay:vm.?
vrf;uav;u
ay;onhfynm/ rSwf,lygaomf
ajc&mawGpk/ vrf;ay:vk+yD
jynfol@tiftm; odk@ES,fwnf;?
1964/ rwf v - 27
58
a rG ; a e‹ t rS wf w &
=unf a tmif
'k Ï 0wD r S {&m0wD d o k d @ uAsmrsm;
rsufESmzHk;yef;csD - OD;tkef;vGif
yxr yHkESdyfjcif;
1972 ck uqkefvjynhf
1965 ck/ ar - 1 (urBmhtvkyfomrm;ae@)
'kÏ0wDrS {&m0wDokd@
jrif;pkdif;ESihfyif;,acwf/ 'kÏ0wDjrpf±dk;ae/
&Srf;jynfolESihf Armjynfolwdk@.
e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;pdwf"gwf æ
tif;0ESihfukef;abmifacwf/ {&m0wDjrpf±dk;ae/
rGefjynfolESihf Armjynfolwdk@.
e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;pdwf"gwf æ
qufvufI tpOf&SifoefxGef;ajymifapa&;twGuf
tzdESdyfcH tvkyform; v,form;jynfolwdk@bufrS
&JŒ0Hhjywfom;pGm &yfwnf+yD; æ
olykef}uD; ’0wˆK/ ‘i=o
‘ol i=o
i=o’0wˆKESihf
udkvdkeDacwf jrefrmEkdifiHordkif; ’pmwrf;}uD;ukd
‘ud
a&;om;ðypkaom æ
jynf o l @ pma&;q&m
Aef ; armf w if a tmif o d k @
 olykefESihf w&m;ol}uD;
1930
+Ad w d o #e,f c sJ @ acwf
‘olykef - olykef æ x æ x’
‘*VKef - *VKef æ cs æ cs’
vlcGefajrcGef/ oD;pm;cGefa=umihf
ajru|efeif;jym;/ v,form;wdk@
0rf;cg;rvS/ iwfrGwf&+yD?
‘olykef - olykef æ x æ x’
‘*VKef - *VKef æ cs æ cs’
e,fcsJŒrif;.
ajceif;zdaqmifh/ oHzaESmifhatmuf
&ifatmifhcg;usKd;/ v,f,m!_d;um
aumuf±dk;wr#if rusef+yD?
‘olykef - olykef æ x æ x’
‘*VKef - *VKef æ cs æ cs’
0rf;pm&a&;/ vGwfajrmufa&;wGuf
ppfa&;vSef@oH/ ‘q&mpH’[k
EkdifiHolykef}uD; xav+yD?
‘olykef - olykef æ x æ x’
‘*VKef - *VKef æ cs æ cs’
‘q&mpH’tm;
ykefuefr_qif/ cHk±Hk;wifum
óud;pifac:xkwf/ a'gufukdðzwfcJh
tdk æ ,kwfrmpkwfyJh/ zdESdyfcJhonhf
e,fcsJŒorm; t*Fvdyf?
xdkcHk±Hk;rSm/ yg0ifygaom
Armw&m;ol}uD;wOD;vnf; æ
*k%fxl;‘qm’bGJ@/ &&SdcJhonf
e,fcsJŒpdwfóuduf vkyfolwnf;?
1948
vG w f v yf a &;acwf
zqyv/ tm%m&aom
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;acwfydkif;wGif æ ˜
‘q&mpH’tm;
óud;'%fay;aomw&m;ol}uD;v#if æ ˜
*k%fxl;‘qm’rS/ ‘a'gufwm’ bGJ@ajymif;
olaumif;awmfvS/ rsufvSnfhjyum
‘orw}uD;’jzpfvmownf;?
zqyv/ tm%m&aom
ArmhvGwfvyfa&; acwfydkif;wGif æ ˜
e,fcsJŒwdk@xH/ vufa0cHonfh
EkdifiHacgif;aqmif}uD;wdk@v#if æ ˜
‘tvkyform;/ v,form;’[k
wtm;atmf[pf/ vdrf^m%fopfESihf
rjzpfnpfus,f/ vla&;x,fcJh
“tdk æ v,fvkyfom;wdk@ Edk;=um;=u æ”?
&ef u k e f
1965/ rwfv - 2
59
jynf o l iwf r G w f j cif ;

t±dk;aigaig/ yg;acgavmESihf qefwcGufacs;/ jyefray;I

cspfaomjynfol/ &Gmjynfolwdk@ qJa&;wdkif;xGm/ &efjzpf&mrS
=unfjzLav;jrwf/ ol@pdwf"gwfESihf rsufESmxlyl/ aoG;yGufqlum
vlowfukef;apmif;/ aoG;pD;acsmif;odk@ &efolozG,f/ rdef;ri,fwdk@
tavmif;cdk;&ef oGm;=u+yD? vrf;v,fqHqGJ owf=u+yD?

olykef}uD;ukd 1964/ {+yD - 7

ayG@+yD;idk±d_uf/ tlonf;vd_ufum
OD;idkuftav;ðy=uownf;?

tqkwftoJ/ aoG;&J&Jukd
ajrxJrSaz:/ ,ufIay:pOf
atmf æ atmf æ tHhrd/ oHr%dES,f
rmbduGJv$J/ 0if;vuf&Jonf
toJESvHk;/ ajrESihfzHk;um
ausmufwHk;jzpfvsuf aeownf;?

1964/ rwf v - 17

ouf w ef @ a&mif

a&mifpHkcsnfr#if/ wef;vsufqif
aumif;uifay:rS &ufuef;pif?
td r f a prav;
ckESpfa&mifjc,f/ vGef;óud;&S,f
rdk;ewfr,fvs &ufuef;o,f?
vuf0wfa&$xnf/ cdk;ygonf[k
rdk;ewfom;wGuf ±kyf&nfvSy/ tdrfaprukd
cspfoufvufaqmif/ ay;&atmif wdkufrSESifxkwf/ tvkyfðzwfI
ewforD;&ufonhf oufwef@a&mif? wJpkwfodk@jyef/ &ifysKdŒtef+yD
ukd,f0efb,fu &oenf;?
1964/ Zl v d k i f - 30 1959

60
 q & m -u nf a t m if a rG ; a e‹ t rS wf w &

yef ; csD - uk d p d e f j rif h (1985) 0dnmOfxJu tm;

yifv,f[m
prf;acsmif;i,f&JΠom;?
rdcifrm&oGef
pum;ajy[m
uAsm&JΠr,m;?
om;o,ftar
rkdif&Snfwma0; a0g[m&u
tajy;orm;? bmomaA'&JΠqm;?
om;orD;cspf awmfvSefa&;[m
oufvHkjzpfatmif tawG;tac:&JΠ"g;?
ajymif;ypf ovm;? ?
jynfol&JΠESvHk;0dnmOfxJrSm
1979/ rwf - 21 uAsmq&m&JŒ “tm;”æ
(±_ r 0/ 81/ 'D Z if b m) wnf&Sdw,f? ?

1980/ pufwifbm -27

61
 'kdif;eJ@"m;

'dkif;eJ@"g;
"g;eJ@'kdif;
&efol@"g;csuf
'kdif;eJ@cH
&efoljyefqkwf
"g;eJ@ckwf
&efolðywfatmif
acsr_ef;rqdkif;
'dkif;eJ@"g;
"g;eJ@'kdif;?

'kid ;f qdw
k mu
yef ; csD - uk d p d e f j rif h (1985)
ckcHa&;
"g;qdkwmu
acsr_ef;a&;
owWdaoG;eJ@
u|efjzpfrcH
e,fcsJŒckcH qm;wyGifh
trsdK;om;rmef
atmifycJG H ysm;wpuf "g;wvu
"g;wvuff
vGwfajrmufa&;
'kdif;udkpGJ uAsmxJrSm/ qm;rygvJ
"g;ukdaoG; &omvGefpGJ/ ighv#mxJ?
wkd@jynfolawG
wa[;a[;? uAsmxJrSm/ ysm;rygvJ
&omcsdK+rJ/ ighv#mxJ?
'kdif;eJ@"g;
"g;eJ@'kdif; uAsmxJrSm/ "m;awmhygw,f
"g;eJ@'kdif; r[matmifyGJ/ igh&ifxJ? ?
'kdif;eJ@"g;? ?
1971/ {+yD - 1
1996/ =o*k w f - 9
62
,Gef;xnf tvkyform; rkd;pnfoH

,Gef;xnftwwf/ Aswf˜tpf˜tkyf˜cGuf v#yfppf

yef;cufEGJ@aysmif;/ vufonf;apmif;eJ@ xpf
aumufa=umif;a&;xdk;/ om;±kd;rD;zkwf rdk;ppfonfawmf
vkyfc vufpm;/ ,Gef;orm;? vm+yDaemf?

opfap;ukdifxm;/ vufrsm; rnf;euf *sdK;*sdrfh

yGef;tuf taz;/ opfap;ylrd xdef@
xdwJhyg;pyf/ tvSyfvSyfuGm tkef;+cdrfhnHa=umf
aoG@0gjzLEk/ c±koif;pGJ rdk;pnfaqmf?
!‡if; 0J qGwfqGwf/ azmoGwfoGwfeJ@
xGwfwJhrsufESm/ rom r=unf pnfoH=um;
,Gef;xnf vkyfom;/ tdrfum; ,kdif!Gwf wcg;zGifh
zGwf &xm;qkduf/ rGJawckduf æ jrL;wifha±$avSmf
vSewfarmf?
edAŠmefukefonf
,Gef;xnfwdkuf}uD;/ pdefa±$oD;vdk@ a±$vnfyifh
zefrD;a&mifpHk vif;aew,f? ? 0ifh
yef;yGifhòyH;aysmf
1971/ Ed k 0 if b m - 1 tóudawmf? ?

1966/ {+yD - 5
(±_r0/ 80/ ZGef)
acG;waumif

usm;om;
pm;csifwJhacG;?

opfukdif;ajcmuf
“azsmuf”
a=umufvef@vkd@ajy;??

1970/ atmufwdkbm - 30

63
 q & m -u nf a t m if a rG ; a e‹ t rS wf w &

=unf a tmif

a[rE W a jcjref a wmf

1991

rsuf E S m zH k ; yef ; csD - 0if ; az

twG i f ; o±k y f a zmf - aZmf n G e f @ a0

=unf a tmif ud k , f a &;ord k i f ; tusOf ;

tif;0arG;/ tif;0}uD;/ trnf&if; =unfvif/

rdb - OD;pdef!Gef@ a':axG;?
ynmoif&m æ
1? armfuGef;bkef;}uD;ausmif;
2? wHwm;OD;òrdŒ/ tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;
3? rE Wav;/ wuUodkvf
1959rSm uAsmudkpwifa&;w,f?
vlxkowif;pm/ ±_r0/ aiGwm&D wkd@[m ol@&JŒuAsmOD;wkd@ zl;a0&m ajreufoefawGygyJ?

rE Wav;wuUodkvf&JŒ uAsma±$acwf (1959 - 1965)xlaxmif&mrSm yg0ifcJhwJh uAsmq&mwOD;

jzpfw,f?
1958 - 59/ rE Wav;wuUodkvf uavmif&Siftoif; twGif;a&;rSL;
1960 - 61/ rE Wav;wuUodkvf ESpfvnfr*~Zif;pmwnf;?
1963/ jrefrmEkdifiH/ tEkynmqkdif&m/ uAsmaygif;csKyf yxrqkudk vrif;w&mjzifh &,lcJh?
64
 u|ef a wmf w k d @ &J @ pmayrd c if
vlxk&JΠowif;pmq&mr}uD;
vl x k a ':trm
odk@
=unftmif

a[rE W ajcjrefawmf

a[rE W
ajcjrefawmf
ac:vdkufaygh?
*E W0ifjrpfwpfpif;
2 aEGewfr,f xHyg;
4 rkd;ewfom;&JΠcspfpum;
8 yg;vkdufacsawmh?
tcspfjrpfwpfpif;
aiGa&mifopf 0if;0if; 1987/ Zlvkdif - 12?
pD;qif;&Snf=um tif;0
p=u0Vm? (ayzl;v$m/ 89/ ZGef)

vlr&JŒ &ifom; æ 2 ¹rGm

ukvm;tkyfr æ 4 ¹rGm
0HykavGr æ 8 ¹rGm

urBmwnf&pf/ Ekd@&nfjrpf[m
om;cspf orD;cspfeJ@ pD;qif;vm
arwWm tppf
opPm tppf
2
4
8
1987/ Zef e 0g&D - 6?
tif ; 0?(ayzl ; v$ m / 87/ puf w if b m?)
65
 cgwaumif cHwyif
tbGm;&Gm[m/ uAsmr[kwf a=omfæ tbGm;&Gm[m/ uAsmr[kwf
‘cHikwf’ukdif;pGef/ ‘cgusdK;’wGefvsufæ ‘cHikwf’udkif;pGef/ ‘cgusdK;’wGefvsufæ
ydkufuGef!GwfuGif;/ awm=uufeif;rS
om;[if;wpfcGuf/ aoG;yGufyGufudk Ú Ú Ú
csufðywfpm;&/ b0p±kduf
wkdufcdkuf=urf;wrf; tbGm;pum;
ql;vrf;ajr±kdif;/ oJrkefwkdif;? em;u =um;a,mif

'D&GmpyfrSm ‘ighajr;
oeyfcg;jrpf/ ausmufp&pfukd owWdaumif;wJh cgiSuf[m
ukwfjcpfoufjyif;/ ar$;eH@oif;vsuf æ aygifusdK;aeayr,fh
wGefoHrysuf
&GmOD;yef;yJ/ zm;zkdqGJvsuf wGef+rJwGefw,fæ’
rD;&J&JwGif/ aq;om;wifwJh
pdrf;vGifoHajymif/ iSufcg;awmifvkd ‘tyGifhtcl;cH&
"m;a&mif0if;jyuf/ vGefxufjrufw,f? toD;tqGwfcH&
cH&wJhbufucsnfh
'D&GmuEGm; t+rJae&wJh
toGm;vJjref/ tm;vJoefw,f ‘cHyif’[m
±kef;uefukef;óuH;/ xrf;ydk;wHk;u ql;udk t+rJc|efxm;w,fæ’
rD;[kef;[kef;awmuf/ oif;ra=umufwwf?
tbGm;&GmrSm
oHr_ef@udkpm;/ 'D&Gmom;wdk@ ‘cgaygifusdK;’vJ/ wGef+rJwGefvsuf
cGeftm;udkxkwf/ "m;udkckwfu wGefaew,fæ?
&Sm;ikwfESpfu/ rD;v#Hxvdrfh?
cHyifql;vJ/ c|ef+rJc|efvsuf
tar$;qHk;oeyfcg; æ aygufa&muf&m c|efaew,fæ?
txufqHk;"m; æ xkvkyf&m
toGm;qHk;EGm; æ arG;zGm;&m 1980/ Zefe0g&Dv 4?
toefqHk;tm; æ v_yf&Sm;&m (±k y f & S i f a tmif v H / 86/ ZG e f ? )
'D&Gm 'D&Gm/ tbGm;&Gm?
66
 rwfv yHk&dyf

usm;æ usm;
ajy;oGm;wufxkd;/ vSHpGyfusdK;w,f
aumuf±kd;e,fcsJŒ t±kyf}uD;?
tJwkef;u
usm;æ usm; tbGm;u tysdK
0g;c|efwyfom;/ opfom;aoewf tbkd;u ajymufusm;ppfom;
ppftwwfukd aygufzGm;qif;ouf
ypfcwfavhusifh ae=ucsdef? ajr;wquf wkdifcJhaygh?

usm;æ usm; tbk;d acwf

trsdK;om;a&;/ vGwfajrmufa&;wGuf tazacwf
aoG;eJ@orkdif; a&;wJhcsdef? ajr;acwf
wacwfxuf wacwf
usm;æ usm; orkdif;opfwkd@
jynfoltrsm;/ "m;aoG;vSHc|ef opfoxuf opf
wm0efukd,fpD/ aoG;eDyap jzpfxGef; zGH@xGm;
vSnf;ae avSatmif;/ jrif;aZmif;rusef a[h toH=um;w,f
awmfvSefa&; tjrif em;pGix hf m;
aoe*FAsL[m tcif;tusif; usm; æ usm;
udkvkdeDrif;æ twif;csr,f usm; æ usm;
zufqpfrif;æ twif;csr,f usm; æ usm;?
zl;yGifhp tdyfrufopf
wu,fjzpfatmif 1979/ {+yD - 11
ppfeJ@ awmfvSefcJh=uw,f? (±kyf&SifatmifvH/ 87/ rwf)

67
jrif;pD;&if; tdyfaysmfoGm;wJh w±kwf uAsmq&m-uD;
ykdufcsL,D[m c&pfESpf (772)rSmarG;+yD; (846)rSm uG,fvGefoGm;cJhygw,f? wenf; ajym&&if
8-&mpkeJ@ 9-&mpktwGif; taumif;qHk; uAsmawGudk tapmqHk;tcsdef (b,fEdkifiHurS uAsm
aumif;aumif;rxGufao;wJh tcgrsdK;)rSm a&;cJholvkd@ qkd&ygr,f? c&D;toGm;EkdifqHk;/ uAsmta&;Edkif
qHk;qkdwJh qHk;2 qHk;eJ@ jynfhpHkwJh uAsmq&mvkd@ ajym&if&rvm;bJ?
u|efawmfwkd@ EkdifiHorkdif;eJ@ ,SOfajym&&if taemf&xm yk*Hacwf 11 - &mpkxuf/ ydkufcsL,D
uAsma&;wJhESpfu ESpfaygif; 300 ausmf apmaeygao;w,f? &mZukrm&&JΠjrapwDausmufpmxuf
ydkufcsL,D&JŒ “jrif;pD;&if; tdyfaysmfjcif;” uAsmu ESpfaygif; 300 ausmf apmw,fvkd@ ajym&ifvJ &ygw,f?
vlom;wkid ;f xdwv f ef@b,G af umif;wJh tedpw
P &m;ukd óuHqckH pH m;=u zl;ygw,f? 'Dvt
dk cgrsKd ;rSm
uAsmq&mtygt0if vlawG[m w&m;oabm ESvHk;oGif;=unfh=uw,f? '\etwGuf azmf=unfh
=uw,f?
68
 oludk,fwkdifu rsufvHk;uG,foGm;wJh t*FvdyfuAsmq&m}uD; rDvwef[m &efol zDvpfpwif;
awGu rsufvHk;azmufypfvkd@ uef;oGm;wJh orRmusrf;pmvm qrfrqef vloef}uD;&JΠ'kuQa0'em
tylaomu cHpm;&yHkudk a&;zGJ@cJhw,f?
rsufvHk; uG,fcJhwJhta=umif;/ rDvwef a&;cJhovkd ykdufcsL,Du ol@acgif;}uD; ajymifovif;
cgoGm;wJhta=umif; a&;ygw,f?
qHyifawG u|wfukefawmh acgif;ay:rSm war$;rS r&Sdawmhbl;? xdyfajymif}uD; jzpfaewJh 8-
&mpk uAsmq&m}uD; ydkufcsL,Dcrsm yxrawmh oufjyif;csrdw,f? aemufawmh acgif;avsmfqHzD;jcif;
tvkyfudpP+idrf;+yD? zD;oif&vGef;vkd@ yifyef;cJh&SmwJh bD;uav;vJ tm;oGm;+yDqdkwJh oE Wd&oudk awG@
oGm;w,f?
aiGzvm;eJ@ cyfxm;wJh prf;a&at;at;wcGuf acgi;f wH;k ajymif}uD;ay: avmif;csvu dk &f wm[m
qHO;D jynf;&dw+f yD; Ak'&< ŒJ "rRa&pifcsKd ;oH;k wJh &[ef;jrwfwpfyg; t+idr;f w&m; &ovkd olvJ cHpm;&ygw,fw?hJ
rDvwef&JŒ tyleJ@ ykdufcsL,D&JŒtat;[m obm0&JŒ rlvblw w&m;}uD;ESpfyg;jzpfwJh O%SeJ@
oDwygyJ? uAsm[m 'Dw&m;ESpfyg;eJ@ uif;cJygw,f?
ykdufcsL,D&JŒ “jrif;ausmukef;ay: tdyfaysmfjcif;”qkdwJh uAsmxJu odrfarG@wJh '\etvSudk
&Sm=uOD;pdk@?
“usKyfwkd@ jrif;pD;cJhw,f/ c&D;tawmftwef aygufcJhayr,fh &yfem;zkd@uvJ xrif;qkdifeJ@
tawmfhudk a0;wkef;ygyJ?
usKyf r suf p d a wG r_ e f a 0id k u f j rnf ; vmw,f ? c%wm td y f a ysmf o G m ;aygh ? nmbuf u
=umyGwfwGJavmif; usvdk@? b,fbufu Zufóud;vnf; csufcsif;ygyJ a&mhwda&mh&JjzpfoGm;? ±kwfw&uf
jyefEdk;vmum jrif;xdef;buf vSnfhar;rdw,f? olajymyHku æ
“t&Siftdyfaewkef;/ ajcvSrf;wpf&m vGefcJhaygh”wJh?
cE<ma&m/ pdwfa&m/ c%dutwGif; ae&mawGajymif;ypfcJh+yD?
vsifjrefjcif;/ aES;auG;jcif; w&m;tpkwkd@[m olwkd@&JŒ 0da&m"deJ@ yËdyuQ&Sd&mqD a&SŒ±_=uav+yD?
jrif;ay: c%av;tdyfaysmfaewkef; jrif;oGm;vkdufwJh cGmpOftvSrf;awG[m tdyfrufxJu
teE Wumv tvsm;&Snf}uD;udk o,faqmifcJhav+yD?
ESpfaygif;w&mqkdwm c%av;tdyfaysmfr_vkd@ a&S;ynm&Sifwkd@ tqdktrdef@[m rSefvGef;w,f
avwJh?
ykdufcsL,D&JŒuAsmuawmh 'gavmufygyJ? EGm;Ekd@w!‡pf/ vufzspfwwGuf/ rsufpdwrSdwf/
v#yfw+idwftwGif; ±kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awG/ ukaËukËm ra&wGufEdkifatmif ajymif;vJ oGm;=uw,f?
'Dw&m;udk vufcH=uwJh u|efawmfwkd@ Ak'<bmom jrefrmvlrsdK;awG[m tck “jrif;ausmukef;ay:
tdyfaysmfjcif;”qkdwJh uAsmav;udk oabmus ESpfouf=uayvdrfhr,f?
ykdufcsL,D&JŒ 'DuAsmav;udk 0dy\em ±_enf;usrf;xJ !‡yf+yD; odrf;xm;csifolawG &Sdovkd/
urBmhtaumif;qHk; uAsmawGqkdwJh rSwfpkxJrSmvJ ul;a&;xm;csifolawG &Sd=uayvdrfhr,f?
u|eaf wmfuawmh tcifrifq;kH rdwaf qGe@J jrif;twl &ifabmifwef;pD;&if; yku d cf sL,D&ŒJ 'DuAsmudk
&GwfqdkoGm;csif awmhwmygyJ?
69
 9? opPm&Smzkd@ igjrif;pD;r,f
tavmif;pnfol jrif;pD;cJhw,f? wyifa&$xD; jrif;pD;cJhw,f? ordefy&rf; jrif;pD;cJhw,f? ijynfh
jrif;pD;cJhw,f? tavmif;bk&m; jrif;pD;cJhw,f? icspfndK jrif;pD;cJhw,f? uAsmq&m}uD; ydkufcsL,D
jrif;pD;cJhw,f? a&$Oa'gif; jrif;pD;cJhw,f?
jrif;ausmukef;ay:rSm/
owWad wG o,faqmifc=hJ u?
rmewHcGefawG v$ifhxlcJh=u?
'\eawG pOf;pm;cJh=u?
tcspftwGuf jrif;udkpD;w,f?
awmfvSefa&;twGuf jrif;udkpD;w,f?
uAsmtwGuf jrif;udkpD;w,f?
od'<wˆukrm&uawmh opPm&Smzkd@ jrif;udkpD;w,f?
ZdewˆyumoeDusrf; awmxGufawmfrljcif; zGJ@qkdcef;rSm æ
“zGm;zufawmf u¾u/ ,ae@ ighudkulyHhavmh? oifhudkrSDI oHk;vDaomb0 aESmifcsdKifhrS
igxGufajrmufv#if oHk;cGifaomumvY a0ae,sowW0gawGudk acrm&ifcGifodk@ igwifaythH[kqkdI
jrif;awmfukd vufjzifhoHk;}udrfoyf+yD;rS æ c±koif;yGwfopfuJhodk@ jzLESpfaom tqif;&Sdaom u¾u
jrif;xufodk@wufawmfrlI i,fawmfqENudk t+rD;u qGJapvsuf oufawmf ESpfq,fhudk;ESpf/ ouU&mZf
973/ 0gqdkvjynfh wevFmae@ oef;acgif,Htcg æ awmxGufawmfrl.? jrif;ajcoHudk EdkifiHjynfolwkd@
=um;rnfudk a=umifh=uI ajccswkdif;/ cswkdif; ewfom;av;a,mufwdk@ vuf0g;jzifh cHukef.?
(ZdewˆyumoeD pmrsufESm - 57)

“tm&Swkduf&JŒ tvif;a&mif” r[m uAsmusrf;rS od'<wˆawmxGufcef;udk

armifomEkd;u rl&if;uAsm[efrysuf wkduf±kduf bmomjyefxm;yHku æ
“u¾ujzL/ +idrf/ jrif;onfawmf pD;zl;or# ta0;qHk;c&D;rSm ighudk o,faqmifawmh æ?

uae@n opP m &S m zk d @ igjrif ; pD ; r,f

&SmyHkawmf b,frSmqHk;r,f igrodbl;?

rawG@rcsif; vrf;r qHk;rSm/ wckyJ igod&JŒ?
'Dawmh jrif;aumif;/ uae@n/ pGrf;ap/ &Jap?
"m;oGm;wpfaxmifu/ vrf; ray;qdkapOD;awmh?
rwef@aveJ@/ b,fwHwkdif; b,fusHK;urS igwkd@c&D;udk
rwm;apeJ@? =unfh/ rifheHyg;udk
70
 wkd@um “oGm;u¾u”atmf&if/ avayGwkd@
aemufusefap/ rD;vdkavvkdusifh/ ighjrif;?
rifhocifudko,f/ 'grS urBmudku,fr,fh
'D}uD;jrwfwJhtr_rSm/ rif;a0pkygr,f”?

æææææææææææææææ

“udkif; rif;ocifudk owWdajymifajymif o,fa&mh”

æææææææææææææææ

“u¾u æ
ckefxGuf&m oHcGmwkd@ ausmufwHk;ay:rD;yGifh ZufudkufoH wc|ifc|if æ”
(tm&Swkduf&JΠtvif;a&mif pmrsufESm 104)

ºuGa&mufvmwJh pmayrdwfaqGrsm; cifAsm; æ

uae@vkd q&m}uD; a&$Oa'gif;&JŒ xl;jrwfwJh &mjynfharG;ae@rSm æ/ od'<wˆukrm& opPm&Smzkd@
jrif;pD;cJhovkd u|efawmfwkd@&JΠpma&;q&mrsm;/ owif;pm q&mrsm;/ uAsmq&mrsm; tm;vHk;vnf;
rdrdwkd@&JŒ uavmifukd opPmw&m;&SmazGzkd@ c&D;ESifEkdifygapa=umif; qENaumif; ðyvkdufygw,f?
'DwGifyJ “opPm&Smzkd@ igjrif;pD;r,f”qkdwJh æ a&$Oa'gif; &mjynfharG;ae@yGJ *k%fðypmwef;udk
tqHk;owfvkdufygw,f æ?

=unf a tmif
1350/ oD w if ; u|wf v qef ; 8&uf / pae
1989/ atmuf w k d b mv - 7
tif ; 0?

71
 wdkif;jynf&JŒtysKdpif
&ifom;
rrSnfhao;wJh
tysdKpif
t&Sifr ?

u|efb0a&mufr,fhom;
arG;zGm;r,fhwkdif;jynf
pkd@zkd@
Ekd@&nf
rifh&ifrSm om;tdrf
rwnfapeJ@ ? wHcg;0
zGifhygh
!‡pfoGef Ekd;=um;wJhwkdif;jynf
ypfav om;oaE<wnfyap
aiGEdk@&nf=unfyap ?
acwfawG
acwfawG Zmenf&ifaoG;
vGefyap ? arG;wJhae@ ?

&ifom; u|efeH@u|efapmf
rrSnfhao;wJh aq;=ua[h ?
tysdKpif
t&Sifr ? 1991ck / ar - 15
72
 ±d k ; rtar
awmifw±kd;rSm
r#pfcsdK;olawG

awmifukdwufvkd@
zufcl;olawG

awmifwpfvsm;rSm
0g;ckwfolawG

ac|;jrpfudk
vufypful;olawG

ZGJ
owWd
rmeftm;
oH&Sif"m;eJ@
ausmufom;ay: yef;yGifholawG uifaywki
d f
awmifajc&if; ar - 1
uGif;ajrzGm; 2 - wkduf
qif;&Jom;awG ±kdufppf
zufqpf!‡Of;qJ
t±dkif;om;ig; i&Jcef;
ysm;&nf
opf0g; toJ(onf;)
pm;yap i&JrD;pm
vkyfyap jymjzpfºuGif;usef
tvHrvSJ
v,fukdEd_;vkd@ &Jpwrf;a[h ?
rdk;usyap

±kd;rtar (1943/ zuf q pf a cwf t wG i f ; jref r mawmf v S e f a &;orm;

±dk;rtar wpf O D ; &J @ r[mrS w f w rf ; uAsm æ)
±dk;rtar ? 1965/ rwf v 28
1990/ =o*k w f 30?
73
 ±d;k r&J@awmrD;
awmrD;[m ±kd;r&JŒ
i&Jrif;}uD;&JŒ vufr±GHŒom;awGeJ@ rnf;a&mfjymESrf;aewmawG
z0g;oHql;awG pD;eif; pdrf;vef;vmatmif ukpm;ygOD;
aoG;csif;csif; v#mrD;v#Hudkxkwf rdk;us&if
0rf;ñuwfqmavmif ±dk;r[m vSOD;rSmygaemf ?
awmawmif&ŒJ
a±$a&mifpdrf;pdrf; 1991ck / =o*k w f 23
a±$ydef;xlxl tif ; 0
toa&[lor#udk a±$0wfr_ef/ 1992/ =o*kwf
a¹cG¹rGukdufpm;
w*|rf;*|rf;0g;aygh ?
jcaoFhvm; ajracG;vm;
rD;ykcHk;xrf;ae&wJh
awmif=urf;}uD;[m vlawmolawm igwaum aum
rD;&JŒoH&nfyludk ajymawmh jcaoFhpum;yJ ?
va&mifjzLxifaeovm; ?
tusOf;tusyf/ iwfjywfqif;&J
awmifapmif;rnf;uGuf rkefwkdif;xJY/ tonf;azsmhndK
'%f&m'%fcsufawG[m cdkvdk ,kefvkd/ atmufóudŒcdkol ?
uifqmtzkawGxu G v
f @dk ?
jcaoFhoHaysmuf/ arsmufeJ@ ajracG;
aepum; a&mpyfarG;xm;
vpum; aoG;uazsmhvScsnfuvm; ?
ajrpum;
a&pum; jcaoFhrsufESmzHk;/ ajracG;ESvHk;om;
avpum;eJ@ pdwfxm;a&mif ±$HŒnpfykyfeJ@
obm0w&m;&JŒ orm;awmf [ef±kyf}uD;ygvm;a[h æ
rkd;wdrfudkac:+yD;
1979ck/ Ekd0ifbm 4
tif;pdef
rdk;a0/ 1987ck/ Zlvkdif

74
 v+ y f & S m ;aeaomurBm
'DESpfpufwifbm 11 &ufae@rSmqkd&if tar&duefawG t}uD;tus,f twkdufcHvkduf&wJh
9-11 ta&;tcif;&JΠ8 ESpfajrmufae@jzpfw,f? vGefcJhwJh 8 ESpf umvtwGif; urBmhtcif;tusif;
rsm;rSm }uD;rm;wJh tajymif;tvJrsm;jzpfcJhw,f? tjzpftysuf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;t=um; todom
txif&mS ;qH;k xk;d xGuv f mwJh tcsuu f awmh tmz*efepPwefe@J tD&wf 2 Ekid if eH @J ppfcif;aewJh tar&duef&ŒJ
Akdvfusv$rf;rkd;a&; 0g'ygyJ?
ppf a t;ppf y G J v G e f urB m h
tcif;tusif;rSm tajymif;
tvJopfawG ay:xGufvm
cJ h y gw,f ? Oyrm;tm;jzif h
2008 ckESpfu jzpfysufcJhwJh
±k&mS ;a*sm*f s,D m yËdyuQppfy/JG
tar&duefu pwifjzpfay:
vk d u f w J h urB m h b ¾ma&;
tusyftwnf;/ pD;yGm;a&;
t& w&Sdefwkd; atmifjrif
wk;d wufvmwJh w+yKd ifwnf;
}uD;xGm;vmwJh EkdifiHwcsdK@
pwmawG jzpfygw,f?
9-11 ta&;tcif;
uawmh urBmh tajymif; tvJ
rsm;&JΠtpjyKcsufvdk@ qkdEkdif+yD;
a&S Πav#muf v nf ; aoe*FAsL[muswJh
azmfjycsuf awGudk jrifvm&zG,f &Sdaeygw,f?
wu,fawmh 9-11 wkdufckdufr_[m
t,fvfau'gacgif;aqmifwJh rlpvifppfaoG;ºu
orm;rsm;&JΠtar&duef Adkvfusv$rf;rkd;a&;0g'/
txl;ojzifh tpPa&;bufvu dk w
f hJ ay:vpDrsm;tay:
rausreyf em=unf; csufrsm;&JΠtjrifhqHk;/ tjyif;
xefqHk; azmfjycsufvkd@ ±_jrifEkdifygw,f?
'gayrJh tJ'u D mvu tar&dueforRw
bk&[ fS m rdrud ,
dk rf rd d jynfvnfo;kH oyf&r,fh tpm;
*vJhpm;acsa&;om t"duxm;cJh+yD; EkdifiHwum
t=urf ; zuf 0 g'uk d wk d u f z k d @ tvG e f a cwf r D p G m /
tqifjh rifh pGm vufeufwyfqifxm;wJh vufeufuidk f
tiftm;pke@J ppfudk toH;k jyKcyhJ gw,f? trSeu f awmh
75
bk&Sftpkd;&[m ol&ŒJ t=urf;zuf0g' wkdufa&;udk
rdrd&J@ Akdvfusv$rf;rkd;a&; 0g'ckdifrma&;twGuf
toHk;cscJhwmyg?
9-11 wkdufckdufr_ t+yD;rSm tar&duef
rsm;taeeJ@ urBmhjynfolvlxk}uD;&JΠus,fjyef@whJ
axmufcHr_e@J pmemr_ukd&cJh+yD; tar&duefu pdwf
"mwfa&;&m tompD;&cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh bk&Sf[m
'gukd tvGo J Hk;pm;jyK+yD; t=urf;zuf0g' wkdufzsuf
a&;qdw k hJ qifajcatmufrmS vufO;D r_,w l hJ tpk;d &
tajymif;tvJe@J wzufowf0g' pwmawGyg&w dS J h
ay:vpDukd usifhoHk;cJhygawmhw,f?
'Day:vpDatmufrSm yxr tmz*ef
epPwef/ aemuf tD&wf? 2 Ekid if pH vH;k ukd wku d cf udk +f y;D
tpdk;&opfawG zGJ@ay;cJhygw,f?
'g[m ppfyGt J +yD; tar&duef&ŒJ Akdvfus
v$rf;rkd;a&;0g' txGwftxdyf a&mufvmwmukd
jyovkdufwmygy?J 'gayrJh tJ'D 2 EkdifiHu tar&d
uefwyfrsm;tay: tjyif;txef qef@usiw f u dk cf u dk f
r_rsm;u bk&Sftpdk;&twGuf a&&SnfEGHepfr,fhudef;
ukd azmfjyaeygw,f?
t=urf;zuf0g' qef@usifa&;trnfcHe@J
Akv d u f svr$ ;f rk;d a&;twGuf vkyaf qmifaer_awG[m
tar&duefawGtzdk@ *k%foduQmt&a&m/ =oZm
t&a&m/ ±kyf0wÎKypPnf;rsm;t&yg qHk;±H_;epfem
aeygawmhw,f? t=urf;zuf0g'tay: ppfa&;
t& wkdufckdufr_awG ESpfcsD&Sdvmaeayr,fh t"du
Ekid if wH umm t=urf;zuftyk pf rk sm;[m qufvuf
touf&Sifae±Hkru EkdifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;/ Oyrm
- ta&SŒtv,fykdif;/ awmiftm&S/ ta&SŒawmif
tm&SpwJah 'orsm;u wkid ;f jynf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;
ukdvnf; ysHŒESH@a&muf&SdoGm;+yD; tJ'Da'oawGrSm
r=umc% wkdufckdufr_awG cHae&ygw,f?
bk&Sfu zefwD;vkdufwhJ jynfwGif;jynfy
jy\emt&yf&yfa=umifh tar&duef jynfov l x l k
[m &Dywf bvpfuifawGudk pGef@ypfvkduf+yD;? 'Drkd
76
u&ufygwDu tdkbm;rm;ukd orRwopftjzpf
a&G;cs,v f u
dk yf gw,f? tdb k m;rm; wufvm+y;D aemuf
tar&duef&ŒJ Ekid if jH cm;a&;ay:vpDudk jyKjyifajymif;
vJra_ wGjyKvyk +f y;D tar&duef&ŒJ *k%o f u d mQ jyefvnf
&&Sdvmzkd@ rlpvifurBmeJ@ qufqHa&;awG ajyjypf
vmatmif }udK;pm;wm awG@&ygw,f?
tkb d m;rm;&JŒ Ekid if jH cm;a&;ay:vpD xde;f n‡d
a&;awGukd 6 ae&mcG+J yD; awG@Ekdifygw,f?
 tdkbm;rm; tpkd;&opf[m wzufowf0g'
(unilateralism) ukd pwifpGef@v$wfvmwm
awG@&+y;D A[kp0kH g' (multilateralism) ay:xGuf
a&;udk ykdtm±Hkxm; vkyfaqmifwmawG@&ygw,f?
urBm}uD;tES@H ykad qmifvmr_ (globalization)
acwfrmS rdrw d OD;wnf; tiftm;&JΠtuef@towf
&Sdr_ukdvnf; vufcHoabmaygufvmw,f? 21
&mpktwGi;f rSm jzpfay:aewJh pdeaf c:r_ trsKd ;rsKd ;awG
ukd b,favmuftiftm;}uD;wJh EkdifiHyJjzpfjzpf
wEkdifiHwnf;eJ@ &ifrqkdifEkdif&ifb/J EkdifiHtm;vHk;&JŒ
uH=urRm[m tjyeftvSef trSDjyKaew,fvkd@
tkdbm;rm;u w}udrfajymcJhzl;ygw,f?
 tkdbm;rm;u ol@&ŒJ EkdifiHjcm;a&; ay:vpDawG
ajymif;zkd@vkyf&mrSm ykdaysmhaysmif;+yD; ykdxufjrufwhJ
‘yg0g txufpm;’ (smart power) ukd oHk;zkd@
}udK;pm;vmygw,f? 'guawmh yg0gtrmpm;eJ@
yg0gtaysmh p m;t=um; xd e f ; n‡ d v k y f a qmif + yD ;
tcsdeftcgtvkduf ajymif;vJvkyfaqmifzdk@ jzpfyg
w,f? tar&duef&J@ csOf;uyfr_topfu rdrdeJ@
roifhjrwfwhJ EkdifiH/ rdrdukd qef@usifzufvkyfaewJh
rdred @J oHcif;wrefcif;qufqrH _ r&So d rl sm;&JŒoabm
xm; t,ltqawGudk “rsm;rsm;em;axmifzdk@”eJ@
tJ'D vlrsdK;awGe@J “rsm;rsm;qufqHzkd@”jzpfygw,f?
odyyH` nmzvS,rf r_ sm;ukd ykrd v dk yk af qmif=urSmjzpf+y;D
tJ'b D ufawGrmS tultnDaiGa=u;awG axmufyhH
zdk@vnf; pDpOf=uygw,f? 'guawmh tar&duef&ŒJ
yHk&dyfurBmhtv,frSm ykdrkdaumif;rGef+yD; axmufcHr_
&vma&; &nf&G,fwmyg?
 tar&d u ef u ol @ &J @ OD ; pm;ay;vk y f i ef ; uk d
t=urf;zuf0g'wkdufyGJ tpm;/ tck jzpfay:aewJh
txl;ojzifh tar&duefrSm ykdjyif;xefaewJh urBmh
pD;yGm;a&;tusyt f wnf; uyf}u;D ukd ausmef if;a&;eJ@
tpm;xkd;vkdufygw,f? 'guvnf; tar&duef
taeeJ@ pD;yGm;a&; jyefemvefxv l m+yD; tar&duef
aiGa=u; a':vm&JŒtcef;u¾ukd xde;f odr;f xm;zk@d yJ
jzpfygw,f?
 urBmjh y\em}uD;awG jzpfvmaewJh &moDOwk
ajymif;vJr_/ pGrf;tife@J o,HZmwypPnf;rsm; vHk+cHK
r_/ tEkjrLppfvufeuf zsufodrf;a&;eJ@ o,HZmw
ypPnf;rsm; vHk+cHKa&;udpPrsm;rSm tkdbm;rm;tpkd;&
[m acgi;f aqmifr_ tcef;&zk@d }udK;pm;ae&ygw,f?
 tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;t=um; n‡dE_dif;wkdifyif
a&;eJ@ yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;udk tav;xm;+yD; rdrd
&JŒtpOftvm r[mrdwEf idk if rH sm;eJ@ yl;aygi;f aqmif
&Gufa&;omru aemuftopf ay:xGufvmwJh
pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;}uD; Ekid if rH sm;eJ@vnf; 2 Ekid if =H um;
qufqHa&;rsm;/ a'oqkdif&m yl;aygif; qufqHa&;
rsm;pwmawGuv kd nf; ydrk w
kd iG wf iG u
f s,u f s,f vkyf
aqmifvm+yD; urBmhpdefac:r_awGudk yl;wG&J ifqkdifzdk@
vk d v k d v m;vm; vk y f a qmif v mwmuk d v nf ;
awG@&ygw,f?
 aemufqHk;tcsufuawmh t=urf;zuf wkduf
cku
d af &;ppfyaJG wGudk ta&SŒtv,fyidk ;f uae awmif
tm&Sa'oukd ajymif;vkduf+yD; rlpvifurBmeJ@
qufqHa&;awGjyef&zkd@ aumif;rGefwkd;wufvmzkd@
tck ay:vpDopfu tmz*efepPwefrmS tar&duef
wyfOD;a&ykdrsm;vmwm awG@&rSmjzpf+yD; ygupPwef
ukv d nf; t=urf;zuf0g' wku d zf suEf idk zf @dk pD;yGm;a&;
wk;d wufvmzd@k tultnDawG ykad y;vmzG,&f ydS gw,f?
'Dtcsuf 6 csufuawmh tdkbm;rm;
&JŒ0g' (Obama’s Doctrine) vkd@ qkdEkdif+yD;
vuf a wG @ uspG m ajymif ; vJ r _ / enf ; y&d , m,f
ºu,f0zdk@yg&Sdayr,fh t"dutm;jzifh tar&duef&ŒJ
wOD;wnf; Akv d jf zpfaer_ (Super power) tcef;
ukdawmh xdef;odrf;xm;zkd@om jzpfaeygw,f?
vGefchwJ hJ 8 ESpftwGif; jzpfysufchw
J hJ }uD;
rm;wJh tajymif;tvJrsm;u wOD;wnf; Akv d u f svkd
wJh rdr&d @J =oZmukd }uD;rm;us,jf yef@pmG oufa&muf
apvkdwhJ EkdifiHawG[m ratmifjrifEkdifbl;/ t±_H;yJ
ay:r,fqkdwmukd jyoaeygw,f?
a&Smifz,fvkd@ r&EkdifwJh orkdif;a&pD;
a=umif;}uD; 2 ckuawmh æ æ
1? topfay:xGef;vmwJh pD;yGm;a&;
tiftm;}uD; EkdifiHrsm;eJ@twl jzpfwnfvmr,fh
A[k p H k 0 g' (multi- literalism) urB m h
taetxm;eJ@
2? urBmhjy\emrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;a&;rSm
tjyeftvSef wef;wlnrD # aqG;aEG;wkid yf ifwhJ pm;yGJ
0kdif;aqG;aEG;r_rsm;om jzpfygawmhw,f?
vGefchw J hJ 8 ESpftwGif;u tjzpftysuf
awGu t=urf;zuf0g'ukd wkdufzsuf&mrSm pHcsdef
pHne¸ ;f 2 &yf oH;k r_rsm;[mvnf; qH;k ±_;H &rSmyJqw dk m
ygyJ? 'ga=umifh 'grsdK;ukd qef@usif&rSmjzpf+yD; t
=urf;zuf0g'tyg urBmh jy\emrsm;ukd urBm
w0ef;vkH;&J@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_eJ@om ajz&Sif;
EkdifrSmjzpf+yD; 'Dyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_awGuvnf;
oufqkdif&m EkdifiHrsm;&J@ vlr_a&;tqifhrsm;eJ@
nDnGwfaygif;pyfr_vnf; &Sdoifhygw,f? ?
uk d ; um;- 2009 puf w if b m 11 &uf a e@
xk w f China Daily owif ; pmrS
aqmif ; yg;rsm;
&J a bmf ± _ , Of
puf w if b m 17/ 2009?
77
vl i ,f z wf p m
a&xrf;&if;acsmif;ukdjzwf
OD;OD;uefqifh
[kdwkef;u tvkyfvkyf&mrSm ^m%faumif;wJh
uav;wOD;&SdcJhzl;w,f?
w&ufrSm oleJ@ausmif;aebuf 3,4 OD;[m
ausmif;a&S@&Sd acsmif;uav;wckab;rSm upm;ae=u
w,f? olw@dk q&m[m a&wxrf;ukd xrf;&if; olw@dk tem;
a&mufvm+yD; “acsmif;a&u }uD;ae+yD? a&awG 0g;wHwm;
eJ@xad wmhr,f? rif;wk@d xrJ mS b,fo[ l m ^m%ftaumif;
qH;k vJqwdk m od&atmif 'Da&xrf;ukx d rf;+yD; wHwm;ay:
ujzwfomG ;&r,f? 'gayrJh zdeyfudk a&rpkad p&bl;aemf”vkd@
&Sif;vif; ajymqkdygw,f?
ausmif;om;xJu wa,mufu tJ'D a&xrf;
ukdxrf;+yD; wHwm;ay:u jznf;jznf; av#mufoGm;=unfh
w,f? wHwm;tv,fa&mufawmh vltav;csdefe@J a&xrf;tav;csdefa=umifh wHwm;[m n¸wfauG;
oGm;w,f? wHwm;ay:ukd acsmif;a&awGwufvm+yD; zdeyfudk pku d ek yf gw,f? 'ge@J ol aemufjyef qkwv f m&
w,f? usefausmif;om;awGtm;vHk; 'gukdawG@oGm;+yD; aemufxyfxyfrH rprf;0Hhavmufatmif jzpfoGm;
=uawmhw,f?
^m%faumif;w,fqw dk hJ tJ'x D u
J aumifav;wa,mufuawmh ^m%fxw k v
f @dk &oGm;wmeJ@
“q&m u|efawmf prf;=unfhyg&apcifAsm”vkd@ awmif;qkdvkdufygw,f? +yD;awmh ol[m a&jynfhaewJh
a&yHk; 2 yHk;ukd wHykd;xdyf wzufwcsufpDrSm yxrqHk; csnfvkdufygw,f? tJvkd csnf+yD;aemuf a&yHk; 2
yHk;ukd wHwm;wzufwcsufpD acsmif;a&xJ csvkdufygw,f? tJ'Daemuf wHykd;ukd tv,fuae vufESpf
zufe@J wGef;&if; wHwm;ay:uae wjznf;jznf;jzwf+yD; [kdbufurf;ukd oGm;ygw,f? zdeyfawGukd enf;
enf;uav;rS a&rpkdygbl;?

oHacsmif;ukd tyfjzpfatmifaoG;jcif;
OD;OD;uefqifh
vDykdifqkdwm w±kwfjynf xefrif;quf
acwfu }uD;jrwfwJh pmayynm&Sif}uD; wOD;yg?
oli,fpOfu upm;rufw,f? cufcufccJ J vkyf&
rSmrsdK;ukd a=umufw,f? 'ga=umifh pmoif&mrSm
exHkwufaw;EkdifvGef;vkd@ wkd;wufr_aES;w,f?
wae@rSm vDykdif[m acsmif;ab;wckudk
a&mufomG ;w,f? tJ'rD mS qHyifjzLawG azG;azG;v_yf
78
aewJh tzGm;tkd}uD;wOD;[m oHacsmif;wacsmif;ukd aoG;aewmawG@w,f? ol tHhtm;oifhoGm;+yD; tzGm;
tkd}uD;em;oGm;um “tar}uD; 'DoHacsmif;ukd bmvkyfzkd@ aoG;aewmvJ”vkd@ ar;=unfhygw,f?
tzGm;tkd}uD;u “tyfvkyfzkd@ aoG;aewmav”vkd@ jyefajzw,f?
vDykdif[m ykdtHhtm;oifhoGm;jyefw,f? “oHacsmif;ukd tyfjzpfatmif b,fvkdvkyf aoG;vkd@
jzpfEkdifrvJ”vkd@ ar;vkdufjyefygw,f?
tzGm;tkd}uD;u “jzpfwmaygh? rkcsukd jzpfwmaygh? eufeufeJeJ vHk;yef;tm;xkwfr,fqkd&if
oHacsmif;[m tyf jzpfEkdifwmaygh”vkd@ &Sif;jyygw,f?
vDykdif[m tzGm;tkd}uD;&JŒ pum;ukd =um;+yD;wJhaemuf “b,fvkd udpPrsdK;ukd aqmif&Guf&
aqmif&Guf& pdwfykdif;jzwfcsuf&Sd&r,f? tywfwukwf tpGrf;tp&Sd&Sd vkyfoGm;zkd@ vkdw,fqkdwhJ w&m;
wck”ukd oabmayguf em;vnfoGm;w,f?
tJ't
D csed u
f p+y;D vDyidk [
f m ausmif;pmukd tywfwukwf }uKd ;pm;tm;xkwf oif,yl gawmhw,f?
wkd;wufr_vnf; odyfjrefvmw,f? aemifrSmawmh ol[m ausmf=um;wJh pmqkdawmfwOD; jzpfoGm;owJh?

nmOfxufjrufwJh [ef,Gd
OD;OD;uefqifh

‘[ef,Gd’ qdkwm w±kwfjynf xef

rif;qufacwfu pmayynm&Siw f OD; jzpfw,f?
ol i ,f p Of w k e f ; u ol @ Zmwd r S m yJ
ynmoifchJ &w,f? w&ufrSm olwdk@q&mu
ausmif;om;wkdif;ukd a=u;jym;waphpDay;+yD;
rdrdbmom ypPnf;wrsdK;rsdK;ukd 0,f=u&r,f?
tJ'D 0,fvmwJh ypPnf;awGteuf b,fol
0,fwJhypPnf;[m a[m'D tcef;wcef;vHk;
jynf@atmif xnfhEkdifrvJqdkwm =unfhr,fvkd@
&Si;f vif; ajymqk+d yD; aps;0,fcidk ;f vkud wf ,f? ausmif;qif;wmeJ@ ausmif;om;tm;vH;k [m aps;wef;bufo@dk
oGm;=uw,f?
aemufwae@rSm wcsdK@ ausmif;om;awGu ysdK;yifawG 0,fvmw,f? wcsdK@u 0g;awG 0,fvm
w,f? 'gayrJh b,fol 0,fvmwJh ypPnf;jzpfjzpf tcef;xJ xnfh=unhfvkduf&if tcef;jynfhoGm;atmif
r&ygb;l ? 'Dawmh q&m&JΠar#mv f ifx
h m;or#[m oJxaJ &oGef jzpf&awmhrvkd jzpfaewmayg?h tJ'w D ek ;f rSm
[ef,Gd a&mufvmw,f? ol[m tuôsvufxu J za&mif;wkdifwacsmif;ukd xkwfvkdufw,f? +yD;awmh
rD;jcpfujdk cpf+yD; za&mif;wkid u
f dk xGe;f vkud wf ,f? za&mif;wkid f tvif;a&mif[m wcef;vH;k vif;oGm;ygw,f?
q&m[m jzpf&yfukd awG@vkduf&awmh “[kwfwmaygh? [kwfwmaygh? [ef,Gd[m wu,fukd
n%fxufwmyJ”vkd@ 0rf;omtm;& wzGzG ajymaeawmhw,f?

79
 qiftav;csdef csdef=unhfjcif;
OD;OD;uefqifh

[kdwkef;u ‘aqmifaqmif’vkd@ ac:wJh

t&m&S}d uD;wOD; &ScdS zhJ ;l w,f? wjcm;olu ol
ukd qif}uD;waumif vufaqmif ay;vku d f
w,f? ol vufc&H &Sad wmh ody0f rf;om yDwd
jzpfaew,f? ol@om;av;eJ@ ol@tr_xrf;
awGukd ac:oGm;+yD; qif}uD;ukd twlwl
oGm;=unfh=uw,f?
qif}uD;[m }uD;vnf;}uD; jrifhvnf;jrifhrkd@ qif&ŒJ ukd,fcE<m}uD;[m eH&H}uD;eJ@ wlaeowJh?
ajcaxmuf}uD; 4 acsmif;uawmh wkdif}uD; 4 vHk;eJ@ wlaejyefowJh? ol@ tr_xrf;awG[m qif}uD;ukd
=unfh&if; 'Davmuf}uD;wJh qif}uD;[m tav;csdef b,favmuf&SdrvJvdk@ wa,mufwayguf trsdK;rsdK;
jiif;cHk ajymae=uowJh?
'Dawmh t&m&Sd}uD;u “'Davmuf}uD;wJh qif}uD;ukd csdef=unfhzdk@ b,fol@rSm enf;em&Sd ovJ
a[h”vk@d ar;vku d yf gw,f? wcsKd @u “opfyif}uD;wyifudk ckw/f csed cf iG }f uD;wckudk vkyv f @dk &&if 'Dqif}uD;ukd
csdefEkdifw,f”vdk@ ajym=uw,f? wcsdK@uawmhvnf; “csdefcGif}uD; &Sdaevnf; rjzpfygbl;? 'Davmuf}uD;wJh
qif}uD;ukd csdefzkd@ csdefcGifqGJEkdifr,fh cGeftm; b,fvkdvkyf &SdEkdifrvJ”vdk@ qdk=ujyefw,f? 'Dawmh wcsdK@
uvnf; “enf;em wckawmh &Sdw,f? qif}uD;ukd owf/ wwHk; wwHk; jzwfawmuf+yD; csdefvkduf&if
qif}uD;&JŒ tav;csed &f wmayg”h vd@k ajym=ujyefowJ?h t&m&S}d uD;vnf; ol@tr_xrf;awG ajymqkd aqG;aEG;
aewmawGukd em;axmif+yD; acgif;w&rf;&rf; jzpfae&awmhw,f?
‘aqmifaqmif’ eJ@ twl ygvmwJh olom;av; ‘aqmifcsKH ’[m 7 ESpo f m &Sad o;w,f? ol[m
tm;vH;k a&SŒ xGu&f yfvu dk +f yD; “u|eaf wmfrsKd ;rSm qif}uD;ukcd sed zf @kd enf;em &Syd gw,fb&k m;? enf;emuawmh
qif}uD;ukd avSwpif;ay: armif;wifvdkufyg? avS&ŒJ ukd,fxnf a&xJ b,favmufjrKyfoGm;ovJ tJ'D
a&rsuEf mS jyiftwdik ;f avSeaH b;ukd rsO;f wa=umif;qGJ rSwx f m;yg? +yD;&if qif}uD;ukd avSay:uae uke;f ay:
jyefarmif;wifvkdufyg? tapmu qGJxm;wJh rsOf;a=umif;a&mufwJhtxd ausmufcJrsm;ukd avS0rf;xJ
xnfhvkdufyg? tJ'Dvkdxnfh+yD;&if ausmufwHk;rsm;ukd xkwf+yD; jyefcsdefvkdufyg? ausmufwHk; tm;vHk;
tav;csdef pkpkaygif;[m qif}uD;tav;csdefygyJ bk&m;” vkd@ &Sif;jyygw,f?
‘aqmifaqmif’[m acgi;f wndwn f w
d ef @J +yHK;rdygw,f? ol[m ol@val wGudk ‘aqmifcsKH ’ ajym
wJhtwkdif; vkyf=unfh ckdif;vkdufygw,f? ajymwJhtwkdif;ygyJ qif}uD;&JΠtav;csdef xGufvmowJh? ?

OD;OD;uefqifh
2 {+yD 2009/
80
 qef ; ppf c suf
awmfvSefaomtawG;tac:
rmhufpf0g'rSm yg0ifwJh tykdif; 3 ykdif;
wenf;tm;jzifh rmhufpf0g'&JΠa&aomufjrpf 3
oG,fjzpfwJh tbd"rRm/ ody`Henf;us qkd&S,fvpf
0g'eJ@ EkdifiHa&;abm*aA'wkd@e@J ywfouf+yD; tajc
cHtm;jzifh azmfjycJ+h yD;+yD? qufvuf+yD; tJ't D xJu
tbd "rRmtykdif;eJ@ ywfoufvkd@ wifjyoGm;r,f?
yxrqH;k taeeJ@ tbd"rRmqkw d m bmvJ?
wcGef;xJeJ@ &Sif;vif;ajym&&if tbd"rRmqdkwm
vlom;wk@d &ŒJ urBmt h jrifygy?J 'Dawmh rmhupf f tbd
"rRmqkdwmbmvJ? rmhufpf&ŒJ urBmhtjrifyaJ ygh? 'D
rmhufpf&JŒ tbd"rRmukd tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'eJ@
orkid ;f ±ky0f g'qkwd hJ tykid ;f 2 ykid ;f eJ@ zG@J pnf;xm;w,f?
tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'qkdwJh tykdif;ukd
OD;pGmem;vnf=unfh=upkd@? tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'
qkdwm obm0avmu vl@tzG@J tpnf;eJ@ vlom;
rsm;&JŒ tawG;tac: jzpfxGef;wkd;wufr_&ŒJ a,bk
,stusqHk;w&m;rsm;eJ@ oufqkdifwJh rmhufpfeJ@
tdef*,fwkd@ zefwD;cJhwhJ ody`Hynm&yfjzpfw,f? ±kyf
0g'eJ@ tEkyËdavmrwkd@[m tjyeftvSef wnD
w!Gwfwnf;&SdaewJh ody`Henf;uswhJ urBmhtjrif
eJ@ enf;emqkdif&m oabmw&m;ygyJ?
‘tEkyËdavmr’qdkwJh a0g[m&ukd t
apmqHk;tm;jzifh +Adwdeftvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_
tbd"rRmynm&Sif Joseph Dietzen u 1886
81
ckEpS rf mS a&;om;xkwaf 0cJw h hJ ‘qd&k , S v
f pfwOD; od&dS
r_e,fy,ftwGif; vnfywfjcif;’qkdwhJ pmtkyfrSm
pwif oH;k pGcJ w hJ myg? aemufyidk ;f rSm yvufcaemAfe@J
vDeifw@dk &ŒJ a&;om;jyKpkcsuaf wGrmS t}udrrf sm;pGm
awG@&Sdvm&ygw,f?
19 &mpk 40 ck E S p f r sm;a&muf a wmh
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;[m vGwfvyfwJh EkdifiHa&;
tiftm;pkw&yftaeeJ@ orkdif; ZmwfcHkay:rSm ay:
xGufvmw,f? rmhufpfe@J tdef*,fwkd@[m tvkyf
orm;v_yf&Sm;r_tawG@t}uHKrsm;eJ@ obm0ody`H
ynm&JΠatmifjrifr_toD;tyGifhawGukd ed*Hk;csKyf+yD;
vlom;rsm;&J@ ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m aumif;rGefwJh
&v'fawG txl;ojzifh *smref*EW0if tbd"rRmrsm;
&JŒtqDtESprf sm;ukd a0zefyidk ;f jcm;r_&pdS mG qufc+H yD;
tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'ukd xlaxmifcJh=uw,f?
tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'&J@ oabmw&m;
a&; a&aomufjrpf[m [D*,f&ŒJ tEkyËdavmreJ@
zsL;0g;bwf&J@ ±kyf0g'wkd@ jzpfygw,f? rmhufpfeJ@
tdef*,fwkd@[m [D*,fe@J zsL;0g;bwf&ŒJ tbd"rRm
ukd awmfveS jf yKjyifajymif;vJrv _ yk af qmif+yD; tEkyËd
avmreJ@ ±ky0f g'ukd waygi;f wpnf;wnf;jzpfatmif
aygi;f pyfum wnDw!Gww f nf; jzpfvmapcJw h ,f?
wcsdefwnf;rSm olwkd@[m tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'ukd
vl@tzGJ@tpnf; orkdif;e,fy,frSm usifhoHk;+yD;
orkid ;f ±ky0f g'ukd xlaxmifvu dk jf yefw,f? 'ga=umifh
tEk y Ëd a vmr±k y f 0 g'eJ @ ork d i f ; ±k y f 0 g'wk d @ [m
rmhufpftbd"rRmukd +yD;jynfhpHkatmif twlwuG
jznfhqnf;ay;cJh=uw,fvkd@ qkdEkdifygw,f?
tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'u urBmavmu
}uD;[m ±kyfjzpfw,f? 'D±kyfurBmavmu}uD;[m
trsdK;rsdK;aom v_yf&Sm;r_ o¿mefawGe@J jynfhESuf
aew,f? tcsed ef @J [if;vif;jyif (space) wk@d [m
v_yf&Sm;aewJh ±kyf&JŒwnf&SdaewJh o¿mefawGyJ?
±ky&f ŒJ v_y&f mS ;r_widk ;f rSm rdr&d ŒJ bm0w&m;awG &Sw d ,f?
±kyfoabmt&ajym&&if awG;ac:,lqr_[m rlv
82
ta=umif;&if;jzpfwJh vl@OD;aESmuf&JŒvkyfaqmif
csufjzpfw,f? 'g[m ±kyf&JŒ&Snf=umpGm zGH@+zdK;wkd;
wufr&_ ŒJ txGuyf pPn;f jzpfw,f? 'DawG;ac: ,lq
r_&ŒJ tESpo f m&&JŒa&aomufjrpf[m ±kyjf zpfw,f?
tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'u ±kyf[m yxr
jzpfw,fvkd@ pGpJ +GJ rJ+rJ &yfcHw,f? 'Dod&Sdr_ oabm
w&m;tajccHatmufrmS awG;ac:,lqr_[m ±ky&f ŒJ
pGr;f aqmifru _ dk a&mifjyef[yfwt hJ cef;/ uwWm;ykid ;f
eJ@ uHykdif;[m vufawG@&ŒJ tajccHtkwfjrpfay:rSm
tEkyËdavmruspGm wnDw!Gwf wnf;jzpfvsuf
&Sdw,fvkd@ ,lqw,f?
tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'u ±kyfurBm avm
u}uD;&J@ t&mudpPtm;vHk;[m tjyeftvSef
tusdK;jyK+yD;/ a,bk,stm;jzifh qufpyfvsuf
&Sdw,f? t&mudpPtm;vHk;[m v_yf&Sm;ajymif;vJ
ae+yD; jzpfay:wkd;wufaeygw,f? qef@usifbuf
wkd@&ŒJ wnDwnGwfwnf;&Sdr_e@J wkdufy[ GJ m t&m
udpPrsm;ukd,fwkdif&ŒJ v_yf&Sm;r_e@J zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_&ŒJ
t&if;cHta=umif;&if;jzpfw,f? ta&twGuf
t& ajymif;vJr_e@J t&nftcsif;t& ajymif;vJr_
wkd@[m t&mudpPawG&ŒJ v_yf&Sm;zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_e@J
qkdifwhJ tajccH o¿mef 2 rsdK;jzpfw,f?
ta&twG u f a jymif ; vJ r _ u t&nf
tcsi;f ajymif;vJr_ukd jzpfay:ap+yD; t&nftcsif;
ajymif;vJr_u ta&twGuf ajymif;vJr_topfukd
jzpfay:apjyefw,f? t&mudpPawG&ŒJ jzpfxGef;wkd;
wufr_ jzpfpOftwGi;f rSm rdru d , dk rf rd d wnf&adS &;ukd
twnfjyKwJh oGijf yifvuQ%mawGtm; xde;f odr;f
a&;yg0ifovkd rdrdukd,frdrd csKyf+idrf;oGm;apa&;ukd
acszsuw f v
hJ uQ%mawGvnf; yg0ifw,f? twnf
jyKjcif;eJ@ acszsujf cif;wk@d &ŒJ wnDw!Gww f nf;jzpfr_
eJ@ wkdufyGJ[m t&mudpPawGjzpfwnfa&;qkdif&m
acszsujf cif;rS acszsujf cif;ok@d qw dk m[m a=umifvrd f
avSum;yrm wqifh+yD;wqifh jrifhwufoGm;wJh
jzpfpOf jzpfw,fvkd@ ,lqw,f?
 qef@usizf ufw@dk &ŒJ wnDw!Gww f nf;
&Sdr_ (aygif;pnf;r_) w&m;/ t&nftcsif;eJ@ ta&
twGufwkd@&ŒJ tjyeftvSef ajymif;vJr_w&m;/ acs
zsufjcif;rS acszsufjcif;w&m;awG[m tEkyËd
avmr±kyf0g'±JŒ tajccHw&m; 3 yg; jzpfw,f?
tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g' ay:aygufvmjcif;
[m tbd"rRmorkdif;rSm yxrqHk;t}udrf }uD;jrwf
wJ h awmf v S e f a &;jzpf w ,f ? ‚[m pd w f 0 g'/
wuUduaA'wkd@&JŒ qef@usifzufjzpfovkd ±kyf0g'
tm;vHk;rSm&SdwJh rlawGeJ@vnf; jcm;em;ygw,f?
‚[m ukefpifwJh ±kyf0g'jzpfovkd ukefpifwJh
tEkyËdavmrvnf; jzpfygw,f?
tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'u vufawG@ t
aumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u G jf cif;ukd rdr&d ŒJ t"du
=ueftifvuQ%mtjzpf rSwf,lw,f? ‚[m
pwifay:aygufvmuwnf;u rdrd&JΠorkdif;ay;
wm0ef[m odyeH` nf;us zGiq hf jdk y±Hrk u yk+d yD; t"du
uswmuawmh urBmavmu}uD;ukd wufwuf
ºuºu jyKjyifajymif;vJjzpfa&; jzpfw,fqkdwmygy?J
tEkyËdavmr±ky0f g'[m tqufrjywf
zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufaewJh oabmw&m;jzpfw,f? ‚
[m vlom;vl@tzG@J tpnf;&JΠvufawG@ tawG@
t}uHKeJ@ acwfrDody`Hynm&yfqkdif&m atmifjrifr_
toD;tyGiahf wG&ŒJ tajccHtw k jf rpfay:rSm jzpfxeG ;f
vmwmjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;&JŒvuf
awG@eJ@ ody`Hynm jzpfxGef;wkd;wufaewmeJ@tr#
'Doabmw&m;[mvnf; tqufrjywf ºu,f0/
tqufrjywf jzpfxGef;wkd;wuf aeygvdrfhr,f?
19 &mpk aESmif;ykdif;eJ@ 20 &mpk tpykdif;
rSm rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;q&mawGjzpfwJh
Oyrm - Dietzen, Franz Meh -ring,
Kautsky, Paul Lafargue, Antonio
Labriola, yvufcaemhAfpolwkd@[m tEkyËd
avmr±kyf0g' ysHŒESHa&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wuf a&;ukd
rwlwJhtwkdif;twmt& tusdK;jyKcJh=uw,f?
vDeif[m tEkyËdavmr±kyf0g'ukd umuG,foleJ@
zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufapcJholyg? armfpDwkef;ukd,fpm;jyKwJh
w±k w f u G e f j rLepf a wG [ mvnf ; rmh u f p f 0 g'uk d
w±kwjf ynfawmfveS af &;vufawG@e@J tjyeftvSef
aygif;pyfwJhjzpfpOftwGif; tEkyËdavmr ±kyf0g'
jzpfxGef;wkd;wufa&;ukd tjyKoabmaqmifwJh
tusdK;jyKr_rsm; aqmif&GufcJhygw,f?
aemufwywfrSm rmhufpftbd"rRm&J@
usefwht J ykdif;wykdif;jzpfwhJ orkdif;±kyf0g'ta=umif;
qufygr,f?
rsufarSmufurBm}uD;rSm t&if;&Sifpepf
u wurBmvH;k ukd t"du v$r;f +cKH xm;qJjzpfygw,f?
'ga=umif; qif;&Jcsr;f om uGm[r_awG/ vlwef;pm;
uGJjym;r_awG[m &Sd+rJ&Sdaewkef;ygyJ? 'Dvkdqkd&if 'D
tedÏm±HkawG csKyf+idrf;oGm;a&;twGuf wkdufyGJ0if
aewJh uGefjrLepfygwDawG[m rkcs &SdaeOD;rSmyg?
uG e f j rLepf y gwD a wG &S d a eao;or# rmh u f p f 0 g'
uG,faysmufoGm;rSm r[kwfovkd uGefjrLepfawG
[m rmhufpf0g'ukd rdrdwkdif;jynf tckdiftrm tajc
taersm;eJ@ aygi;f pyfvyk u f idk o
f mG ;=uwmrd@k rmhupf f
0g' b¾mwkdufxJrSm rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;
topf a wG v nf ; jzpf x G e f ; vmOD ; rS m rk c svk d @
,Hk=unf+rJ ,Hk=unfaeygw,f?
&J a bmf u H a rmif
29 - 9 - 2008?
83
 tvSzJG‹pnf;r+

ysOf;rem;ukd usaemf wacgufa&mufzl;ygonf æ ?

wacgufqkd wacgufxJ jzpfonf? 'gayr,fh wa,mufxJ r[kwf? [kd; ³ ³ ³
tESpfokH;q,f ausmfujzpfonf? xkdpOfu q&mewfEG,fOD;pD;onfh ‘rkd;a0’ Y t"du
yg0ifa&;om;ae=uaom uAsm q&mwtkyfESifhjzpfonf? usaemfwkd@onf
ysdKEki,f&G,fcsdefrkd@ wcsdKŒu EkdifiHa&;ESifhywfoufonfh axmif xGufawGrkd@/
,kH=unfcsufrsm;/ tdyfrufrsm;u vwfqwf jynhfarmuf &Jºu aeonf? a*:uD .
‘rkefwkdif; óu iSufpifa&mfrsm; ’ ESifhwlvSonf? pdwfxJ Y jr&mawmukdrpdrf;/
teDukdrpdrf;/ &if;ESD; av;pm;aeonf? jrpf0u|ef;ay:ESifh yJcl;±kd;r. aoewfoHrsm;ukd
pdwf0ifpm;aeonf? ukdukd;u|ef;ESifh oHwkdif=um;u Zmwf vrf;/ Zmwfxkyfukd
wkd;wkd;wdwfwdwf qifhurf;jzef@a0aewwfonf?

84
 usaemfhtzkd@um; uAsmonf av;/
uAsmonf jrm;/ uAsmonf rSefaompum;/
uAsmonf tvH/ uAsmonf psmef/ uAsmonf
&if c k e f o H / uAsmonf a &tvsOf / uAsmonf
ajrivsif / uAsmonf tem;rJ h r k d ; aumif u if ?
tazhrSmrl om;ukd em;rvnfEkdifaom rsufvkH;
wkd@jzifh =unfhum acgif;cgae&Smonf? taronf
om;ukcd spo f nft h wGuf om;cspaf omuAsm/ om;
cspaf omvlEiS hf t&muked m;vnf Ekid af tmif óu;pm;
&Smonf? rdbwkd@u om;ukd ynmESifhjzpfap/
pD;yGm;vkyif ef;ESijhf zpfap/ xGe;f awmuf t&majrmuf
apcsif o nf ? usaemf u awmh uAsmq&m
wa,muf jzpfcsifaeonf?
“rif;rSm 'Dvkdoli,fcsif;rsdK;yJ &Sdvm;
om;&,f ” vkd@ zGm;zGm;a':pdefr,f. tajymukd
usaemf c H & cJ h z l ; onf ? wcgusawmh pD ; yG m ;a&;
wuUodkvf tDukdu cifpkd;&D (usdKuQrD)ESifh tazmf
ausmif;olav;ESpfa,muf tdrfukdtvnfa&muf
vm=uonfhtcg/ zGm;zGm;}uD;u usaemfh +yHK;=unfh
+yD; auseyfaejyef&Smonf? “uAsm wyk'f 15 usyf
&w,fqkd&if igvpOf rif;rkef@zkd;xJ 15 usyf wkd;ay;
r,fuGmæ a&;raeeJ@awmhom;&mæ ” vkd@ zkd;zkd;
&JŒtaysmhqGu J kdvJ cH&zl;onf? 'gayr,fh “uAsmeJ@
uAsmq&m xyfwu l sEidk af tif ”óu;pm; aeacsonf?
tcgtcGifhoifhwkdif; tdrfuvl}uD;awG
rodatmif 33 vrf;xdyu f uk=d unfwifO;D . vrf;
ab;cif;a&mif;onfh pmtkyfqkdif ta[mif;qkdif
av;ukd a&mufwwfonf? uDvDqdyfurf;ESifh
a&$=unfat; vufzuf&nfqidk x f YJ 'l;,m;ESpv
f yd f
wrwfEiS 0hf ,f+yD; zGm&_u d &f if; a&$+rdK@awmf. tedXm
±kHjrifuGif;ukd wOD;wnf; ai;armaewmrsdK;vJ &Sd
wwfonf? wcgwcg atmifqef;uGif;xJrSm/ +rdK@
ywf&xm;ESihf oHvrf;ay:rSm/ omauwESihf ausmuf
uke;f u oli,fcsif; +cH0ef;av;xJrSm/ [def;vwf/
vif;ol aetdrfwkd@a&SŒu tvkHuEMm;vrf;&Sd Aef'g
yif&yd af tmufrmS / ykZeG af wmif =uufv#mpGe;f em;u
armifav;atmif t+rx J idk wf wfonfh cyfarSmifarSmif
cyfnpfnpf t&ufjzLqkdifxJu ckH0kdif;ykyk rJrJawG
=um;rSm æ ? vlreG b f m/ acsa*G;Am;&m;/ uufpx f ±k/d
[kcd srD if;/ ik,ifAef'KdG if;/ 'Drx D a&mh/ zl;csp/f armfpwD ek ;f
/ ocifA[de;f ponfw@dk . ol&aJ umif;yk&H yd /f wku d yf JG
rD;v#H/ pdwful;pHawGukd usaemf tm;us/ opfqef;
&ifckefvsuf&Sdonf? tm&Stmz&du/ vufwif
tar&du&JŒ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;/ e,fcsJŒ
qef@usiaf &; uAsma&pD;xJrmS waxmifw h ae&mrS
usaemf yg0ifaecsifaeonf?
uko d if;ckid &f ŒJ aphaqmf OD;aqmifra_ =umifh
o}uFefrwkdifrD óuI ysOf;rem;ukd a&muf&Sd&efpDpOf
=uonf? &efuek rf S rD;&xm;jziho f mG ;=u&ef jyif=u
onf? ‘rJacgifjrpf0Srf; atmifyGrJ sm; ’qkdwhJ tif'kd
csKd i;f em;wkud yf JG aw;oHuAsmukad &;onfh atmifcsrd /hf
axmifxrJ SmyJ ‘usLawm&Sif;wrf; ’ udka&;cJhonfh
usaemfESifh tif;pdefrSm taqmif 4 tcef; wckxJ
twlaecJo h nfh (ukw d ifat;) ocGyef /D vlreG b f m.
‘igt h mz&duukjd yefay;’ uAsmukd bmomjyefonfh
rk&H mG atmif&iS ?f ‘ae@vm;nvm;’a&;zG@J onfv h if;ol
‘+rKd @jy opf&u G f ’a&;onfh armifoif;ckid ?f !Ge@f opf/
wifarmf/ atmifausmOf ;D / atmiford ;f OD;/ ukrd ;dk aumif;
ponfwkd@ vkdufyg=uonf? armifav;atmifrSm
&efukefrkd;a0wkdufwGif ‘epfqife@J ppfwk&ifxkd;&ef’
usef&pfaecJhonf?
ysO;f rem;+rKd Œum; uAsmq&m tajrmuf
trsm;ukd arG;zGm;ay;cJhaom +rdK@jzpfonf? uAsm
tpOfvm&Sdonf? EkdifiHa&;ESifh aoG;eDonfh tpOf
vm}uD;cJhonf? ysOf;rem;. ydawmufaEGrSm ysOf;
rem;&JvS/ armifav;rGef/ aZmf/ armifckdifrm/
ausm0f if;ckid w f @dk EiS hf usaemf odu|r;f cifrifcyhJ gonf?
o}ueF af e@&ufrsm;Y usaemfw@dk xrJ S tzG@J wpkonf
awmif!dKokd@oGm;=uonf? usefwpkrSm +rdK@wGif;
rSmyJ vSnhfvnf a&upm;=uonf? uAsmq&m
85
tdrfrsm;okd@ oGm;a&muf vnfywf=uonf? olwkd@ cHpm;r_jzpfEkdifonf? usaemfhtm;+yKH;vsuf ‘rD;’
ESifh pmta=umif;/ &efukef/ rEWav;ta=umif;/ uAsmq&monf ‘ESif;’ ESifhwlae±kHru ESif;yGifhvkdyJ
axmifta=umif; aygah ygyh g;yg; aysmaf ysmyf g;yg; ajym azG;azG;Ek/ t=urf;aum cHEkdifOD;rnfavm[lI ol
qkd=uonf? t&ufcGufarSmuf ykvif;aysmuf xifaumif; xifaernfvm;rod? “ukd+idrf;csrf;ol
aomuf=uonf? aq;vdyfrD;jym tckd;aiG@=um;rSm u ypPnf;eJ@uAsmq&mAs? ypPnf;rJh uAsmq&m
uAsmwcsdK@ &Gwf=u/ wcsdK@ jiif;ckef=u/ wcgwcg r[kwfbl;q&m” vkd@ aemufrS uyf&yfaeonfh
tjrifrwl=u/ aygufuG=J u pum;rsm;=u/ jyefac: ukdvif;olu t&$ef;eJ@ 0ifajymvkdufonfhtwGuf
&Darm=u? tm;vkH;yGJusoGm;awmhonf?
wku d w f u dk qf idk q f idk /f rif;om;ausm[ f ed ;f ydawmufe@H awG oif;wJah EGO;D um; vSy+r/J
ESit hf qkad wmf wuUov kd xf eG ;f aemifw@dk ±ky&f iS f *Dw csdKjr &ifckefqyJ if?
tzGJ@ wzGJ@uvJ xkdESpfysOf;rem;o}uFefwGif yg0if awmtkyt f pyf/ v,fuiG ;f av;ukjd zwfI
aysm&f i$ =f uonf? pnfum;vSonfh a&obif yGaJ wmf ysHŒvGifhvmaom aEGO=o. vGrf;ulc|JoHoJhoJhukd
rSm wuUov kd x f eG ;f aemif. ‘rmrD&,f &Smay;uG,/f =um;ae&onf? wcsed u f ‘rkew
f idk ;f }udK iSupf ifa&mf
&nf;pm;vkdcsifw,f’oDcsif;u jyef@vGifha0qmae rsm;onf’ y,fv,fjym/ aomifurf;om0,f/ ab;
onf? roD&efrc usef;usef;rmrm&Sdygp? [kd; æ tESpf
rSwrf w S &f & ESpq f ef;w&ufae@Yjzpfonf? okH;q,fausmfu tvif;cspfolawGukd usaemf
usaemfwkd@xuf touft&G,f}uD;aom uAsm vGrf;ygonf? ysOf;rem;ukd usaemfvGrf;ygonf?
q&m ysO;f rem;&Jvt S rd of @dk E_wq f uf vnfywf&ef ysO;f rem;. wckaom ydawmufaEGudk usaemfvrG ;f
ukdoif;ckdifu usaemftyg wjcm;uAsmq&m ESpf ygonf? xkdtvGrf;wkd@onf =umavopfavjzpf
a,mufo;Hk a,mufEiS hf oGm;a&mufc=hJ uonf? q&m aeonf? xkdtvGrf;rsm;wkd@ESifhtwl usaemfonf
ysO;f rem;&Jvu S tdraf ygu0f rS 0rf;ompGm}uKd onf? xkdvxkwf rdk;a0;r*~Zif;yg ‘rD;’ uAsmukdvJ r#a0
wOD;csi;f pDudk oif;ckid u f rdwq f ufay;onf/ usaemfh vkdufcsifygonf?
tvSnfha&mufawmh “'g ‘rD;’ uAsmq&m? 'Dv
rk;d a0xJrmS ol@uAsm ygw,f? ” uko d if;ckid f pum; rD;
+yD;qk;H oGm;onft h cg “ ‘rD;’ uAsmq&mu‘ESi;f ’eJ@
wlvu dk wf m” vk@d ysO;f rem;&Jvu S &,f&,farmarm 1
ajymcsvkdufavonf? ol@tajyma=umifh usefol · rD; rD; rD;
awGvJ vkdufvkd@ &,farm=uonf? nOf@euf oef;acgif /avmifwhJrD; ?
[kwyf gvrd rhf nf? xkad e@u usaemf onf · aEGrkd;aqmif;vJ
rd;k jyma&mif *syefazmhc&pfvi_d ;f }u;D tusv ô uf&n S /f &J&Jaeatmif/avmifwJhrD; ?
yef;Eka&mifxu J teufajymuf &ckid yf q k ;dk / +yD;awmh
‘"m;armuf wHqdyf’ uwWDyg zdeyfukdpD;xm;onf? 2
ysO;f rem;&Jv. S pum;onf xk;d ESuv f adk omoabm
r[kw?f pdwrf =unfvifIr[kw?f oljrifawG@vu dk f · tJ'DrD;[m
&onfh uAsmq&mtay: ol@&ŒJ wkduf±kduf tm±kH 0ef}uD; tdrfaumif;/ yef;aygif; EG,f,Suf
86
 t&yfbufrSm/ avmifaewmr[kwf?
· tJ'DrD;[m
qD;rD; &$ef;+rdKif /za,mif;wkdif eJ@
vd_if*lwefaqmif; / bk&m;ausmif;rSm
avmifaewmr[kwf ?
· tJ'DrD;[m
E_wfv#mqkd;oGrf;/ Om%fpGrf; azmufjym;
t±l;rsm;&JŒ/ wHwm;av;rSm
‘‘
taronf
om;ukcd spfonft h wGuf
avmifaewmr[kwf?
· tJ'DrD;[m om;cspfaomuAsm/
ypPnf;rsdK;pkH/ +rdK@&efukefu
vlbkHv,ftwGif;/ ajymifwif;wif;eJ@ om;cspfaomvlEiS hf t&mukd
av#mhwif;qpfqkd/ aps;arSmifckd &JŒ
AdkvfcsKyfaps;rSm/ avmifaewmr[kwf? em;vnf Ekid af tmif
· tJ'D rD;[m }udK;pm;&Smonf?
t&mtaxmif/ acsmif}udKacsmif=um;
vlrGJrsm;&JŒ/ ESvkH;om;xJ rdbwkŒd u om;ukd
b0xJrSm /pGJuyf avmifu|rf; aewJhrD; ?
ynmESihf jzpfap/
3 pD;yGm;vkyif ef;ESijhf zpfap/
· rD; rD; rD; xGe;f awmuf
pm;0wfaea&;rD; ?
· tJ'DrD;[m t&m ajrmufapcsifonf?
rD;yGm;uaerD;!Gef@ usaemfuawmh
rD;!Gef@uae rD;awmuf
rD;awmufuae rD;v#H uAsm q&mwa,muf
q,fjyef q,fqwuf aeqJ
b,fvkd +id‡rf;owf=urvJ ? jzpfcsifaeonf?
+ididrf;csrf;ol
rdk;a0 pmayr*~Zif;
{+yD ? 1972 ckESpf ?
(pmvkH; tustvGJwcsdK@ &SdEkdifygonf?) ’’
87
 q & m -u nf a t m if a rG ; a e‹ t rS wf w &
ZmwfyGJrpcif qkdif;q&mawGu olwkd@wD;r,fh wl&d,mypPnf;awGudk toHprf;avh&Sdygw,f?
a=u;aemifarmif;u waemifaemif toHay;/ pcGef@u w[D[DjrnfoHay;/ ywfr}uD;u aAxdaAxd/
ywfvkH;awGu ywfpmn‡d/ ESJtcifoHu wwDwDjrnfeJ@/ tJ æ toHawG prf;+yD;vkd@ ukd,f@wl&d,mukd
pdwfcs&+yDqkd&ifjzihf qkdif;q&mu toHysdK;vkdufwmeJ@yJ jrefrmoHpkHwD;0kdif;}uD;[m olrwlatmif jrnf[D;
vkd@ yGJcif;ukdv#HxGuf/ v,fuGufukdeif;ausmf/ &Gmay:ausmfjzwf =uufoD;arG;nif; xavmufygay&JŒ?
q&m=unfatmif&ŒJ uAsmawGzwf&wmvJ txufu ajymovkEd , S /f zwfcgprSm toHrpkH
toHprf; toHysdK;/ wjznf;jznf;eJ@ toHpkH ta=umif;pkHzufvmawmh q&m@uAsmawG[m tacguf
acgufzwfwkdif; toHawGpkH&mu ta=umif;t&mawG xkHrGrf;vSyvmawmhwmygyJ?
q&m@uAsmtrsm;pk[m zwf&muae
&Gwq
f vdk udk &f wJ@txd uAsm"mwf ºu, G 0f vS
ygw,f? uAsmwyk'rf mS rygjzpfw@J toH
tvS/ pum;vk;H tvS/ '\etvSawGe@J
jynf@v#r;f wmukd awG@&ygw,f?

88
q&m&JŒ ‘om;zGm;wJ@ae@’uAsmukdzwf=unf@&if
odomxif&Sm;vSygw,f?
“ om;zG m ;wJ @ ae@
ae@””
&G m ol a wG 0 k d i f ; aew,f
tysd K [k d i f ; awG r yg
t&G , f [ k d i f ; wpf c k v yf
vl @ Zmwf q k d w J @ om;zG m ;twwf
0g;ES D ; jywf e J @ tcsif ; jzwf r ,f @
owW d c J r d e f ; rawG
a&;aEG ; usd K eEG i f ; axmif ;
om;avmif ; óud r ,f h xbD a [mif ;
aoG ; a[mif ; aoG ; npf a wG u k d
n‡ p f [ J @ aq;[J @
uav;ua,muf s m;av;wJ @
tvS L }uD ; ay;&r[J @
'geJ @
om;zG m ;rd c if
w&m;oabmod j rif
emusif r _ a wG wyk d u f w ayG @
"m;ajr‡ m uf u pm;r,f h
om;a,muf s m;a[@ æ
om;a,muf s m;a[@ æ
tar}u;D ±k;d ykEH iS hf rde;f r}u;D ok;H av;a,muf
u ryef;±kuH dk ydw=f urf;pjzihf acgi;f aygi;f ay;=uonf?
rD;aecef; tv,favmufrSm zGapmifESpfxnf cif;
um xbDa[mif;okH;av;xnf cif;xm;onfh
tdyf&mukd toifhjyKvkyfxm;=uonf? eH@omjzL
u&rufuav;aoG;um rD;aecef;ywfvnf vkduf
awmufonf? ryef;±kHezl;ukd vdrf;ay;onf? vuf
z0g;ESpfzufudk yGwfum eH@omjzLeH@ay;onf? eEGif;
eH@ay;onf? (cifcifx;l &JŒ“rtdru f ”H a&$tjrKaw
tcef;quf0wˆK&Sn)f
uav;wa,mufarG;zGm;zk@d Armawm&Gm
"avhrmS bmawGvydk govJ? uAsmq&mu oufr@J
±kyfypPnf;awGukd a[movkd xkwfvkyf jyxm;yg
w,f? tcsif;jzwfr,fh 0g;ESD;/ a&aEG; usKdcsufr,fh
a&aEG ; u&m; 'grS r [k w f t k d ; / eEG i f ; r_ e f @ / xbD
ta[mif ; wxnf ? ouf & S d a wG u awmh tysd K
r[kwfwJ@ ttkd[kdif;rdef;rom;awG/ omref rdef;r
om;r[kwfbl;? owWdcJrdef;rawG jzpf&r,f qkdyJ?
ouf&/dS oufr@J wGzJ ufvy_ &f mS ;vku d =f uykrH sm;uawmh
uav;arG;wJ@ou l arG;/ arG;uif;puav; csu}f udK;
ukd ESD;peJ@ jzwfolujzwf/ eEGif;axmif;+yD; vdr;f rJ@
olu vdrf;/ xbDa[mif;eJ@ aoG;npf&Sif;vif;
olu&Sif;/ uAsmwyk'fxJrSm ,drf;wkdufovkd v_yf
&Sm;aewmawGuawmh rdef;rom;wokduf/ uAsm
q&mu ta0;teD;jrifuGif;eJ@ olukd,fwkdifu
yGJ=unfhy&dwfowfwa,mufvkd a&;zGJ@xm;av&JŒ?
v_yf&Sm;r_awGtm;vkH;ukd tqkH;owf
rsO;f jzwfay;vku d wf muawmh oef@pifarG;zGm; om;
a,mufsm;wJh? q&mu olarG;zGm;ay;wJh uav;
ukd omrefr[kwfygbl;wJh? "m;ajr‡muf upm;r,fh
om;a,mufsm;qkdyJ? uAsmtqkH;rSmygwJh ‘om;
a,musFm;a[h’ pma=umif; ESpfa=umif;ukd ESpfcg
&Gw=f unf&h ifyJ rwlwt hJ oHEpS rf sKd ; xGuaf eygw,f?
'ghjyif t}udrf}udrf yJhwifxyfoGm;ygawmhw,f?
q&marG;zGm;ay;vkdufwJh om;a,mufsm;
[m b,ft&G,frSm b,folawGtwGuf "m;
ajr‡ m uf u pm;rvJ qk d w mawmh Armjynf & J Œ
,Ofaus;rSK ppfrsufESmrSm wyfrSL;}uD;wOD;vdk@
owfrSwfcHxm;&wJh q&mhtwGufawmh ajzp&m
rvkdwJh ar;cGef;wckyJr[kwfvm;? ?
pd k ; jrih f j rwf
89
ajymuf u sm;ppf t awG ‹ t }uH K

a&S ; OD ; vd k t yf c suf æ
wyfwnfaqmufa&;jy\emudk EdkifiHa&;eJ@ tawG;tac:±_axmifhu cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmzdk@ a&S;OD;
vdtk yfcsuu f awmh tbd"rRmygy?J wd;k wufw@J urBm@tjrifukd udik pf &JG rSmjzpfygw,f? wdwu
d sus ajym&&if
rSefuefwJh vlwef;pm;&yfwnfr_ &Sd&r,f/ tEkyÉdavmr±kyf0g' ordkif;a&;±kyf0g' urBm@tjrifawGeJ@
=unfhjrifoHk;oyf&rSmjzpfygw,f? &yfwnfr_tjrifenf;emeJ@ tajz&Smzdk@udkqdkvdkwmyg//
tav;xm;oifhwmawGuawmh æ
qef@usifzufawG&JΠ'GefwGJaer_eJ@ twdkuftcHjzpfaer_w&m;t& =unfhjrifzdk@
yuwdvufawG@tajctae(0g)wu,fhjzpf&yfutpcsDzdk@/ qENpGJruszdk@
ta&twGufrS t&nftcsif;ckeful;ajymif;vJaewmudk owdrlzdk@
wpfckvHk;eJ@wpfpdwfwydkif;/ toGifo¾efeJ@tESpfom&/ ta=umif;eJ@tusdK;/ a&SmifwcifeJ@
rkcsw&m; pwmawG&ŒJ tjyeftvSef qufpyfaer_udk&SmazGzdk@
csKyf&if æ oabmw&m;eJ@ vufawG@aygi;f pyfwhJ vky[ f efusiohf ;kH wm/ vufawG@xu J w&m;&Smxkwwf m/
tjyefjyeftvSefvSef a0zefoHk;oyfwmawG vkyfoGm;&rSmjzpfygw,f//

90
tav;xm;csuf e J @ Zpf j rpf u d k w l ; az: jcif ; æ
b,fvw kd yfrsKd ;wnfaqmufrmS vJ? jy\emudk tajz&Smzd@k wyf&ŒJ twGi;f oabmudk eufeuf
±_dif;±_dif; em;vnfxm;oifhygw,f?
wyf(ppfwyf))qdw k m vufeufwyfqifxm;wJh vl@tzG@J tpnf;wpfcyk jJ zpfygw,f? vl@ordik ;f rSm
ppfyGaJ wGay:aygufvmwJ@ tcsdefup+yD; ppfwyfqdkwmawGvnf; ay:aygufvmcJhw,f// ppfyGaJ wG bm
a=umifhay:aygufvm&wmvJ æ ´
'ge@J ywfouf+yD; w±kwfawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif “armf”&JŒtjrifuawmh æ
“ppfqdkonfrSm yk*~vduydkif ypPnf; OpPm"ersm;ESifh vlwef;pm;rsm; ay:aygufvmuwnf;u
pwifjzpfyGm;cJhonf/ vlwef;pm;csif;/ trsdK;om;csif;/ EdkifiHcsif;/ EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkcsif;/ jzpfyGm;=uonfh yËd
yuQrsm; wpHw k ckaomtqift h xd wd;k yGm;vmaomtcg ajz&Si;f onfh tjrifq h ;kH wdu k yf GJ yHo
k ¾efjzpf.?”
( armfpDwkef; )
armf&ŒJ 'Dtqdkt&=unfh&if æ ppfqdkwm tjrifhqHk; wdkufyGo J ¿mefwpfcktjzpf vl@ordkif;
wd;k wufvmr_jzpfpOf&ŒJ tqifw h pfqifrh mS wnf&adS ewJ±h yk bf 0&JŒ awmif;qdck sut f & rkcsoabmtaeeJ@
ay:aygufvmcJ@&w,fqdkwm/ ppfjzpfae=uwJhzufESpfzufrSm rwlnDwJh tusdK;pD;yGm; udk,fpm;jyKr_
(&yfwnfr_)awG&Sdae=uw,fqdkwm/ rwlnDwh&J nfrSef;csufawG &Sdae=uw,fqdkwm æ &Sif;aeygw,f?
'ga=umifh ppfyGaJ wG&ŒJ vuQ%mudk oHk;oyf&mrSm aºu;a=umfoHawG/ tay:,Hxkwfv$ifh=uwJh
tmabmfawGoufoufudkyJ =unfh,Hke@J tuJjzwfvdk@r&Edkifbl;? wpfckvHk;&JΠtcdkiftrmtajctaeudk
cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm+yD;rSom w&m;wJph pfvm; æ´ rw&m;wJph pfvm; æ´ qdw k mudk owfrw S &f rSmjzpfygw,f?
e,fcsŒJ orm;awG[m tzEdik if aH wmfumuG,af &;wd@k tm&Swu kd o
f m; omwlnrD #aumif;pm;a&;wd@k pwJh
aºu;a=umfoHawGe@J olwdk@&ŒJ e,fcsŒJ usL;ausmfa&;ppfyt GJ wGif;o±kyfudk zHk;uG,fch=J uwmrsdK;awG æ urBmh
ppfordkif;rSm awG@}uHK+yD;jzpfygw,f? vuf&Sd ArmjynfrSm ppftkyfpk&JŒcg;ydkufaqmif a=u;pm;wyf[m
ppftm%m&SifpepfwnfjrJa&;twGuf a'gufwdkif wpfckjzpf+yD; vlrsdK;aygif;pHk jynfolawGudk Adkvfus
wdkufcdkufaew,fqdkwJh tESpfom&udk rsufajcrjywfzdk@vdkygw,f?
ta&;}uD;wmuawmh yuwd±yk b f 0udk qENpu JG if;pGmeJ@ =unf@jrifz@kd yg? ppfyw JG pfcv
k ;kH &JΠbuf
aygif;pHktajctaeudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm+yD; rdrdwdk@qifE$J&rJhppfyGJeJ@ wyfwnfaqmufa&;&JΠvuQ%mt&
vufawG@usifhoHk;oGm;zdk@udkqdkvdkwmyg//

jynf o l @ ppf y G J o abmw&m; æ

vuf&SdtajctaerSm &efolu rdrdxuftqrwef ppftiftm;}uD;ygw,f? 'gayrJh&efol[m
ol@&@J ppftm%m&Sifpepf wnf+rJa&;twGuf azgufjyefwhjJ ynfwGif;ppfudk qifEaJ$ ewmjzpfvdk@ jynfol
w&yfv;kH &JŒ tHºk uqef@usirf u_ kd cHae&+yD; jynfwiG ;f rSma&m jynfyrSmyg txD;usejf zpfaew,f? pD;yGm;a&;/
EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;bufaygif;pHkrSm t=uyftwnf;aygif;pHkeJ@ &ifqdkifae&wJh puULusm;qdkwmudk jrifzdk@
vdkygw,f? 'ga=umifh awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkawGzufrSm ,m,Dtm;jzifh tiftm;ao;i,faeapumrl
usm;ukwfusm;cJ ZGeJ @J vHk;yrf;wdkufcdkufoGm;&if atmifyrJG kcs&Edkif rSmjzpfw,fqdkw@J aoe*FAsL[m tjrif
&Sd&ygr,f? aoe*FAsL[mt& &efoludktxif}uD;p&mrvdkbl;/ enf;y&d,g,ft& tav;xm;&r,f
91
qdkwmjzpfygw,f//
awmfvSefa&;[m jynfolw&yfvHk;eJ@ qdkifwJhudpPjzpfvdk@ jynfolvlxkudk rSDcdktm;udk;&r,f/
jynfolvlxkudk v_H@aqmfpnf;±Hk;+yD; a&&Snfwdkufy0JG ifoGm;&ayvdrfhr,f? vG,fvG,fe@J a&wdke@J atmifyGJ
&vdrrhf ,fv@kd pdwu f ;l vH;k 0r,Ofoif@b;l ? 'ga=umifh awmfveS af &;wyfz@JG ukd Edik if aH &;t& tawG;tac:t&
uspfvpfcdkifrmatmif wnfaqmufa&;[m ta&;}uD;wJhvkyfief;jzpfygw,f? wnf=unfav;eufwJ@/
jrifhrm;wJh EdkifiHa&; &nf&G,fcsufr&Sd&if ppfwdkufaewmvnf; bmrS t"dy`g,f&SdrSm r[kwfygbl;//
EdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsufr&SdwJh vkyf}uHowfjzwfa&; (0g) wudk,fawmf pGef@pm;r_awGudk
tav;
tav;wif wif ; wJ h pOf ; pm;enf ; awG [ m &ef o l u d k cg;oD ; rk e f ; wD ; wJ h pd w f " gwf t & vk y f r d = uwm
jzpf a yrJ h rS m ;,G i f ; wJ h enf ; emawG j zpf v d k @ a&&S n f r S m awmf v S e f a &;twG u f tusd K ;rjzpf ± H k r u
qdk;usdK;awmifay;Edkifygw,f? &rfbdkZmwfvrf;[m =unfhvdk@awmhaumif;ygw,f? 'gayrJh jynfol@
ppfyGJ&JΠaoe*FAsL[meJ@ enf;y&d,g,ftjrifrsm;eJ@ csOf;uyfoHk;oyf=unfh&if tajzwpfck ay:Edkifr,f
xifygw,f?

csKyf&if æ EdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf&SdwhJ jynfol@b0vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf wdkufyG0J ifoGm;rJh æ jynfol@

wyfrawmfwpf&yfudk wnfaqmufoGm;&rSm jzpfygw,f?

Ed k i f i H a &;tawG ; tac:vk y f i eef ;

wyfwiG ;f rSm Edik if aH &;ygw&D ŒJ OD;aqmifru
_ &kd ,lEikd zf @kd vdt
k yfwhJ zG@J pnf;r_awG vky&f rSmjzpfygw,f?
ygwaD umfrwD/ ygwu D vyfpnf;awG zGpJ nf;+yD; Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;awGvyk &f rSmyg? wyfz@GJ wikd ;f rSm Edik if aH &;rSL;
awG&Sdoifhw,f? awmfvSefa&;wyfzGJ@udk EdkifiHa&;t&/ tawG;tac:t&/ wufºuvef;qef;apzdk@eJ@
ay:aygufvmwJh EdkifiHa&; ppfa&;jy\emrsm;udk OD;aqmifajz&Sif;zdk@ EdkifiHa&;rSL;rSm wm0ef&Sdygw,f?
zufqpf*syef awmfvSefa&;umvwkef;u æ awmfvSefa&;twGuf zG@J pnf;cJhwhJ ppfwdkif;awGrSm AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;&J @awmif;qdkcsuft& ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS EdkifiHa&;rSL;wcsdK@ apv$wf+yD; wm0efay;cJhwhJ
tawG@t}uHKrsdK; &SdcJhbl;ygw,f? jyefvnfavhvmoifhygw,f?

wyf w G i f ; Ed k i f i H a &;vk y f i ef ; rS m tav;xm;oif h w mawG uawmh awm æ æ æ

1? Edik if aH &;'Dru kd a&pDukd zG@H +zdK;&Sio f efaeap&r,f? &Jabmfwidk ;f [m rdrwd @kd &ŒJ Edik if aH &;tjrifrsm;
udk yGiv
hf if;pGmwifjyEdik zf @kd tajctae&Sad e&r,f? &Jabmfwikd ;f udk pum;ajymcGihf ay;&r,f? rwlwhJ tjrif
rsm;udk tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;jiif;ckefcGifhay;&r,f? vdktyfwhJtcsdefrSm EdkifiHa&; tawG;tac: v_yf&Sm;r_
tpnf;ta0;awG ed*kH;csKyf tpnf;ta0;pwmawGudk txuftzGJ@tpnf;u acgif;aqmifr_&Sd&Sd
tpDtpOf&&dS edS @J usi;f yay;oGm;&rSmjzpfygw,f? tawG;tac:wnfaqmufa&;qdw k m twGi;f oabmt&
ajym&&if wdkufyGJygyJ/ wenf;ajym&&ifæqef@usifzufawG&J@'GefwJGaer_ 'DvdkeJ@yJ wyf&JŒEdkifiHa&;a&csdef
[m ta&twGurf S t&nftcsi;f od@k qw kd hJ oabmt& wqifjh rifwh ufvmayvdrrhf ,f? b,fvy_ &f mS ;r_
rqdk EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:eJ@ ruif;uGmapzdk@eJ@“xk”w&yfvHk;yg0ifEdkifatmif 'grSr[kwf us,fjyef@wJh
tjrifawGudk pkpnf;Edkifzdk@ tav;xm;&rSm jzpfygw,f//
92
 2? avhvma&;? avhvma&;qdkwmeJ@ pmtkyf}uD;awGudk rsufaphuswwf=uw,f? avhvm
p&mawGu b,f[mawGv/J pmtkyx f u J [mawG[m avhvmp&mawGreS af yrJh awmfveS af &; vufawG@
xJrmS avhvmp&mawG rsm;pGm&Sad ew,f? wenf;ajym&&if vufawG@tvkyv f yk w
f m[mvnf; avhvm
wmjzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;vufawG@[m ausmif;awmf}uD;jzpfw,f? awmfvSefa&;vufawG@eJ@
vlx&k ŒJ tawG@t}uHK[m aoG;ac|;eJ@&if;cJ&h wJh ordik ;f qdik &f m tawG@t}uHKrsm;jzpfv@kd wefb;kd xm; ESrd Ehf rdS hf
cscs avhvmoifhygw,f?
avhvma&;&JŒ &nf&G,fcsuf[m vufawG@tvkyfvkyfzdk@jzpfw,f/ ºum;vHk;xkwfzdk@r[kwfbl;/
tvkyfvkyfzdk@ vrf;n$ef&Smwm jzpfygw,f? oabmw&m;eJ@ vufawG@aygif;pyf wJhvkyf[efqdkwm 'gudk
ajymwmjzpfygw,f?
avhvma&;[m r+yD;qHk;Edkifbl;? awmifwufc&D;vdk awmifxdyfa&muf&if +yD;qHk;oGm;+yDvdk@
,lqvdk@rjzpfbl;? a&SŒrSm qufvuf ausmfv$m;&rJh tcuftcJawG wuf&rJhawmifawG &SdaerSmjzpfyg
w,f? r&yfrem; v_y&f mS ;ajymif;vJaewJh urBm}uD;udk em;vnfoabmayguaf tmif “avhvm æavhvm
xyfavhvm ”qdkwhJ aqmifyk'ftwdkif; oGm;ae&rSmjzpfygw,f?
3// bmtawG;tac:awGukd wnfaqmuf&rSmvJ/ bm tawG;tac:awGukd qef@usi&f rSmvJ
qdkwm &Sif;aezdk@ æ æ æ
A[dok @kd r[kwf txuftzG@J tpnf;&JŒ tºuif;rJeh @J wdu k ±f u
kd af cgi;f aqmifru _ kd emcHw@J vyk [
f efe@J
tawG;tac:v$rf;+cHKae&rSm jzpfw,f? 'g[m wyf&JΠrSefuefwJhEdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsufeJ@ awmfvSefa&;
vkyfief;awG atmifjrifzdk@ tmrcHcsufvnf;jzpfw,f? ppfbk&if0g'/ wAdkvfwrif;0g'awG acgif;axmif
vm+yD; wyfudk wvufudkifvkyf xif&mpdkif;wJ@vkyf&yfawGudk qef@usif&rSmjzpfygw,f?
vlxkudkcspfjrwfEkd;wJh ,Hk=unftm;udk;wJh tawG;tac:udk wnfaqmuf+yD; vlxkvrf;pOf
usifhoHk;wJ@vkyf[ef&Sdae&r,f? vlxkomv#if ol&aJ umif;jzpfw,f? vlxkom ordkif;zefwD;oljzpfw,f
qdw
k hJ vlxt k jrifpu kd x
f &l r,f? u,fwif&iS 0f g'eJ@ vlxu k kd tEdik u
f si@f w/hJ Adv
k u
f swhJ vky[ f efawGukd qef@usif
wdkufzsufoGm;&rSmjzpfw,f? wyfwGif;'Drdkua&pD zGH@+zdK;wJhvkyf[ef xGef;um;ae+yD; jAL±dku&uf vkyf[ef
awGudk wdkufzsufoGm;&rSmjzpfw,f?
o¿meftrsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@az:jyvmwJh ud, k u
f sKd ;=unf@tawG;tac:eJ@ vky[ f efawGukd wdu k zf su&f r,f?
awmfvSefa&;eJ@ jynfolvlxk&ŒJ tusdK;udk OD;xdyfyefqif+yD; tcuftcJudkra=umuf qif;&Jyifyef;rSmudk
ra=umuf toufpGef@&rSmra=umufwhJ pdwf"mwfudkarG;jrL+yD;/ awmfvSefwhJ ol&aJ umif;pdwf"mwfudk
wnfaqmufoGm;&rSmjzpfygw,f?
csKyf&if æ wyfudk EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac: &SifoefwufºuaewJh jynfolvlxkzufu jywfjywf
om;om;&yfwnfwhJ awmfveS w f o
hJ &l aJ umif;0g' xGe;f um;wJh wyfrawmfw&yfjzpfatmif wnfaqmuf
oGm;&rSmjzpfygw,f?

jid r f ; armif O D ;

93
 Ek d i f i H w umpumajy
aEGOD;opfpumv æ æ æ
jrufyifuav;awG[m wrk[kwfcsif;
pdr;f pkEd zk wfaewJh jrufEuk av;awG xGuv f mw,f?
wqufwnf; jrufcif;jyifay:rSm ESif;vkdjzLqGwf
aewJh a'pD,myef;awG/ aqmif;ul;&moDrmS yGiahf vh
&SdwhJ a&$0ga&mifyef;awG/ eDeD&&J J aºuyef;awG yGifh
vmvk@d jrufcif;jyifwckv;kH &$e;f wifah 0qmaew,f?
aEGO;D &JΠaea&mifjcnfe@J rk;d pufuav;awGu olw@dk
ukd cyfjrefjref }uD;xGm; &Sifoefvmapw,f?
“rif;wkd@uom usKyfukd E_d;ae=uwm?
usKyf u td y f a umif ; aewk e f ; &S d a o;w,f ” vk d @
aºuyef;zl; eDeD}uD; wzl;u wdk;wkd;wdwfwdwf
nnf;nLaew,f?
“rif;ukd jrefjrefuav; yGifhapcsifvkd@
wkd@u ulnDaewmygaemf”wJh? ‘ukdrkd;puf’wkd@u
&,f&,farmarm ajymjy=uw,f?
“cspfp&maumif;wJh yef;wyGifhtjzpf
rif; jrefjref yGifhvkdufprf;yguGm”wJh? aerif;u
apv$wfvkdufwJh ‘ukdaea&mif’u yef;zl;}uD;ukd
wkd@xderf;±_yf&if; ajymjyaew,f?
94
“usKyfu tJ'v D dk rjzpfcsiyf gb;l awmf?”
“usKyrf mS tcsed af wG &Syd gao;w,f? yef;qkw d mrsKd ;u
yGifh+yD;oGm;&if aºuus ajrc &wmrsdK;av”vkd@
aºuyef;zl;}uD;u &Sif;jyygw,f?
waumifwnf;aom‘ukad &$vyd jfym’uvnf;
ysHoef;vm+yD; ol@ukd =unfhae&Smw,f?
“rif;[m taumif;qHk; aºuyef;zl;}uD;
wzl;yJ? wae@ae@rmS yGiv hf udk v
f @dk uawmh ESi;f qDyef;
eJ@ wlvu dk rf ,ft
h rsKd ;uawmhumG ”vk@d ukad &$vyd jf ymu
qdkvkdufygw,f?
“'Davmufawmif wkH;&ovm; iwkH;/
xG u f o G m ;prf ; ?”“eif h r suf E S m uk d 'D a e&mrS m
aemufxyf rjrifcsifbl;”vkd@ aºuyef;zl;}uD;u
atmfypfvkdufw,f?
“[kwu f ”hJ “u|eaf wmf aemufxyf vm
raESmifh,Sufawmhygbl;? 'gayrJh ajcmufuyfaewJh
aºuyef;zl;}uD;a& aemufxyfvnf; csD;usL;awmh
rSm r[kwfawmhbl;qkdwmvnf; arhroGm;eJ@OD;
aemf”vdk@ ukda&$vdyfjymu jyefajymvkdufw,f?
 aºuyef;zl;}u;D [m ukad &$vyd jf ym&JŒ pum; aEG&moDukd a&muf+yDav? aeuvnf;
ukd =um;vku d af wmh pdwq f ;dk vku d wf mrS wkeaf ewm ylpyfyal vmifjzpfvmae+y?D rk;d uvnf; ody}f u;D vm
ygyJ? aeyg+yD? ukda&$vdyfjym wkd@ukdvnf; rawG@&awmh
aEGO;D opfp umvukd vGev f @dk aEGO;D ayguf ygbl;? ukda&$ysm;uawmh tvkyf±_yfaeqJygyJ?
ukd yDyDjyifjyif}uD; a&mufvmyg+yD? yef;yGifhawG[m “iysm;”? “'Dukd vmygOD;[? igeJ@twl
rsdK;aphawGjzpfxGef;zkd@ jyifqif&if; tvkyfrsm;ae=u c%wjzKwfawmh tazmfvmvkyfprf;ygOD;[,f?
yg+yD? rsKd ;aphymG ;zk@d ‘ukad vnif;’ukd o,faqmifay; igrh mS wuk,
d w f nf;? txD;usef qefvu dk w f m[m”
oGm;ygvkd@ ckdif;aeoa,mifa,mif? 'gayrJh aºuyef; vkd@ aºuyef;zl;}uD;u atmfac:vkdufw,f?
zl;}uD;uawmh zl;+rJz;l aeqJ? ukad &$vyd jf ymwk@d / ukad &$ “a=omf rif;ygvm;uG? ajcmufuyfaewJh
ysm;wkd@uawmh tapmcsnf;uwnf;u ol@ukd yef;zl;wzl;ursm; wk@d udk bmawG ay;Ekid rf mS rk@d v”J vk@d
arhxm;vkduf=uyg+yD? ukdaea&mifwkd@/ ukdrdk;pufwkd@ ukda&$ysm;u ajym&if; ysHxGufoGm;awmhw,f?
uvnf; ol@ukd rkef;pjyKae=uyg+yD? “'g wu,f h u k d rk o m;pum;yJ ” ?
“wae@ae@awmh wae@ae@aygh”? “igh “usKyu f yGifhawmif ryGifhao;bl;yJ”vkd@ yef;zl;}uD;
yGizhf wfawGtm;vH;k jzef@um;yGiyhf pfvu dk &f vk@d uawmh u awG;aew,f?
jrufcif;jyifwckv;kH ta&mifwvufvuf jzpfomG ; 'gayrJh av±l;wcsuf okwfvkdufwmeJ@
ap&r,f”vkd@ tm;vHk;ukd rr_whJoabmeJ@ }uHK;0g; yef;zl;}uD;&JŒ tn‡mu usdK;oGm;+yD; ajrjyifay:odk@
aew,f? zl;aºub0tjzpfe@J aºuusoGm;awmhw,f? ?
avnif;av;wku d cf wfvmawmh jrufcif;
wjyifvHk;rSm yGifhaewJh yef;awGu ol@wkd@&ŒJ rsdK;aph
awGukd ukdavnif;u aqmif=uOf;oGm;+yD; ajrjyif
ay: }uJcsay;zdk@ ay;tyfvkduf=uw,f? rl & if ; æ tpP a &;vf p ma&;q&m- ±k d p D 0 l ; vf
“b0awGu vSywifw h ,f vku d wf m?”
“wkd@pOf;pm;wJhtwkdif; wkd@uav;awGom 'DrSm bmomjyef o l æ æ at;jrrG e f o d e f ;
ae&mwum rsKd ;aphus tyifaygu+f y;D }u;D xGm;vm
r,fqkd&if odyfaysmfp&m aumif;rSmyJ”vkd@ olwkd@
uawmh ajymae=u+yD?
aºuyef;zl;}uD;uawmh rsdK;aphr&Sdvkd@ ol@
rsdK;aphukd aveJ@twl aqmif=uOf;oGm;ygvkd@ ray;
Ekdifygbl;?
“usKyb f 0tzd@k tcsed af pmygao;w,f”?
“usKyf rsdK;aphawG jyifqifvdk@ +yD;wJhtxd apmifhOD;
ayg?h usKyf jyifqif+y;D &if awmfu h dk ac:vkud rf ,fav”vd@k
oluawmh ajymyg&ŒJ ?
ukad vnif;uawmh tvkyrf sm;aeawmh
ol@ukd jyefajzzkd@awmif pdwfqENr&Sdygbl;?
95
 om;trd
rif;EkdifxGef;
i,f&G,fEke,fvSwJh om;uav;u
acgi;f armh+y;D olrukd “arar/ arar[m urBmay:
rSm tvSqHk;yJ”vkd@ ajymvkdufw,f?
om;uav;[m 3 ESpo f m &Syd gao;
w,f? ol@tzk@d ajym&&if“urBm”qkw d m tdryf wf
0ef;usifu vrf;oG,fuav; 3 - 4 ckavmufom
jzpfygvdrfhr,f? 'gayrJh oluawmh tvGefukd wnf=unf
av;eufpGm v_dufvS0J rf;om tm;yg;w&}uD; olrukd aemuf
w}udrf xyfajymvkdufjyefygw,f? “wu,fyJarar? arar[m
urBmay:rSm tawmfq;kH eJ@ tvSq;kH ararygy”J wJ?h olr[m r&,fbJ raeEkid v f @dk &,farm&if; rdru d ,
dk cf E<m
ukd !¸wfauG;um om;om;av;ukd ayG@csDvkduf+yD; &ifcGifrSm wif;wif;ykdufxm;vkdufygw,f? [kwfw,f
om;om;av;a&? om;om;av;qdkvkdcsifwJh oabmukd ararodygw,f? om;om;av; ajymcsifwJh
oabmukd ararem;vnfygw,fuG,f? vGefcJhwJh ESpftenf;i,fu ararvnf; om;om;av;vkdyJ
pum;wcGef;ukd ajymcJhzl;vkd@aygh?
vGefcJhwJh ESpftenf;i,fu olr[m w}udrfru acgif;armharmh+yD; olrukd,fwkdif&J@rdcifukd
w}udrfru 'Dpum;ukd ajymcJhzl;w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u ukd,fcE<mav;!¸wf+yD; olrukd +yHK;jywJhrdcif[m
vSywifhw,fvSyguvm;qkd+yD; pdwfb0ifxrJ Sm twkdif;tqr&Sd jrwfEkd;r_/ cspfcifESpfoufr_awG i,fi,f
uwnf;u jynfhv#rf;cJhzl;w,f?
touft&G,f }u;D vm+y;D wJah emuf 'DurBm}u;D [m b,favmuf}u;D w,fqw dk m awG@vm&w,f?
rdr&d ŒJ rdcifzcifawGe@J ywf0ef;usirf mS awG@ae&wJh vlawG[m twlwyl /J tm;vH;k [m b0ukd ±k;d ±k;d pif;pif;eJ@
jzwfoef;ae=uyguvm; qkw d mukv d nf; awG@rv d mygw,f? 'gayrJh ESv;kH om;&J@ teufwumh teuf±id_ ;f
qHk;ae&mrSm olr pGpJ Gv J ef;vef; ,Hk=unfaerdwmwckukdvnf; olr awG@&Sdvkdufrdygw,f? tJ'guawmh
rdcif[m wjznf;jznf; touft&G,f }uD;&ifh tkdpmoGm;ayr,fhvnf; rdcife@J awG@whJtcgwkdif; olr[m
i,fi,fwek ;f uvkyd J awG;+raJ wG;aerd+y;D tvGew f nf=unfav;eufpmG tm;yg;w& v_u d v f 0JS rf;om *k%, f l
ajymcJw h hJ “arar/ arar[m urBmay:rSm tawmfqHk;eJ@tvSqHk;”qkdwhJ pum;ukd awG@&Sdvkdufrdjcif;ygy?J

rl&if; æ æ &$Drk±Hk (xkdif0rf)

xkdif0rf/ &Sif;usL aemfrefausmif;? yef;csDynm- 'kygarmuQ?
bmomjyefol æ æ rif;EkdifxGef;
96
 0wˆKwdk
1
OD;tkdufpH tapm}uD;Ekd;onf? r=umcif
rSmyif =uufwGefoH=um;&onf? =uufESifhtòydif
OD;tdkufpH Edk;vmjcif;jzpfonf? rsufpdyGifhonfESifh
OD;tdkufpH tdyf,mrS csufcsif;xonf? rdef;rESifh
cav;ESpfa,mufrEdk;ap&ef ajczGeif;+yD; rD;zdkacsmif
od@k wef;xGucf o hJ nf? caemfecD aemfe@J 0g;cif;0g;um
td r f u av;rS m ol a jceif ; r=urf ; wmawmif r S
wcsuw f csuf wu|u d |d jrnfaeao;onf? nu
cyfxnfhxm;onfh a&yHk;xJrSa&udk bl;ajcmufcGuf
jzifhcyfum jzpfovkd rsufESmopfvkdufonf? 0g;
wef;ay:v$m;xm;aom ndKnpfnpf ±Syftusôudk
vufwpfzufu vSr;f ,lum rsuEf mS okwv f u
dk +f yD;
aemuf tusu ô kd aumufpyG v f udk of nf? 0gacgiv
'Dae@ rdk;r±Gmvkd@ awmfygao;onf?
rD;jcpf&mS I rd;k zdx
k rJ mS rD;ar$;+yD; a&aEG;tk;d
wpfv;kH wnfvu dk o
f nf? nuxJuzrf;+y;D awmif;
ESit
hf yk x
f m;aom =uufwpfaumifudk toHrxGuf
atmif OD;acgif;vSef+yD; vufwpfzufuukdif/ usef
vufwpfzufu x&H=um;rS"m;udk vSrf;qGJvkduf
onf? r=umrD a&aEG;qlvmonf? =uufudkif/
tar$;tr#iEf w _ u
f m tcsed wf tdk wGi;f +y;D oGm;onf?
a&aEG;wtkd; xyfwnfvkduf+yD;aemuf tcg;a&
ususudk wcGuf+yD;wcGufaomufum 0g;aq;
wefwtkd;ESifh OD;tkdufpH rD;zdkab;rSm tawG;csJŒ
aepOfrSmyif ZeD;jzpfol Ekd;vmonf?
“'Dae@ òrŒd u{nfoh nfawG vmvdrrhf ,f/
=uufcsufxm;ESifh ”
OD;tkdufpH ZeD;jzpfoludk rSm=um;aepOf
rSmyif rkd;zGJzGJusvmonf? r=umcifrSm tvif;
a&mifay:vmonf? OD;tkdufpHonf ajymajymqkdqkd
ESifhyif &Srf;abmif;bDudk aygifv,ftxd vdyfwif
f yJ? um vufqGJawmf 0g;yðcyfESifh"m;rwkdudk cg;rSm
óud;ESifhodkif;csnfvkdufonf? 0g;carmuf tpkwf
wvH;k ESihf yvyfpwpfr;kd umpudk òcHum rd;k &GmxJ od@k
vSrf;xGufvkdufonf?
ZeD;jzpfolrSm pum;enf;ol jzpfaomf
vnf; ol@tvkyfudk,fhtvkyf bmvkyf&rnfukd
97
od+yD;onfhoabmjzifh OD;tkdufpHxGufoGm;onfukd
vSrf;=unfh&if; tdrfab;0ef;usifudk tuJcwf
=unfh±_um usef&pfcJhavonf?
,ae@ aemifyed af ps;ae@? rd;k umv jzpf
onfh t wG u f v,f o rm;awG aiG r &$ i f a o;?
v,fvkyfief; rodrf;ao;? aps;u pnfvSonf
r[kwfovkd ajcmufuyfuyfvnf; r[kwfay?
OD;tkdufpHrSm v,form; ol&if;iSm;wpfOD;om jzpf
onf? &GmESifhvSrf;vSrf;wGif awmif,mwuGuf
awmh&o dS nf? aygujf ym;wvuf "m;rwkw d acsmif; jzifh
awmif,mckwfonf? xGefx,fpdkufysdK; v,f
vkyif ef;+yD;onfEiS hf óuH&musyef; tvkyrf sKd ;pHk vkyf
onf? OD;tkdufpHwkd@ &Gmuav;onf 'kX0wDjrpf
urf;teD;rSm jzpfonfhtwGuf aemifydefaps;rS
tcsdKr_ef@/ za,mif;wdkif/ qyfjym/ a&eHqDponfh
òrdŒukefwcsdK@udk rSmol&Sdu jrpfwbufurf;&Gmrsm;
okd@ 0,f,lydk@ay;onfh aps;onftvkyfvnf; tcg
tm;avsmfpGm vkyfonf?
OD;tkdufpHonf aps;xJ [kda,mifa,mif
'Da,mifa,mifESifh av#mufum tcsdefðzef;ae
vku d o
f nf? aps;xJrmS aq;qk;d yef;±ku d f o&ufxnf
pawG/ cav;0wftusaô bmif;bD/ bD;qH!y‡ u f vpf
ponfw h v
dk rD v
kd D 0,fcsipf &mypPn;f awGukd av#muf
=unfh&if; tdrfuZeD;ESifh cav;rsm;udk zswfceJ
owd&vkdufonf? OD;tkdufpH bmrSr0,fjzpfay?
yðcyfxJrS aq;wHESifh aq;bl;udkom qGJxkwf+yD;
rvSrf;rurf; wJvGwfwvHk;atmufwGif aq;wH
zGm&if; wjcm;olrsm;ESiahf &mum rd;k cdak evku d o
f nf?
r=umrD rkd;pJoGm;onf? rdk;pJoGm;onfh
twGuf OD;tdu k pf H pdwv
f ufaygyh g;oGm;onf? b,f
ESpfem&D&Sd+yDvJ OD;tdkufpHroday? 'gayrJh ae&J@
tvif;a&mifESifh olaq;ESpftkd;r# zGmcJh+yD;onfudk
csifhwGuf+yD; tcsdefudk cef@rSef;rdayonf? uGufwd
ygyJ? rE Wav;-vm;±d_; avmfu,f&xm; aemifydef
blwmodk@ 0ifvmcJhay+yD?
98
2
ra=umufaomfvnf; pd;k &drrf a_ wmh&o dS nf?
c&D;acsmarmygrh vm; taz tar tzd;k tzGm;wd@k ukd
xdkifuefawmhpOf taru &dyfrdyHk&onf?
“rif; tarwk@d ukd cGaJ wmhrvk@d vm;/ om;eJ@
jyefrawG@&awmhbl; xifw,f”? taru toHudk
xdef;+yD;ajymonf? olu bmrSjyefrajym? bmrS
rjzpfovkd tarudkuefawmh+yD; xGufvmcJhonf?
tarh&ifxJ bmjzpfusecf rhJ nfudk ol qufrpOf;pm;
awmh? olaxmifxJrSm ESpfESpfaecJh&+yD; tjyifudk
jyefa&mufvmawmh tjyifavmuonf ajymif;vJ
oGm;ay+yD?
axmif b l ; 0utxG u f rqv ppf
axmufvSrf;a&;u tjyifa&muf&if oufqkdif&m
&JXmeod@k owif;yd@k rmS cJo h nfukd olu *±krpku d af y?
axmufvrS ;f a&;u oGm;av&m t&dyv f kd waumuf
aumuf vku d af ecJoh nf? owif;wyfz@JG ±;kH u ESp}f urd f
ac:awG@onf?
“ bmrSr[kwfygbl;? cifAsm;tvkyfeJ@
ywfoufvkd@yg/ wyfzGJ@rSL;±Hk;udk c%vmawG@yg ”[k
qdvk mojzifh ol oGm;awG@co hJ nf? owif;wyfz@G rJ LS ;
qkdolu “'Dvdkyg/ cifAsm;tvkyfXmeu cifAsm;
tvkyfjyef0ifwmeJ@ywfoufvkd@ u|efawmfwdk@udk
ar;ygw,f/ u|efawmfwdk@ XmetaeeJ@ 0ef}uD;Xme
awGu ar;jref;wmudk jyefajzavhr&Sdbl;? 0ef}uD;
csKyu
f wqifh axmufvrS ;f a&;Xmeudk ar;rS rSL;csKyu f
ajzygw,f”? olqv kd cdk suuf trsKd ;om; axmufvrS ;f
a&;Xmeonf 0ef}uD;Xmersm;xufjrifh+yD; 0ef}uD;
csKyfESifh tqifhwl[k t"dy`m,f&ayonf?
ol axmifuvGwv f mpOfrmS yif a±SŒbm
qufvkyfrnfqdkonfudk &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf jzpf+yD;
jzpfonf? rdwfaqG oli,fcsif;a[mif;awGxJrS
wcsdK@u pdrf;oGm;onf? wcsdK@u cgwkdif;xufydk+yD;
em;vnfru _ kd azmfjyonf? tdrv f mowif;ar;onfh
oli,fcsif;wOD;u “rif;qD vmomvm&w,f
cyfvef@vef@yJ” qdkonfhtajymudk “a=umuf&if
rvmeJ@ayghuG”[k bkawmypfcJhbl;onf? oli,f
csif;u jymjymovJawmif;yefum pum;a&mazm
vkyfcJhonf? olpdwfrqdk;yg? bmjzpfvkd@ qdkwmudk
om olo;kH oyfonf? vufzuf&nfqikd af ±SŒu jzwf
toGm; qkdifxJuae twif;ac: vufzuf&nf
wdkufonfhol/ rkef@[if;cg;zdk; twif;0if&Sif;ay;
onfholrsm;vnf; óuH&onf? wcsdK@u vrf;awG@
wmawmif E_wfquf&rnfpdk;I rjrifcsifa,mif
aqmifomG ;onf?
'kwd,t}udrfwGifawmh owif;wyfzGJ@
±Hk;u ac:awG@jcif;r[kwf? tdrfvm+yD; rodrom
pum;Ed_ufjcif;jzpfonf? cifAsm;uawmh taerSef
ygw,f? b,folawGawmh tdrfrSmw±kef;±kef;eJ@
rsuaf ph aemufw,fqo kd nfo h abm ajymvmonf?
olu bmrSrajym/ òyH;±Hkom òyH;aevdkufonf?
avmu}u;D u rajymif;ygb;l ? vlawGom
ajymif;oGm;wm? EdkifiHa&;qkdwm a=umufwwfol
vJ&/dS cspw f wfov l J ±Sw d t hJ &mayyJ? umvESihf qdik f
onf[k xifonf? tcsed u f mvonf jzpf&yfaygi;f
rsm;pGmudk o,faqmifvmwwfonf r[kwfyg
avm? ESpfESpft=umrSm olonf vlaumif;rSonf
aomif;usef;ol/ omrefvlrSonf tzsuform;
jzpfoGm;ay+yD? ol.yHk&dyfonf rnfokd@&Sdrnfenf;?
oltvkyv f yk o
f nfh 0ef}u;D XmerS 0ef}u;D (rqvacwf
wdik ;f rSL;a[mif;)u “puf±w kH nfygw,f/ uGejf rLepf
xGufvmw,f”[k ajyma=umif;jyef=um;&onf?
olaxmifuxGuv f mawmh nDawG nDr
awGu “tpfukd}uD;axmifuvGwfawmhr,f/ 'dk@
0rf;omw,f” ponfjzifh 0rf;omtm;& oHòydif
aºu;G a=umfae=uoHukd uufpufjzifo h iG ;f xm;onfukd
jyefziG jhf yonf? olw@dk tpfu}kd u;D onf b,fwek ;f urS
qdk;oGrf;olwpfa,muf r[kwfcJha=umif; olwkd@
odayonf?
rE Wav;- vm;±_d; avmfu,f&xm;ay:
wGif wGJaxmifhacsmifxJ usyfusyfoyfoyf vdkufyg
vm&if; olonf awG;rdawG;&m awG;vmcJhonf?
&xm;u oHywfay;xm;aom upm;p&mt±kyf
uav;w±kyEf , S f oHvrf;ay:rSmajy;v$m;&if; toH
rsdK;pHk v$ifhxkwfaeonf? wGJ.tv,f awmif;awG
txkyfawG c&D;onfawGt=um; jzpfovdk rdk;wdk;
rwfwyf vku d yf gvmonfh nDozG,jf zpfaom &Jabmf
qDokd@ vSrf;=unfh&if;/ rsuf&dyfjyvkdufonf? vl
aygif;pHk o,faqmifum blwmpHkckwfarmif;vm
onfh EGm;od;k waumifEiS w hf al om owW0g}uD;onf
r=umrD t&Sdefav#mhum aemifydefblwmodk@ 0if
a&mufvmygonf?
3
blwmxJrS vli,fEpS af ,muf xGuv f m
onf? awmblwm±Hkuav; jzpfojzifh qdkufum;/
jrif;vSn;f / um; ponfch &D;o,fwif ,mOfawGr&S/d
vrf;aumif;aumif;r&Sd/ ajrvrf;om jzpfonf?
olw@do k nf cyfvrS ;f vSr;f aemifyed af ps;bufo@k d wcsuf
vSr;f =unf+h y;D aemuf blwm±Hw k nfw h nfh òrŒd jyifxuG f
onfhvrf;twkdif; av#mufvmcJhonf? aps;oGm;
aps;jyef awmolawmifom; &Srf;trsdK;om;wcsdK@
awmh&Sdonf? odyfrrsm;ay? olwkd@onf ajrvrf;
twkdif;av#muf&if; rodrom aemufjyef=unfh
vkdufonf? cyfvSrf;vSrf;wGif aemufxyf vlESpf
a,mufwGJwwGJudk awG@vdkufonf?
ajrom;onf rdk;a&±$J±$Jjzef;xm;ojzifh
wcsdKŒae&mrsm;wGif aysmhtdtkdifxGef;aeonf?
olwkd@ajc&mrsm; xifusefcJhonf? vwfqwfonfh
awme@aH wmife@H ygonfh avudk ±l±u _d &f onf? ESyH D
pkwfiSufi,fwpfaumif òcH=um;wGif [kdckef'Dckef
vkyv f #u&f .dS ? vrf;cGw
J pfcok @dk ta&mufwiG f a&SŒu
twGJESifh aemufutwGJ qHkrd=uonf?
“cifAsm;wdk@ bmeJ@vmovJ”
99
 “um;eJ@vmwm/ eJeaJ pmwmeJ@ vufzuf onf? taiG@ waxmif;axmif;ESihf oif;aeayonf?
&nfqkdif xdkifaewm” aumuf!‡if;vdkaysmhI qefaphrsm; aumhae=u
“b,fvrf; oGm;rvJ” onf? =uufom;pyfpyf umvom;csuf yJykyf
olw@dk EiS hf rvSr;f rurf;rS vdu k v
f maom axmif;ESifh rkef!‡if;[if;&nfjzpfonf? pdwfvGwf
OD;tdu
k pf u H olw@kd urkd v DS mum 0Jbufvrf;cGt J wkid ;f ukd,fvGwf pm;vkduf&I pm;vkd@aumif;=uonf?
qufav#mufc=hJ uonf? twef=um oGm;rdaom cav;rsm;ESihf tdr&f iS u f kd ac:au|;aomfvnf; rpm;
tcg vlajcwdwfqdwfaom &Srf;&Gmuav;w&Gm&Sd =uay? OD;tkdufpH.ZeD;u a&aEG;=urf;ESifh vdktyf
OD;tdkufpHaetdrfodk@ qdkufa&mufcJhonf? onfrsm;udk vkyu f ikd af y;um {nfch o
H nf? ±k;d om;onfh
tdraf y:wGif wOD;ESiw hf OD; 0rf;omtm;& awm.orD;ysdKonf pum;wvHk;r# rajymay?
pum;awGazmifz@JG aeaom {nfo h nfvpl rd ;f av;OD; &Srf;pum;om wwfyHk&ayonf?
udk OD;tkdufpH. uav;ESpfOD;onf rsufapht0kdif;
om;ESihf =unfah e=uavonf? orD;}u;D u ajcmufEpS /f
om;i,fu av;ESpft&G,favmuf &Sdrnf? t}uD;
rav;u &SifrD;tusôESifh xrD0wfxm;onf? om; olww‹dk iG t
f 0wftpm;
i,fu olESifhrwefwq}uD;aom pGyfus,fpkwf wpHk ESpp f r
Hk v
S I
JG
wxnfom 0wfxm;onf? 0kid ;f puf =unfvifaom
cav;rsm;. rsuf0ef;wGif tHh=opl;prf; pdk;xdwf bmrSygrvmay?
aomt&dyf vif;vufvsuf&Sd.? Armvl}uD;awG olwo
‹dk nfppftpk;d &.
tdrfay:rSm bmvmvkyfwmygvdrfh?
{nfhonfrsm;onf wc%csif;rSmyif tm%mpufrS
cav;rsm;udk owdxm;rdvmonf? bmrSvnf; vGwu f if;&mod‹k
0,frvmrdbl;/ cav;awG &SdrSef;vJrodbl;/ c&D;
vrf;rSm bmawGóuHawG@&rnf qdkonfudkvnf; awmckv d m-uonfh
óudpOf;pm;vmwm r&Sb d ;l ? olw@dk wiG f t0wftpm; 0&rf;ajy; ESihf
wpHEk pS pf rHk v
S IJG bmrSygrvmay? olw@dk onf ppftpk;d
&. tm%mpufrS vGwu f if;&mod@k awmckv d m=u axmifxu G rf sm;om
onfh 0&rf;ajy;ESifh axmifxGufrsm;om jzpf=uay jzpf-uayonf?
onf?
wa,mufu vrf;rSm bm&,fr[kwyf J
0,fvmcJah om rke@f xyk u f av;udo k wd&um cav;
rsm;udk ay;vkdufonf? OD;tkdufpH.ZeD;u {nfh xkdtcdkuf wJtdrfxufodk@ OD;tdkufpHESifh
onfrsm;udk xrif;yGJjyifau|;onf? OD;tdkufpHudk vlpdrf;wpfOD;wkd@ a&mufvm=ujyefonf? vlpdrf;
rawG@&ay? &Gm0ef;usifodk@ penf;em t&dyftuJ vufxw J iG f &efuek f jynfo@l rek @f wu
dk (f ,cif&mS ;rD;) rS
=unf&h ef xGuo f mG ;a=umif; aemifro S &d onf? xrif; taqmhwuf udwfrkef@bl;}uD;wbl; qGJvmonf?
rSm &Sr;f qefuakd ygi;f xm;ojzifh wrsKd ;pm;vd@k aumif; “[m q&ma'ygvm;”
100
 “[m {nfo h nfawGe@J ygvm;/ [kb d ufurf;
aom trlt&monf rsuf0ef;ESifh rsufESmwGif
ul;rvk@d xifw,f/ wdu k wf u
dk q
f idk q
f ikd Af sm/ aysmaf ysmf
txif;om; ay:vGifaeonf?
yg;yg;aygh ” {nfhonfrsm; pm;xm;aom rkef@xkyfrS
“b,fvkd jzpfvmwmwkef;” puULprsm;udk vdkufaumufum rD;±d_@ypfonf?
“b,fvrkd S rjzpfb;l / oGm;qufo, G wf hJ
{nfhonfwpfOD;rS ygvmaom vHkcsnftusôwpHk
vlu vufeufcsoGm;vkd@ aemufa=umif;jyefvSnfh vufaqmifay;onfudk vufrcHay?
vmwm” “'Dt0wftpm;awG[m olwdk@twGuf
aemufa&mufvmolESifh yxra&muf tE W&m,f&Sdw,f/ ray;eJ@” OD;aqmifvmaom
ESiahf omtoku d rf S OD;aqmifvmolw@dk tjyeftvSef &Jabmfu ajymonf?
E_wfqufvkduf=uonf? usOf;ajrmif;+yD; arSmif&dyf “[if;zkd;awmh ay;rSjzpfr,f”
usaom wJi,fav;wGif vlrsm;jzifh jynfu h syof mG ; “ray;eJ@awmh u|efawmfay;vkduf+yD”
ayonf? vmwJhvlvnf;vm oGm;wJhvlvnf; pm;aomuf+yD;onfESifh tdrfay:wGif
oGm;aygh[k olwkd@ pOf;pm;vkdufrdonf? =um=umrae? OD;tku d pf OH ;D aqmif+yD; &GmESihf tawmf
“rke@f awGu [efaqmifyefaqmif bke;f }u;DvSrf;onfh awmif,mwJwvHk;odk@ a±$ŒcJh=uonf?
uefawmhzkd@qdk+yD; 0,fvmwm/ pm;=uAsm/ wynfh awmif,mwJay:wGif ig;a,mufom; &,fvm;
awmfwkd@udk pGef@ygbk&m; æ bkef;}uD;udk pdwfxJu armvm; pum;aumif;=ujyefonf? OD;tkdufpH
uefawmhvdkufawmhr,f/ vmpm;=uAsm” onf rjyefao;ay? wJw0kduf uif;axmufvsuf
q&ma'pum;a=umifh tm;vH;k 0dik ;f &,f &Sd.? ae@wmonf wkdawmif;aypG/ tcsdefukef jref
vkduf=uonf? rkef@awGudk tdrfom;awGESifh cav; vSonf? arSmifpysdK;csdef OD;tkdufpH wacgufa&muf
awGudkyg a0ay;vkduf=uum awmcdkvmonfh vmjyefonf? a&bl;/ aumuf!‡if;xkyfESifh apmif
0&rf;ajy;ESifh axmifxGufwokdufwkd@. yxrqHk; pkwfESpfxnfay;onf? pum;us,fus,frajymeJ@/
trSwfw&ae@onf pdkajyoGm;ayonf? rD;rxGe;f eJ@/ &Sr;f wyfawG&w dS ,f/ Armpum; ajymoH
=um;&if a&mufvmvdrfhr,f[k owday;pum;
4 ajymonf? &Sr;f pum;eJeyJ g;yg; wwfaom OD;aqmif
OD;tkdufpHudk ,ckrS owdxm;=unfhrd &Jabmfu bmomjyefay;onf?
onf? toufav;q,f jynfhyHkr&ao;/ *ifwkdwkd xd@k a=umifh pum;ajymcsipf w d u f kd rsKd odyf
Avawmifah wmifh uwH;k qHawmufEiS hf OD;acgi;f vH;k um apmapmtdy&f m0if=uavonf? 'kX0wDjrpf.
onf? vufjyiftwefi,f uke;f ovk&d adS omfvnf; 'Dbufurf;wGif &Srf;wyfESifhArmwyf (ppftpdk;&
&iftkyfus,fus,f vuf±kH;vufzsef wif;wif;/ ppfwyf)wkd@&Sdum [kdbufurf;onf Armjynf
wud, k vf ;kH vufaumuf0wftxd aq;rifrsm;jzifh uGefjrLepfygwD. 108 ajymufusm;tajccHa'o
rJjymaeonf? wu,fhawmifay:om;ppfppf jzpf jzpfonf? jrpfwzufurf;qDrS b0ESpfck?
onf? {nfhonf&SdIom tusô0wfjcif;jzpf+yD; 'Dbufurf;wGif olw@kd .yH&k yd o f nf 0&rf;
cgwdkif;qdk t0wfAvmESifh aeyHk&onf? Armpum; ajy;ESifhaxmifxGuf/ [kdbufurf;wGif awmcdk
rwwfaomfvnf; t&dyt f uJukd =unfw
h wfonf? vli,fausmif;om;? pdwv f y_ &f mS ;pGmjzifh wdwq f w d f
pl;prf;aom owd&Sdaom ±dk;om;aom ckdifusnf +idrfouf tarSmifxkudk olwkd@ausmfjzwf=u&.?
101
 5 ,ckry S J pdwcf svufcs
aeESifhvwkd@onf urBmavmu}uD;udk vGwaf jrmufomG ;awmhonf?
olwvnfh igwvSnfh apmifha&Smufum obm0 ucsifu ckec f sifce
k /f
w&m;onf ol@oabmolaqmifum yHrk eS f vnfywf
aeayonf? olw@kd apmpD;pGm Ek;d =uonf? OD;tdu k pf H atmfcsifatmf[pfcsif[pf/
. ac:aqmif&mok@d wef;pDvu dk cf =hJ uonf? tawmf 0&rf;ajy;ESihf
twefoGm;rdv#if 'kX0wDjrpfurf;odk@ cyfapmuf
apmuf awmifay:vrf;twkdif; wdk;qif;oGm;ay axmifxu G r
f sm;onf
onf? ajyjypfonfh uwW&mvrf;rsm;wGif av#muf jynfow l yfrawmfom;
cJhaom vli,frsm;. ajcaxmufrsm;onf rwf
apmuf a om awmif a y:vrf ; wG i f uk w f u yf ajymufusm;&Jabmf
av#muf=u&onf? ajcrckdif 'l;rckdifv#if ,kdifvJEdkif opfviG r f sm;
onf? em&D0ufcef@qif;rd+yD;aemuf olwdk@onf
ausmufwHk; ausmufaqmifawG=um;odk@ a&muf jzpfomG ;}uav_yD?
oGm;onf? urf;yg;&HESifh opf}uD;0g;}uD;rsm;=um;
a&mufaeojzifh ydkI arSmifoGm;onf[k xifrday
onf? a&pD;um; oefvS.? rkef,dkaeaom
“xrif;csufpm;=ur,fAsdK@” awmqif±ikd ;f wpfaumif pG,pf zkH iG u hf m wd;k qif;vm
OD;tkdufpH o,fvmaomqefESifh tkd;udk onfESifh wlvGef;vSonf? a&rSm ±$H@ESpfrsm;jzifh eDndK
t&ifwnfu xrif;pm;zk@d jyifonf? ausmufaqmif aemufusdvsuf&Sd.? opfwHk;opfcuf opf&Guf
ausmufp, G af wG t=um; wifuseaf eaomrd;k a&udk opfaqG; 'kud o f ±kud w f @kd w[kex f ;kd pD;arsmaeonf?
q&ma'u zufjzifhcyfum pkaqmif;zdk@jyifonf? &Hzef&Hcg tjrpfrSu|wfum wtHkvHk; vdrfhpD;arsmyg
“a&uawmh awmxJrSm 'DvkdyJAsdK@ &Sm vmaom opfyif}uD;rsm;vnf;ygonf? a'grmef
}uHoHk;&wmyJ” yGm;aeaom wdrfqkyf jrLqkyfrsm;udk zrf;qD; pm;
q&ma'u a&ukzd ufjzifch yfum pkaqmif; aomufaeaom e*g;rif;. ausmrSausmfjzwfum
aepOfrSmyif OD;tkdufpHu rvSrf;rurf; a&xGuf wzufurf;odk@ olwdk@ul;=u&ayrnf?
aygufwckodk@ qefESifhtdk;udk,lum qefaq;ESifh c&D;pOfudk olwkd@óudwifroday? pDpOf
av+yD? xif;wdkxif;ajcmufrsm;jzifh xrif;wtkd; ay;ol &Jabmfrv S nf; v#Kd Œ0Suaf &;a=umifx h ifonf/
wnfum ygvmonfh yJykyfaxmif;ESifh wkd@ðryfum tao;pdwf ajymrxm;ay? axmufvSrf;a&;udk
xrif;pm;vku d =f uonf? twefi,f qufav#muf rsuaf jcjzwf&rSm jzpfonft h wGuf a&bl;/ rk;d ump
vkdufonfhtcg tvif;a&mifjzifh vufajymif ponfhtydkypPnf;rsm;vnf; bmrS ,lrvmcJh=u
v_y&f mS ;aeaom 'kX0wDjrpfukd bGm;ueJ awG@vu dk f acs?
&avonf? OD;tkud pf u
H óudwifðyvkyx f m;aom 0g;
azmifwpD;udk zGux f m;&mrS qGx J wk , f vl mcJo
h nf?
102
azmifay:wGif 0g;yd;k 0g;udk xGi;f ckwx f m;aom avSmf ±kef;&if;uef&if; azmifonf urf;wzufokd@ uyf
wufrsm;ESifh csdwfwyfxm;aom tvHk;ao;ao; onfxuf uyfvmcJo h nf? od@k &mwGif wzufurf;rS
awmifah wmifh 0g;ukid ;f &Snw f acsmif; ygonf? olw@kd a&pD;uykwfxkwfaeojzifh azmifonf urf;odk@
onf ygvmaomypPnf;rsm;udk 0g;azmiftv,f awmfawmfESifh uyfIr&/ qufIarsmjyefonf?
wGif pkcsnfum ESD;jzifh wkwfaESmifvkdufonf? “csdwf csdwf æ csdwfeJ@qGJ”
“tm;vHk; wcsDxJ&rvm;” OD;tkdufpH toifhvkyfxm;aom azmif
OD;tdkufpHu acgif;ndwfjyonf? vl ay:ygvmonfh 0g;csdwfjzifh wa,mufu urf;pyf
ajcmufa,muf wufpD;vdkufojzifh 0g;azmifonf eD;&m opfuikd ;f opfcufrsm;ok@d csw d jf zifvh rS ;f qGo
J nf?
a&wGifay:±Hkom&Sdawmhonf? oHk;av;csufr# óud;pm;vkdufawmhrS opfukdif;
“uJ xGurf ,f” wukdif;ESifh csdwfrd+yD; arsmaeaomazmifonf
olwkd@xJwGif a&ul;wwfolaum rul; wke@f ueJ wef@omG ;onf? 0g;udik ;f udq k u
JG m azmifukd
wwfolaum ygonf? a&ul;wwfoluvnf; urf;odk@uyf&onf?
uefawmf}uD;/ tif;vsm; ponfh a&aowGifom ckrS tm;vH;k pdwaf t;oGm;onf? a&xJrS
ul;zl;olrsm;jzpfojzifh a&pD;=urf;aom 0gacgifv jyefwufaomtcg OD;tdkufpH.rsufESmonf ,ckrS
'kX0wDe*g;rif;ESihf tòydiu f ;l zd@k r0Hah cs? azmifuav; yHrk eS t
f wkid ;f 0if;yvmum ESpòf cu d pf mG òy;H vdu k o
f nf?
onf a&pD;a=umif;twdkif; w[kefxdk; pD;arsmoGm; oltòyH;wGif wm0ef}uD;w&yf+yD;qHk;oGm;I pdwfcs
ayonf? ±$ŒH a&jzifh ±du
k yf wk rf a_ =umifh olw@dk tm;vH;k vufcs jzpfoGm;onfhtoGif ay:vGifvSayonf?
pkd±$Jukef=u+yD? a&uefomrSm avStaysmfpD;jcif; vGwfvyfr_tòyH;onf tm;vHk;okd@ ul;pufoGm;.?
r[kwf? a,musFm;azmifpD; rdef;rrD;aeqdkonfh ±d;k om;aom wm0ef,pl w d }f u;D aom awmifay:om;
pum;udk olwdk@vufawG@óuHae&onf? &Srf;trsdK;om;}uD;. tòyH;ukd olwkd@b,fawmhrS
“avSmfyg[ avSmfyg” arhEkdif=urnf r[kwfacs?
“arsm+yD æ arsm+yD æ zdavSmfyg[ “a&SŒrSm auG@&w dS ,f/ ausmufaqmifvJ
a&S@rSm0J&Sdw,f” aygw,f/ 0JawGvJaygw,f/ qufarsmoGm;&if
a=umufa=umuf±ŒHG ±GŒH ESihf ikww f w
k x f ikd f Arm(ppfwyf) wyfpcef;vJ &Sdw,f”
avSmfaeolrsm;onf ajcpHk&yfum wwfoavmuf OD;tkud pf u
H pk;d &drpf mG ajymygonf? xdpk Of
rSwfoavmuf tm;ukefxkwf avSmf=uawmh.? urf;yg;wav#muf òcHEG,frsm;udk wdk;a0S@vmaom
odk@&mwGif azmifonf a&v,frSrcGm a&pD;twkdif; opf&u G pf rd ;f ,leaD zmif;0wf &Jabmfwa,muf ay:
w[kefxdk;arsmavonf? azmifOD;rSavSmfaeonfh vmonf? olESifhtwl &JabmfwcsdK@ ygvmonf?
OD;tdkufpHukd vSrf;=unfhvkdufawmh pdk;&drfylyefonfh “pdk;&drfvkdufwmAsm/ cifAsm;wkd@ awmf
t&dyfta,mifudk jrif&onf? awmfarsmoGm;ovm;vkd@”
“avSmaf [h avSmaf [h tm;pdu k af vSm=f u” “a&pD; awmfawmf=urf;w,fAsKd @/ OD;tku d pf H
“0kef;” aumif;ayvkd@”
OD;tkdufpHonf rajymrqkd a&xJckefcs olwkd@ ESpfzmvHkavmuf arsmcJhonf
um azmifOD;rSaeI tm;pdkufum azmifudk a&pD; xifonf? wzufurf; olw@dk xu G v f maomae&mudk
a=umif;twGif;rS qGJxkwfonf? qGJ&if;avSmf&if; v#yfa&mif tawmfa0;a0;rSm jrif&onf? vmóud
103
onfh &Jabmf}uD;rSm 1962 Zlvkdifv 7 &uf ta&;
tcif;umvu tnmom;ausmif;om; &Jabmf
a[mif;}uD;wa,mufjzpfrSef; aemifrSod&onf?
jrpfwzufurf;onf ajymufusm; tajccH
a'o/ wpdwfwydkif; vGwfajrmufa'o[k ajymEkdif
onf? olw@dk onf pum;wajymajymESihf awmifay:
vrf ; twk d i f ; wuf c J h = uonf ? ,ck r S y J pd w f c s
vufcs vGwfajrmufoGm;awmhonf? ucsifu
ckecf sicf ek /f atmfcsiaf tmf/ [pfcsi[
f pf/ 0&rf;ajy;ESihf
axmifxGufrsm;onf jynf o l w yf r awmf o m;
ajymufusm;&Jabmf opfviG rf sm; jzpfomG ;=uav+y?D
6 ayyJ?
awmifay:vrf;twdkif; wufvmcJh&m
tawmfoGm;rdv#if ajrjyef@odk@ a&mufcJh=uonf?
aetawmfjrifah y+yD/ um;oHvo l H wnHnjH zifh yGuf
avm±dkufaeaom òrdŒjyokdufòrHY }uD;jyif;cJh&olwkd@
onf aus;oHiSufoHjzifh wdwfqdwfat;csrf;aom
awmifay:awmvrf;av;twkdif; av#mufvm&
ojzifh =unfEl;vef;qef;r_udk jzpfay:aponf?
=unfhav&m opfyif 0g;yif òcHEG,fawmyef;wkd@u
rsufpdyom'udk zrf;pm;aeonf?
a[mæ a&SŒrSmu|±J ikd ;f wpfaumif/ ESmw
zl;zl; cGmw&Syf&Syfjzifh vrf;udkum;,m;cGum olwkd@
udk qD;óuad eonf? u|±J ikd ;f awmh r[kwyf g? armif;wuf
0g;udkif;rsm;wGif óud;&Snf&SnfESifhcsnfum vSefxm;
aom cdkif;u|J}uD;ayyJ? 'Da'orSm u|JawGudk &GmESifh
vSrf;vSrf; pm;usufaumif;aumif;wGif vSefxm;
wwfonf? taysmuft&S r&Sad y? vrf;u usO;f usO;f
ab;wzufpD òcHawGxlxyfaeojzifh roGm;om
jzpfaeonf? u|J}uD;u 0òzd;awmifhwif;onf?
vlpdrf;awG awG@ojzifh ±kdif;csifaeonf?
a±SŒuoGm;ESifholwkd@rSm u|Judkarmif;r&/
u|Ju vrf;z,fray;/ ayapmif;apmif;jzifh *sdK0ifh
104
aeonf? u|JESifhvlwkd@ qdkifae=upOf cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS
vkdufvmaom OD;tkdufpH a±SŒudkwufcg bmrajym
nmrajym u|aJ &SŒrSm ajcaumvufaum zm;ckecf ek f
pHkajr‡mufum ajcmufavonf? OD;tkdufpH. udk@±dk@
um;,m; trlt&mESihf ajcum;,m; vufum;,m;
0l;0l;atmfum ajcmufveS @f ra_ =umifh ±kid ;f csio f nfu
h |J
òcH=um;odk@ wkd;0ifajy;avonf?
olw@dk tm;vH;k w[m;[m; &,farm=u
onf? OD;tkdufpH. 0if;yaomrsufESmonf pyf+zD;
+z;D jzifh òy;H avonf? OD;tku d pf .
H aus;vufqefaom
ckefaygufjrL;ºuG udk@±dkŒum;,m;trlt&mu olwkd@
udk ul;pufomG ;ayonf? u|u J Ekd idk wf m v,form;
olw@dk &GmawGjzwfvm=uawmh OD;tku d pf H
ygrvmawmhay? ar;=unfhawmh wrifcsefae&pfcJh
a=umif; od&onf? OD;tdkufpHtm; aemufxyf
rawG@&awmhay? wcgom &Gmbkef;}uD;ausmif;yGJ
wckwGif vltkyf=um;rSm vSrf;awG@vkduf&onf? OD;
tkdufpHu rodromòyH;jyum E_wfqufonf? v#dK@
0Suaf &;a=umifh olw@dk u OD;tku d pf u H kd E_wq
f ufjcif;
rðyay?
aEGr;kd aqmif; &moDawG tvDvaD jymif;cJh
ay+yD? olwkd@onf xdk;ppfawG AHk;tajrmufusnfqH
awG=um; jzwfoef;cJh=uonf? 'kX0wDvkdyif =urf;
aom/ ±dkif;aom/ oefaom/ oGufaom jrpfawG
acsmif;awGrsm;pGmudk jzwfoef;cJh=uonf? oHvGif
udk tacgufacguf ul;cJh=uonf? 0g;azmifudk
ud, k w
f idk zf @JG um ud, k w
f idk af r#mcJ=h uonf? a&pD;oef
aom jrpfawG acsmif;awGxrJ mS zsw H aumifvdk ul;cJh
=uonf?
awmifawG awmifawG/ awmawG awm
awG/ ajc&mcsi;f xyfatmif oGm;cJ=h uonf? ajcaxmuf
awG tom;rmwuf/ vnf*kwfawG ºuGufom;
wufatmif c&D;=urf;awG jzwfoef;cJh=uonf?
awmESifhawmifudk tom;uscJh=uonf?
 olw@dk onf OD;tku d pf u
H rkd arh/ ta=umif; trmcHqv dk #if w&m;r&Sd
wku d q f ikd w
f idk ;f owd&onf? OD;tku d pf o H nf olw@dk .
vufOD;q&mayyJ? OD;tkdufpH. pepfusr_/ aphpyf "m;r&Sd vufvw G p f yg,f
aocsmr_/ wm0ef,lr_/ 0D&d,&Sdr_/ }uH@ckdifr_/ ZGJowWd vkyc f i
G &
hf y
dS govm;?
&Sdr_/ tepfemcHr_/ udk,fhtm;udk,fukd;r_wkd@onf pHe
rlemrsm; jzpfcJhayonf? ppfyJG ppfajrjyifwi G f
{&m0wDukd tacgufacguf vufypful; wzufEi S whf zuf
cJah om anmifO;D urf;yg;u anmifO;D zD;vkd 'kX0wDukd
tacguaf cguu f ;l cJah om 'kX0wDurf;yg;u OD;tku d pf ?H taota-u ypfcwf
u|±J idk ;f udk ,Ofyg;apaom v,form;}u;D OD;tku d pf ?H owfjzwf}uonfrmS
±kd;om;aysmf±$ifwwfaom awmifay:om;}uD; OD;
tku d pf ?H olt}udrf}udrftvDvD ykd@ay;cJhaom 0&rf; tqef;r[kwaf omfvnf;
ajy;ESifhaxmifxGuf b,favmufrsm;+yDvJ? &yfx&J mG xJEi S hf òrd}Œ uD;
'kX0wDonf ±kid ;f wcg,OfwvSnhf =urf;
wcgnifwvSnfh aemufwcg=unfwvSnfh pD;+rJ jy}uD;awGay:rSm Oya'rJh
pD;vsuf&Sd.? ESpftwef=umonfhtcg olwkd@csif; xifovkd owfjzwfci G hf
jyefawG@pOf pdwfxdcdkufzG,f owif;qdk;w&yf =um;
vku d &f onf? ppftpd;k &ppfwyfu &Gmud0k idk ;f OD;tku d pf H &Syd govm;?
udk vufjyefóud;wkyf &Gmjyifxkwfum ESdyfpuf!‡if;
yef;+yD; vlrqefpGm owfjzwfcJhavonf? tdkufpH ulnD±kdif;yif;cJhaom olwkd@u rSDckdtm;xm;cJhaom
onf uGejf rLepf trmcHqykd ?J trmcHqv dk #if w&m; trmcHrsm;ukd olwkd@. udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf
r&S"d m;r&Sd vufvw G pf yg,f vkycf iG &hf ydS govm;? ppfyJG a&mif;pm;=uolrsm;jzpfonf?
ppfajrjyifwGif wzufESifhwzuf taota=u pum;wvH;k r#rajym vkypf &m&So d nfukd
ypfcwfowfjzwf=uonfrSm tqef;r[kwfaomf &ifpnf;Ivkyfukdifwwfaom ±kd;om;odrfarG@onfh
vnf; &yfx&J mG xJEiS hf òrŒd }u;D jy}u;D awGay:rSm Oya'rJh awm.orD;ysdKjzpfaom OD;tkdufpH.ZeD;aum?
xifovkd owfjzwfciG hf &Syd govm;? ol&aJ bma=umif a=u;pm;wyfu apmfum;cJhavoavm? cspfpzG,f
vGef;vSayonf? pl;prf;wwfaom ESvHk;om;jzLpifonfh OD;tkdufpH.
ppftpkd;& a=u;pm;ppfwyf. Adkvfus orD;ESifhom;i,faum rdrJhzrJh vGifharsmcJh+yDavm?
&rf;um;r_rsm;udk r=umc% jrif& =um;&ygrsm; pdk;&drfylyefpGmjzifh owdw& atmufarhrdavonf?
vmonfhtcg trmcHqdkonfrSm tzdESdyfcH jynfol OD;tku
d pf wH @kd rdom;pkta=umif; pOf;pm;
vlxk}uD;yif jzpfonf[k oabmaygufvm rday rdwidk ;f olonf rv$o J mra&Smifom cGcJ v
JG m&cJoh nfh
onf? axmifxGuf 0&rf;ajy;ESifh trmcHwkd@onfh tarESifh nDi,fnDri,frsm;udk vGrf;qGwfrdav
wom;wnf;&SdaecJhayonf? 'DtxJwGif opPm onf?
azmufrsm; ryg0ifay? opPmazmufrsm;onf aus; atmif+idrf;
Zl;uef;olrsm; jzpf=uayonf? wcsdefu olwkd@udk (2009/ azazmf 0 g&D 7)
105
 acsmif;±dk;wHwm;av;uae&yf+yD; jrpfjyifudk
rsufESmrlvdkuf&if taemufbuf rkd;ukyfpuf0kdif;qD
wa±GŒa±GŒ ikyfv#dK; aysmufuG,fawmhr,fh aevHk;eDeD}uD;&,f/
vdarRmfa&mif wdrfwdkufawG&,f/ tdyfwef;jyef iSufuav;
awG&,f/ ukefwifoabFmawG jzwfoGm;wkdif; vd_if;vHk;awG
=um;rSm ðryfcsnfay:csnfeJ@ cyfjyjyvSrf;jrifae&wJh wHigavS
av;awG&,f/ naecif;&JŒ El;nHhwJh avajyav!‡if;awG&,f/
'DjrifuGif;awGu usKyf&JŒr±dk;EkdifwJh yef;csDum;wcsyfygyJ?
'gayr,fh 'DjrifuGif;awGudk t&ifvdk tcsdefawGt=um}uD;
ai;armcGifh qHk;±H_;cJh&wm usKyftzdk@awmh =umcJhyg+yD? 'DvkdeJ@
usKy&f ŒJ ajcvSr;f awGu usKyw
f m0efus&m t&yfqD
tvdak vsmuf a±G@vsm;rdjyefw,f?
106
 (R.I.T) wJh aemuf (Y.I.T) vd@k vnf;
ac:=uao;w,f? pmawmfwJh EdkifiHudk,fpm;ðy
ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;awGrS wufciG &hf wJh Armjynf
&JŒtxifu& ausmif;awmf}uD;ayg?h usKyf zswu f eJ
zkef;armfukd owd&w,f/ aemufawmh &Spfav;vHk;/
+y;D awmh aoG;pGe;f cJw h hJ orkid ;f 0ifae@&ufawG 'gawmif
usKyu f xJx0J if0if odcóhJ uóH uu d cf w
hJ mawmif r[kwf
ao;ygbl;? tJ'Dwkef;u usKyfu udpPwpfckeJ@ c&D;
vGeaf ewm/ tdrjf yefa&mufawmhrS 'Dta=umif;awG
udo k &d / =um;&ayr,f/h arhr&atmifukd usKyt f m±Hrk mS
uyfnad ewke;f yJ? ud, k wf idk yf g0if óuHawG@co hJ ol mqkd
æ ? twdwf&JŒ pdwfraumif;p&m tawG;awG
usKyt f m±Hxk u J azsmufzsuf ypfvu dk wf ,f? us,f
0ef;cef@nm;vSwJh 'Dausmif;0ef;}uD;xJrSm ESpfcsdK@
yiftkd}uD;awG/ uhHaumf&dyf/ ca&&dyf/ a&wrmwef;/
ykÀm;&dyfwef;eJ@ pdrf;jrjrjrufcif;jyifay:u w±kwf
pum;yGifhaºuGawG/ wdwfqdwf +idrfoufjcif;awG
=um;xJrSm ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om; uif;rJhpGmeJ@
ausmif;awmf}u;D uawmh ajcmufaoG@pmG vJavsmif;
vkd@? r±kd;Edkifatmif wifpm;=uwJh wuUokdvf&JŒ
&ifciG rf mS oufqikd &f m q&mwcsKd @/ ausmif;0efxrf;
wpfcsKd @e@J usKd ;wk;d usw J J v_y&f mS ;touf0ifv@dk awmh
aeav&JŒ? usKyf 'Dtvkyu f kd p0ifuwJu ausmif;
ol/ ausmif;om;&,fvkd@vnf; rawG@rdygbl;? usKyf
odoavmufawmh ausmif;awG ydwx f m;w,f qdk
vm;yJ? wu,fawmh usKyu f 'Dausmif;eJ@ 'Dausmif;
rSmynmoifr,fh ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;awGudk
twlwGJ+yD; jrifbl;csif/ ai;arm=unfhcsifwm? usKyf
=unfhcJhbl;wJh ±kyf&SifawGxJuvkd aysmf&$ifvGwfvyf
wJh ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;b0udk wuUodkvf
qdkwm bmrSef;rodwJh/ rodcJhbl;wJhusKyfu jrifcsif/
awG@csifaerdwm? 'gayr,fh ausmif;}uD;u ajcmuf
aoG@aew,f? wdwfqdwfaew,f? usKyfpdwfxJ
wpfrsdK;yJ? xm;ygawmh/ usKyfu odyfr=umcifurS
tvky0f ifwo hJ yl aJ v? 'Dausmif;0ef;}uD;xJrmS usKyf
wm0ef,l&wJhtvkyfu napmifh? wcgw&H ae@
bufawGyg apmifhay;&ao;w,f? usKyftouf
ajcmufq,fjynfh yifpif,lt+yD; pD;yGm;a&; tajc
taet& ig;ESpfausmf tem;,l+yD;rS rjzpfrae
wausmhjyefvkyf&wJh tvkyfaygh? 'gawmif tod
wa,muftultnDeJ@ uHaumif;axmufrpGm
&xm;wmyg? 'Dvkd tvkyfrsdK;vkyfzdk@ wcgrS rawG;
bl;ayr,fh 0rf;a&;t& usKyf±kef;uef&OD;r,fav?
usKyftck vuf&adS exdik w f hJ taemufóudŒuke;f uae
(R.I.T) ukdvrf;avsmuf&if rdepfav;q,f
avmufawmh av#muf&w,f? t&ifuawmh usKyf
wd@k vrf;awGu qk;d w,f? opfwifwu hJ m;awG armif;
vGef;vdk@ vrf;awGu ysufqD;aewm/ rdk;wGif;qdk
oGm;&vm& odyfcufwm/ b,fae&m=unfh=unfh
AGuaf wGcsn;f yJ? 'gayr,fh rif;"rRuek ;f udk Akv d cf if!eG @f
ausmufawmf}uD;bk&m;yifhvdk@ uGefu&pfvrf; cif;
vkdufawmhrS tqifajyoGm;wm? bk&m;&JŒaus;Zl;/
bk&m;'um}uD;&JΠaus;Zl;awGaygh? wu,fawmh
'Dvrf;awGudkav#muf&wm wcgw&H usKyf odyf
+i;D aiG@w,f? 'gayr,fh rjzpfrae oGm;ae&ao;w,f?
t&ifu usKyftvkyfoGm;&wJh 'Dvkd naecif;awG
qdk usKyfrdwfaqGawGeJ@ axG&mav;yg; pum;vuf
qHu k saeus/ usKyaf exkid &f m vdi_ jf rpf (&efuek jf rpf) urf;
wav#muf ae0ifcsdefawGai;arm&if; usKyf tyrf;
ajzaeus/ ckawmh ,dr;f ,kid o f mG ;wJh pD;yGm;a&; tajc
taeawGa=umifh 'DtcGit hf a&;awGukd qH;k ±H;_ ae&+yD
av? tJ'g 'if;wk@d a=umif/h jynfoal wGukd tEkid u f sihf
&rS pm;0iftdyfaysmfwJh tm%m±l;awGa=umifh?
t&if usKyt f vkyu f opfawmOD;pD;qdw k hJ
acgif;pOfatmufu 0efxrf;wOD;ygyJ? [kd;t&if
wke;f uawmh usKyf&wJh vkyt f m;cu usKyfro d m;pk
ukd acsmifvnfatmifxm;Ekid w f thJ jyif rdb/ bk;d bGm;
ykdifv,fawG/ ,mawGeJ@qkdawmh usKyfywf0ef;usif
rSm wifhwifhw,fw,f aeEkdifpm;Ekdifovkd/ &yfa&;
&Gma&;rSm a&SŒqHk;uygvkd@ &yfrd&yfzqdkvnf; rrSm;
107
bl;ayg?h om;orD;enf;wJh usKyt f zk@d wlawG/ wlrawG/
aqGrsKd ;awGuakd wmif wifau|;xm;Ekid af o;? ckawmh
usKyfwa,mufxJzdk@awmif tEkdifEdkifvkd@ ajym&
awmhrSmyJ? usKyftouf ajcmufq,fjynfhvkd@ 0ef
xrf;tvkyu f yifpif,al wmh ESpv f twGi;f 0efxrf;
tdrf,mu z,fay;&w,f? usKyf&wJhyifpifvpm
ig;&mu usKyfaexkdif&mae&mu yifpif±Hk;udk oGm;
xkw&f if ukeu f sr,fu h m;c/ vlu, kd wf idk f oGm;rxkwf
Ekid v
f @dk &yfuuG af umifp±D ;kH rSm yifpifvpJ$ m oGm;,l&if
ay;&wJEh pS &f m/ 'Dae@acwfaps;E_e;f / uJ usKyftwGuf
bmusefao;vJ? usKyfwoufvHk; ±kd;om;pGm cHkrif
zufwG,fvmcJhwJh tpdk;&0efxrf; vkyfoufESpf
av;q,fausm&f ŒJ &ykid cf iG /hf cHpm;cGiahf wGav? xm;awmh/
'gawGu usKyaf jzomygao;w,f/ rajzomwmu
usKyfwkd@ rdbbkd;bGm;ykdif v,f,mawGudk odrf;ypf
vkdufwmyJ? usKyfwkd@rSm jyp&mqkdvkd@ bkd;bGm;ydkif
v,f,mawGb&J w dS m? ckvdk t"rRord ;f ypfvu dk af wmh
usKyfwkd@vnf; pD;yGm;ysuf+yDaygh? usKyfwkd@ydkifqkdifwJh
v,f/ ,m/ ajrawGu tckpufrò_ rŒd awmfv@dk emrnf
}uD;aewJh vd_ifom,m pufr_ZkefrSmav? pOf;pm;
=unfhygAsm? b,favmufrsm; cHjyif;p&maumif;
ovJv@kd ? 'Dv,f/ ,m/ ajrawGu usKyfw@dk bk;d bGm;
pOfqufu pkdufysdK; xGef,ufvmcJh=uwm ezl;u
ac|; ajcrusatmif EGm;eJ@zuf±kef;+yD; &or#ac|;eJ
pmav;udk bke;f }uD;ausmif;awGrmS ESppf Of a&pufcs
vSL'gef;cJhwm? usKyfawmif 'Dpyg;cif;awGxJrSmyJ
}uD;jyif; &SifoefvmcJhwm? 0efxrf;tvkyfudk a&G;
cs,cf ahJ yr,fh wjyef@wajym pdr;f jraewJh v,fuiG ;f
jyifawGu usKyf&JŒb0yJ/ usKyftwGuf v,fuGif;
jyifawGu ±dk;om;wJh awmol/ awmifom;/ v,f
orm;rsdK;±kd;&JŒ jy,k*fyJ? 'gyJ usKyf*k%f,lcJhwm?
ckawmh 'Dv,f,mawGu cifAsm;wdk@eJ@ rqkdifawmh
ygbl;/ odrf;ypfvdkufyg+yDqdk+yD; taqmuftOD;awG
t"rRaqmufypfvu dk =f u±Hek @J usKyfw@dk u vufyu
=unfhaevdkuf&wm? b,frSmvJ usKyfwkd@twGuf
108
ckawmh 'Dv,f,mawGu cifAsm;wde‹k ‹J
rqkid af wmhygbl;/ odr;f ypfvukd yf g_yD
qdk_yD; taqmuftOD;awG t"rR
aqmufypfvkduf-u±HkeJ‹ usKyfwkd‹u
vufyu kd f -unfah evdu
k &f wm? b,f
rSmvJ usKyfwkd‹twGuf xkdufwefwJh
epfema-u;/ usKyfwe‹dk ‹J b0wl tajc
taerJo h mG ;olawGvnf; trsm;}uD;
ygyJ?
xkdufwefwJhepfema=u;/ usKyfwkd@eJ@ b0wl tajc
taerJhoGm;olawGvnf; trsm;}uD;ygyJ? 'Dvdk
tjzpfrsdK;awG usKyfavhvmrdoavmuf usKyfwkd@
Ekid if rH mS yHv k @dk / atmvd@k / rw&m;rSe;f od&ufe@J awmuf
acguf±Hk tH}udwf±HkuvGJ+yD; acgif;iHk@cHae&wm usKyf
cHjyif;w,f?TV±kyjf rifo=H um;owif;awGrmS awmh
b,frSm pufr_òrdŒawmfawG wnfaqmufaeyg+yD?
awmif'*kef pufr_Zkef/ ajrmuf'*kef pufr_Zkefwkd@rSm
b,fpuf±Hkudk b,f0ef}uD;u zJóud;jzwf zGifhvSpf
ay;vdkufwm ponfjzifh pHkvkd@ygyJ? t&ifuawmh
ud, k Ehf idk if H zG@H òzd;wk;d wufvmw,fq+dk yD; auseyfcb hJ ;l
ygw,f? tckawmh usKyf&ifxJ b,fvkdrS cHpm;vkd@
r&awmhovkd b,fvkdrSudk txifr}uD;awmhwm?
jzpfEkdif&if 'Davmufus,fajymwJh ajr,mawGudk
jynfoal wGqu D rw&m;/ t"rRord ;f ypfvu dk w
f myg/
jynfol@xrif;vkyfudk ykwfcs+yD; &Gmom;tvSL
ol}uD;aumif;r_vkyfwmygvkd@ wurBmvHk; =um;
atmifudk atmfajymypfvu kd cf siwf m? ckawmh usKyf
kd f wkd@b0u bD²bD²pD av;awmif us,fus,frzGifh&J
wJb h 0? wcg wcg usKyt f &GŒJ wdu
k +f y;D w&yfuu G fvHk;
=um;atmif u d k tus,f } uD ; xzG i f h y pf w m?
zrf;csifwJhaumif zrf;yapqkd+yD;awmhav? tJvdk
tcgrsdK;awGqdk usKyfeJ@ aqGrsdK;ruif;wJh &yfuGuf
vl}u;D u “touf}u;D rS axmifeef;pHae& ygO;D r,f
OD;av;&,f”qd+k yD; c%c%azsmif;zsv@dk aemufq;kH
usKyfa'gou ol@qaD &muf+yD; ole@J pum;rsm; =u&
wmvnf; tcgaygif;renf;awmhygbl;? ckawmh
tdZk mwmraumif;bl;vk@d ajym&rvdk touf}uD;rS
usKyfwkd@ tbkd;}uD;tzGm;}uD;ESpfa,muf tajc
taerJh=u&+yD? usKyfarG;xm;wJh om;orD; ESpf
a,mufuvnf; ol@rdom;pkeJ@ol tEdkifEdkif 'Dawmh
usKybf 0udk cGet f m;&So
d a&GΠ&yfwnfz@dk 'D napmifh
qdkwJhtvkyfudkyJ a&G;cs,f&awmhwmav?
ckqdk usKyt
f vkyo f mG ;/ tvkyjf yefwidk ;f rSm
t+rJwapawG@&wwfwJh vlwcsdK@eJ@ rdwfaqGawG
&aevkd@ t&ifuavmuf vrf;av#muf&wm ysif;
p&mraumif;awmhygbl;? olwkd@vJ usKyfvkdyJ ±kef;
uefae=u&wm? ajym&&if b0wlawGaygh? w
a,mufu vrf;ab;trdu _ yf akH wGu oHw/dk oHpawG
aumuf+yD; a&mif;pm;ae&wJh/ 0rf;a&;udk ajz&Sif;
ae&wJh usKyfeJ@oufwl&G,fwl? usKyftvkyfvmwJh
naecif;wkdif; r=umc% oleJ@qHkjzpfw,f? oleJ@
qHkwkdif; bmoma&;ta=umif;awG/ av;eufwJh
tawG;tac: t,ltqawG óuH&ifóuHovkd em;
vnfr_csif; zvS,fjzpf=uw,f? aemufESpfa,muf
uawmh tbdk;}uD;/ tbGm;}uD; vifr,m;As?
(B.I.T) vkd@ac:wJh jrefrmEkdifiH aq;0g;xkwfvkyf
a&; puf±}kH uD;a&SŒu tkww f w H idk ;f av;em;rSm trd;k /
tum qkd±Hkav;awGum+yD; ukefpdrf;a&mif;pm;=u
&Smwm? usKyf tvkyfujyefvmwJh reufbufawG
qdk tzd;k }u;D u blwmrSmukepf rd ;f awG tajy;tv$m;
oGm;0,f/ 'Da&muf&if tbGm;}uD;u ae&mcif;usi;f
+yD;a&mif;/ olwkd@ a&mif;wmqkdvkd@ t&if;tESD; rsm;
rsm;vnf; r[kw&f mS ygb;l ? uefZeG ;f &Guw f @dk csOaf ygif
&Gufwdk@vkd toD;tESHav;awG/ a&mif;&wJh tjrwf
aiGav;u wpfae@pm xrif;pm;avmuf±ykH J qkyd g
awmh? usKyf tvkyfujyefvmwJhtcgwkdif; olwkd@
qDu ypPnf;wckck0,f+yD; tm;ay;jzpfw,f? usKyf
tdrfrSm [if;aumif;av; csuf&ifvnf; olwkd@
twGu&f atmif o,fomG ;jzpfw,f? usKyfawG;rd
w,f/ olwkd@ae&mrSm usKyfomqkd&ifa&m 'Dvkd ±kef;
uefEkdifygOD;rvm;/ tawG;eJ@wif usKyf&ifylw,f?
+yD;awmh olwdk@udkusKyf wu,fhav;eufppfrSefwJh
todeJ@ pmemw,f? wae@awmh tJ'D aq;0g;
xkwv f yk af &;puf±u kH kd pufr_ (1) 0ef}u;D vmvk@d tJ'D
ywf0ef;usifu wJxdk;a&mif;wJh aps;qdkifav;awG
tukezf suaf y;&w,f? qku d u f m;eif;pm;wJh olawG
vnf; tJ'Dae@rSm qdkufum; reif;=u&bl;? usKyf
naeykid ;f tvkyv f mawmh tJ'yD wf0ef;usif w0ku d f
rSm ajymifvkd@ &Sif;vkd@/ tm;csif;qkdovkd puf±Hk
rsufESmpmawGrSm *syefjrufcif;awG/ tvSpdkuf
opfyifawG tpDt&Dpu dk v
f @dk 'gayr,fh 'Dywf0ef;usif
rSm wJxkd;a&mif;wJh vlawG/ aemuf usKyfrdwfaqG
tbdk;}uD; tbGm;}uD;vifr,m; usKyfolwkd@udk
t&dyfta,mifawmif &SmrawG@awmhbl;? 'Dvedk @J
&uftawmf=umrS oHwkd/ oHpawG vdkufaumuf
aewJh usKyfrdwfaqGeJ@awG@vdk@ ar;=unfhawmhrS
olu “tJ'aD e@u qdik af wGukd pnfyifawGu tukef
vd k u f z suf y pf w mAsKd Π? +yD ; awmh tuk e f v H k ; ud k
armif;xkwfypfwm acG;avacG;vGifhawG ESifovdk
ygyJ ? vrf ;ud k v nf ; waeuk ef eD ; yg; b,f o l rS
rjzwf&bl; ydwfxm;wm/ qkdufum;orm;awGqdk
tHek mcray;Ekid v f @kd olw@dkukd used q f aJ ewm? used v
f nf;
iused yf gyAJ sm/ bmwwfEidk rf mS vJ” =um;&wJh pum;
awGu usKyf&ifudk eifhceJ jzpfoGm;apvkdufwm
bmrS jyefrajymEkid w f t hJ xdy?J usKyf tH=h oraeawmh
ygb;l ? olw@dk [m igw@dk vkd vlom;ppfppfawG jzpfw,f
qdw k m vlom;csi;f pmempdwef @J ±k;d ±k;d av; awG;rd&if
awmif usKyfolwkd@udk aus;Zl;wifaerdOD;rSmyg
ckawmh æ
109
 usKytf zd@k =umvmav wae@wae@ awG@ wHwm;aqmufzdk@ ausmif;aqmufzdk@ rxnfhrae&
ae jrifae =um;ae&wmawGu emusifp&m awG/ tvSLaiGawG a&S@uwpfa,mufu bk&m;wnf/
pdwfrcsrf;omp&mawGyJ jzpfjzpfvmw,f? um; ausmif;aqmuf+yD;vd@k aemufwpfa,mufu =uuf
rSww f idk af wGrmS vl}u;D awGem; vufuav; ukw+f y;D qlyifpdkufysdK;a&; wpcef;xvmcsdefrSm tdrfwkdif;
awmif;yefwdk;v#dK;wJh rsufvHk;awGeJ@ toem;cH =uufqyl if r0,frae&/ rpku d rf ae&trde@f / 'gawGukd
awmif;pm;aewJh uav;oli,fawG&JΠtem*wf vGefqefzdk@cGeftm; usKyfwkd@ jynfolawGtwGuf
awG/ awmifa0S;av;tEkid Ef idk u f idk &f if; wkew f ek f &D&eD @J ta=umufw&m;rsm; jzpfaea&m@ovm; æ acsmif
awmif;pm;aewJh ouf}uD;&G,ftkdawG/ xrif; ydwfrdaewJh acsmifydwfrdvdk@ ydwfrdrSef;awmif rod
wvkyfpm;&zkd@twGuf tajy;tv$m; v_yf&Sm; ±kef; =u&SmwJh usKyw f @dk vxl b k 0awG twlwuG wGe;f vSef
uefae&wJh vufvkyfvufpm; tvkyform;b0 Ekid rf ,fah e@awGukd usKyfar#mv f ifrh yd gw,f? 'gayr,fh
awG? 'gawGudk =unfh+yD; usKyftouf&Sif&rSm tzdEydS cf H vufeufrhJ vlwef;pm;/ vufeuftmud;k
a=umufa=umufvmw,f? 'Dppftkyfpk tkyfpdk;vm eJ@ jynfolawGudk zdESdyftEdkifusifhwJh tm%m±l;
wJh tESpEf pS q f ,fumvtwGi;f vlawG&ŒJ pD;yGm;a&; awG&JŒ=um; Armjynfta&; usKyf&ifav;rdw,f?
pdwf"gwfa&;&mawG ododomomusqif;vm+yD; 'Dae@ wvtwGif; ESpf&ufem;&wJh t
pD;yGm;a&;=um;rSm acgi;f raxmifEidk af vmufatmif vkyfem;&ufrdk@ xHk;pHtwkdif; rav#mufwm=um+yD
A[kow k awG tm;enf;csKd @wv hJ mwJt h wGuf xrif; jzpfwJh jrpfurf;eHab;wpfav#muf usKyf vrf;
pm;zk@d touf&iS af e=uwmvm;/ ouf&iS zf @dk xrif; av#mufxGufjzpfw,f? jrpfjyifus,fudk ai;arm
pm;=uwmvm;qkdwmawmif cGJjcm;Edkifzkd@ cufvm =unfhaeayr,fh El;El;nHhnHh jzwfwkdufoGm;wJh av
w,f? olw@dk b,fvydk J “acwfrzDS @HG òz;d wd;k wufaom awGu t&ifvrdk at;jrawmhb;l ? usKyfrsuv f ;kH xJ
Ekid if aH wmf}uD; wnfaqmufthH ”vk@d aºuG;a=umf+yD; vdarRmaf &mif wdrw f u dk af wGvnf; ta&mifawG rSed f
toHaumif;[pfaeayr,fh atmufajcvlwef;pm; aew,f? tdyfwef;jyef iSufawGudkvnf; rai;arm
awG&ŒJ qif;&JwiG ;f eufoxuf eufvmyHu k dk usKyw f @dk csifawmhbl;? wcgwcg ukefwifoabFm}uD;awG
b,foludk vufqGJ+yD;jy&rSmvJ? usKyfwpfck ajym jzwfoGm;wkdif; vd_if;awG=um;rSm ðryfcsnf/ ay:csnf
csifw,f? r,Hk&ifvm=unfhyg? jrefrmjynf&JŒ òrdŒ vSr;f jrifae&wJh wHigavSav;awGtwGuf &ifxw d f
awmfjzpfwJh &efukefòrd&JŒ qifajczHk;&yfuGufawGrSm/ aerdjyefao;w,f? usKyftawG;xJrmS 0ef}uD;qdo k l
ta0;ajy; um;*dwaf wGrmS / vljzpf±;_H aewJh wu,fh vm±Hek @J acG;avacG;vGiv hf kd armif;xkwcf &H wJh tdrk if;
vlom;b0awGta=umif;av? tck vuf&Sdtajc rpGrf;wJh ouf&Sdvlom;ESpfa,muf&JŒ ±kyfyHkv$mudk
taet& usKyfw@dk rmS ud, k t
hf rd u f , dk f jyif&ifawmif jrifa,mif&if; wpfcsed u f vif;vuf awmufycJw h hJ
pnfyifrmS tcGeaf qmif&w,f? +cx H rJ mS &Sw
d hJ ukuKdU yif Armjynftm; naecif;&JŒqnf;qmudk wjznf;jznf;
ukd wufcsKd ifr&d ifawmif '%f±u kd cf &H w,f? &S&d o dS r# 0g;rsdKawmhr,fh tarSmifxktjzpf cHpm;vkduf&wJh
tdrf&Sdvlukef }uHŒzGH@wdk@/ rdcifESihfcav; apmifha&Smuf tcg usKyftcgaygif;rsm;pGm rufarmcJhbl;wJh nae
a&;toif;wd@k / trsK;d orD;a&;&mwd@k rjzpfrae 0if& cif ; qnf ; qm&J Œ yef ; csD u m;wcsyf u ðAef ; qk d
w,f? aemufwcku q,fESpfausmf uav;vJ tusnf;wefoGm;w,f? ?
rD;owfwyfzGJ@0ifxJ yg&awmhwmyJAsKd@? 'D=um;xJ cif ( opP m )
abmvHk;yGJ &efyHkaiGwkd@/ &yfuGuf rD;uif;a=u;wdk@/ 31/ 12/ 2008 (10:00 pm)
110
 (1)

udka0vif;u“&ifaoG;”qkdonfh pum;vHk;udk ESpfòcdufpGm jyefvnfawG;awm=unfhrdonf?

&ifaoG;qdo k nfh pum;vH;k rSm odyo f nf;uspv f pfor# cef@nm;vSyum wmoGm;vGe;f vSonf? &ifxu J
ESv;kH aoG;? &ifrjS zpfaom om;orD;&wem? rdcif zcifw@dk . taoG;tom;jzifh a&m,Suf aygi;f pyf zG@J pnf;
xm;onfh &ifaoG;om;orD;? xkd@jyif ausmif;om;vli,f ysdKjrpfEke,folwkd@udk wkdif;jynf. &ifaoG;?
uAsmtvuFmudk uAsmq&m. &ifaoG;? yef;csDum;csyfudkvnf; yef;csDq&m. &ifaoG; æ ponfjzif?h
wcsKd @uvJ ydI k vSy/ ydI
k pl;epfav;eufapcsi&f if &ifaoG;&ifEpS [ f I l xH;k zG@J a&;om;ajymqkd wwf=uavonf?
xdkpum;vHk;udk udka0vif;u tav;teuf cHpm;awG;awm aerdonf?
atmfvAD mwGpEf iS hf uav;vli,frsm; ±ky&f iS Zf mwfvrf;udk ±kyjf rifo=H um;wGif vSr;f jrif cHpm;&mrS
cspo
f nf&h ifaoG; armifoufwif. !d! k 0kd ikd ;f 0kid ;f rsuEf mS uav;udk ±kyjf rifo=H um; zefom;jyifay:wGif zswu f eJ
vSr;f jrifvu dk &f mrS qufpyfaESmifz@JG tawG;rsm;u jyef@viG hf ul;pufvmcJjh cif;jzpfonf? vef'efòrdŒ vrf;óud
vrf;=um;/ vlpnfum;&m aps;rsm;w0kduf vSnfhvnf usufpm;aeaom olcdk;/ tvpfow k /f cg;ydu
k Ef u _d f
uav;i,frsm;. v_y&f mS ;r_ukd jyoonfh ±ky&f iS Zf mwfuu G u
f kd a&mufvmonf? xku d av;rsm;xJrmS rdbrJh
uav;/ ywf0ef;usi. f ypfy,fjcif;cHxm;&onfh atmfvAD mwGpf
v_y&f mS ;r_u ay:vmonf? pdwu f ;l xJwiG f txyf
xyf wzswfzswf ay:xGufvmaeonfrSm
atmfvAD mr[kwaf wmh/ armifoufwif+y;D
armifoufwif jzpfaecJah vonf?

111
ol.pdwrf suv f ;kH xJwiG f xko d @kd yif ±duk cf wf awG@jrif rSmyJ pmwrf;ðypkaeol? ,ck=unfh±_cHpm;ae&onfh
ae&onf? tkv d AD mwGpf (Oliver Twist) udk xkpd , G pf ukH sr;f
q,fh&SpfESpf/ q,fhudk;ESpf? q,fpkESpf ESpf ESifhtwl iSm;&rf;vmcJhjcif;rSmvnf; uav;rsm;
ck a 0;uG m cJ h + yD jzpf a omf v nf ; tcsd e fumvu t"rRapckdif;jcif;cH&onfh ta=umif;t&mESifh w
wkdufpm;acszsufypfI r&Ekdifonfh orkdif;trSwf qufwnf; qufpyfaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
tom;rsm;/ ajc&mvuf&mrsm;/ b0. trSwf “udrk sKd ;jrifah qG odcsiw
f hJ ckEpS u
f akd wG@+yAD s/
tom; Zmwf0ifcef;rsm;onf &ifxt J &yfY ydI k yif 1837-1839 wJhAs? csm;pf'pfuif; 0wˆKa&;wJh ckESpf
&S i f o ef v _ y f c wf I aewwf o nf r[k w f v m;? aygAh sm? 'gayrJh cav;awGudk t"rRapcdik ;f cH&wmu
&if.wae&m odk@r[kwf OD;aESmufqJvf wckckxJ csm;pf'pfuif;a&;wJh ckEpS x f uf ESpaf ygi;f w&meD;yg;
wGif ausmufjzpf±kyfºuGif;tjzpf ±kyfyHkv$mtcsdK@ apmw,fAs? +Adwdef&JŒ pufr_vufr_ awmfvSefa&;
onf wifusef&pfum ydkIyif pGJxifaewwfav pwifxGef;um;wJh waxmifhckESpf&m ckESpfrsm;u
onf? óuóH uu d f wku d q
f idk v
f mwkid ;f xkt d rSwt f om; xJu toufq,fEpS af tmuf uav;awG/ touf
±kyfyHkv$mrsm;onf v#yfpD;wysuf wpuUef@wGif q,fah v;ESpf atmufcav;awGukd rw&m;ckid ;f apcJh
±kycf sn;f touf0ifum ay:xGuv f mwwfavonf? wm? wae@udk q,fhESpfem&D tvkyfvkyfcdkif;wm?
xkdtcg ESvHk;ckefoHrsm;rSmvnf; ydkI jrefqef/ ESvHk; v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;rSm /owWKwGif;awGrSm/ puf±Hk
aoG;wkd@onfvnf; ydkI eDjref;vmcJhayvdrfhrnf? awG/ csnrf #if txnfpuf±akH wGrmS t&if;&Siaf wGu
“+Adwo d # pma&;q&m}uD; csm;pf'pfuif; &uf&ufpufpuf om;orD;csif; ukd,fcsif;rpmyJ
a&;wJ0h wˆKjzpfwhJ atmfvAD mwGpu f kd ±ky&f iS f jyef±u dk f u|efckdif;EGm;ckdif; ckdif;apcJhwmAs? cifAsm;vJ odyg
xm;wmqkdawmh b,fESpfckESpfavmufu a&;wJh w,fav? tar&duefvJ ygwmaygh? òrdŒjyrSmawmh
0wˆK jzpfrvJAs æ udkcspfrdk;” tdv k AD mwGpwf @dk vdk rdbrJu h av;awG/ vl@0ef;usiu f
udkrsdK;jrifhaqGu olpOf;pm;I r&ojzifh ypfy,fcx H m;&wJh &ifaoG;i,fawGukd olc;kd vkycf idk ;f /
ol.wa,mufausmfwGif &Sdaeaom udkcspfrdk;udk tvpfokwfvkyfckdif;/ t"rR tvkyfvkyfcdkif;cHwm
twnfðyckdif;vkduf&onf? ayghAsm”
“'D±yk &f iS f pD'aD cG&ŒJ rsuEf mS zH;k a=umfjimrSm xkdifcHkrsm;. nmbuftpGef;wGifxkdifI
a&;xm;wmuawmh q,fu h ;dk &mpkv@kd ajymw,fAs/ cHpm;±_pm;aeaom rESif;at;òrdifu &ifxJ atmifh
waxmifh&Spf&moHk;q,f w0kdufavmuf xifwm tD;rxm;EdkifawmhyJ aygufuGJ xGufvmcJhonf?
yJAs” “=unf h p rf ; ygtH k ; æ rd b rJ h u av;
udkcspfrdk;u ajymajymqkdqkdESifhyif qkdzm a*[mwJh/ Armjynfu &Jbufpcef;xufawmif
xkdifckHay:rSxum ol@tdrf{nfhcef;ESifhwqufwnf; qdk;rvm;rodbl;? cav;awGudk tkyfcsKyfxdef;odrf;
pmtkyfpifESifh pm=unfhpm;yGJodk@ a&mufvmonf? wJh vl}u;D rif; AsL±du
k &ufawGuvJ cav;udk ±ku d v
f u dk /f
vGecf o hJ nfo
h ;kH &ufu òrŒd vnfpm=unfw h u dk rf S iSm;&rf; uefvkduf/ qJqdkusdef;armif;vdkuf? a[m[dkrSm
vmcJhonfh uav;rsm; t"rRvkyftm;ay;ESifh =unfhprf;ygtHk;? atmfvDAmu r0wJhtwGuf qef
ywfoufonfh urBmph , G pf u kH sr;f pmtkyu f kd uokwf ðyyfxyfawmif;vdk@ awmif;&rvm;qkd+yD; }udrfvHk;
u&uf vSefvkdufonf? udkcspfrkd;u uav;rsm; eJ@ EGm;udk±dkufovkd ±kdufaevkdufwm? axmifxJu
t"rRtvkyaf pcdik ;f jcif;cH&onfh orkid ;f udk 'D&ufxJ 0g&ifh&mZ0wfom;awGu tkyfcsKyfzdESdyf tEkdifusifh
112
aewJh yHkrsdK;yJaemf? tjzLawGvJ awmfawmf±kdif;pdkif;
&ufpufwJh vlawGyJ”
udkrsdK;jrifhaqGu aus;Zl;ygyJAsm[k udk
cspfrkd;udk wkef@jyefvkduf+yD;uxJu ausmufqpf±kyf
uJo h @kd yif +idrcf suo f m; aumif;oGm;avawmhonf?
udkrsdK;jrifhaqGu atmfvDAmwGpfudk 'g±kdufwm
±dkrifefay:vifpuD; (Roman Polanski) u
b,fvkd vSyaooyfatmif wifjyovJ? olu
wifjyyHkudk avhvmol? pdwf0ifpm;ol? Armjynf
vGwfajrmufoGm;onfESifh ArmjynfxJrSm Arm
atmfvDAmwGpf uav;rsm;. &ifeifha=uuGJzG,f
&m Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk ±kyf&Sif±kdufvkdonfh qENu
jyif;jycJhol?
udck sprf ;kd / udrk sKd ;jrifah qGEiS hf udak 0vif;wd@k
oHk;OD;qHkqnf;rdwkdif; rdbrJhuav;rsm;/ vrf;ay:
a&mufaeonfh avvGiu hf av;rsm;/ e,fpyfrsO;f udk
ausmfvm+yD; ,kd;',m;bufjcrf;a&mufvmonfh
avvGifhuav;rsm;. rSwfwrf;rsm;/ Zmwfvrf;
rsm;udk udkrsdK;jrifhaqGu pkaqmif;cJhor# w±d_uf
rufrufajymjyol? wESpf+yD;wESpf a&mifpHkyef;wkd@
a0pnfvmonfh yef;cif;}uD;ukd 0ifvmzsufqD;
ypfaeonfh yef;yGifhzsufydk;/ yef;pm;ydk;onfum; ppf
tm%m&Sifpepfyifwnf;? xkdyGifhzsufydk;udk wdkuf
zsufzkd@twGuf ±kyf&Sifjzifh wifqufvdkol? ol@&nf
&G,fcsufudk tm;jznfhay;olrSm udkcspfrdk;?
ud k c spf r k d ; u ork d i f ; rS w f w rf ; ðypk o l ?
okawoe ynm&Sifjzpfvkdol? Armjynf v,f,m
pku
d yf sKd ;a&;ESihf uav;i,frsm;? jynfwiG ;f ppfwiG ;f rS
uav;i,frsm;. &ifqkdifae&onfh jy\emrsm;?
ponfh pmwrf;tjyif jynfwGif;ppf'%foifh vuf
wiftar&du/ tmz&duESifh Armjynfuav;rsm;
b0[laom pmwrf;yifjzpfonf? udkcspfrkd;onf
urBmhpG,fpHkusrf;udk vSefavSmum tcsuftvuf
wcsdK@ &SmazGay;+yD;aemuf qkdzmxkdifcHkay:wGif xkdif
vkdufonf? atmfvDAmwGpfESifh tvpfokwf*kd%f;
0if uav;i,frsm;. pdwfcHpm;r_udk rSefom;jyif
ay:rSaeI avhvmpl;prf;aecJhonf? uav;i,f
rsm;udk "m;pm;cHvkyfcJholonf tb,fvlwef;pm;
jzpfoenf;? tb,fpepf jzpfoenf;? olonf
atmfvAD mwGp. f aemufrS xyfcsyrf uGmvku d cf uhJ m
w&m;cHudk &SmazGaecJhavonf? orkdif;xJwGif
tcsuftvuf aumufoif;aumuf aecJhonf?
udka0vif;/ rESif;at;òrdifESifh orD;av;
Zlvidk af 0vif;wk@d rdom;pku c&D;óuóH uu d If udck sprf ;dk
wkd@tdrfodk@ vSnfh0ifvmvnfcJhpOf atmfvDAmwGpf
±kyf&Sifum;ESifh óuHóudufaejcif;jzpfonf? acwf.
yef;yGifhrsm;ES,f Eke,fvGef;onfh uav;rsm;onf
pepf."m;pmcHb0 EGHawm}uD;xJwGif epf0ifaecJh
&mrS rdbrsm;/ olwkd@0ef;usifrS vl}uD;rsm;ESifhtwl
acwfpepfajymif;vJa&;wGif yg0ifcJh=uonf? awmf
vSefa&;wGif &ifaoG;i,frsm; yg0ifcJh=uonf?
toufaoG;yif ay;qyfcJh=uonf? udka0vif;u
xdktcsufudk tav;xm;um pl;pdkufcHpm;ol? ol@
cspfrdwfaqG udkrsdK;jrifhaqGESifh rkdcspfrkd;wkd@ESifh rwl
awmh? wu,fu xkdocFef;pm/ xkdtodw&m;udk
toufay;I a0iScJhol oif=um;jyoay;cJholum;
armifoufwif jzpfaecJhonf?
(2)
udak 0vif;. ab;wzufwiG f orD;av;
Zlvdkifa0vif; &Sdaeonf? tvpfokwf vlqdk;*dk%f;
tzGJ@0ifjzpfaeonfh q,fhwESpft&G,f atmfvD
AmwGpu f kd q,fw h ESpo
f rD; Zlvidk af 0vif;u =unf±h _
cHpm;vsuf? udka0vif;u orD;av;udk ±kwfw&uf
owd&um OD;acgif;!$wfudkif;&if; orD;av;udk
wkd;wdk;zGzGar;rdonf?
“orD;eJŒtdkvDAmeJ@u oufwl&G,fwl
qkyd gawmh? tkv d AD mudk orD;b,fvkd cHpm;rdovJ”
orD;av;u ol@zcif udak 0vif;udk armhI
=unfhavonf? wcsufESpfcsuf av;av;wGJ@wGJ@
113
acgi;f cg&rf;jyvku
d o f nf? cav;awGukd rw&m;cdik ;f wJh
[kdt±kyfqdk;qkd; vl}uD;udkrkef;w,f? rw&m;bl;[k
wd;k oufoufajymum acgi;f udk cg&rf;vku d jf yefonf?
atmfvDAmwGpfudk ai;pdkufcHpm;=unfh
ae&mrS olpGJvef;aecJhonfh uav;Zmwfaumif
rsm;onf tkv d AD mwGp. f ae&mrS wzswzf swu f ;l
ajymif; ajy;xGufvmaecJhonf? xkduav;i,frSm
EGm;ausmif;om; w±kwfvli,fav; jzpfonf?
0wˆKrS Zmwfaumifjzpfonf? EGm;ausmif;&if;
a&umwmrS a&rsm;pdrfhus ,kdusaeonfudk awG@
vdu k &f pOf a&umwm wmwrH}u;D usKd ;aygurf oGm;
atmif ol@tod ol@cGeftm;jzifh trsdK;rsdK;óud;pm;cJh
onf? &$HŒcJrsm;udk zJhumzJhumjzifh a&pdrfh,kdusae
aom ae&mod@k ajrzk@d ay;onf? &$@H EaHG &xJwiG f xku d hJ
okd@ txyfxyf óud;pm;cJhonf? EGm;oGif;csdefwGif
xdkEGm; ausmif;om;vli,fav; tdrfjyefa&muf
rvmojzifh rdbESifh &Gmom;rsm; vdkufvH&SmazG&if;
a& umwmudk a&mufvmcJ=h uonf? xdu k av;udk
a&umwmwGif jyefawG@&pOf at;cJarharsmae+yD?
uav;udkxrf;I &Gmodk@jyefydk@oluydk@? &GmeD;csKyfpyf
aus;&GmtoD;oD;rS v,form;rsm;udk today;
ac:oluac:/ ajrzk@d =uonft h wGuf wmwrH a&um
wm usKd ;aygurf nfah b;/ a&ab;'kurQ S vGwaf jrmuf
vmcJh=uonf? q,fhwESpf&G,f EGm;ausmif;om;
av;udv k nf; 0kid ;f 0ef;*k%ðf y ol&aJ umif; wifajrm‡ uf
cJh=uonfh±kyfyHkudk pdwftm±HkwGif jyefowd&vmcJh
onf?
aemufwa=umh xGufay:vmcJhonfh
±kyyf v
kH m$ vli,fuav;rsm;rSm w±kwf EGm;ausmif;
om;av;r[kw?f atmfvAD mvJ r[kwaf wmh? urBmh
wjcrf;rS csufudkpvdkbufwkdif;jynfrS uav;rsm;
jzpfaeonf? “ewforD; aoG;yHjk yif” (The Fairy
tattle of blood) csufudkpvkdAuf ±kyf&SifxJrS
zufqpf[pfwvmqef@usifa&; uav;i,frsm;
jzpfaeonf? toufq,fESpf/ q,fhwESpf/ q,fh
114
ESpfESpf &ifaoG;i,frsm;jzpfonf? 'kwd,urBmppf
twGif; [pfwvm. zufqpfvufatmufokd@
ta&S@Oa&myEkid if rH sm; usa&mufcphJ Of =urf;wrf;aom
zufqpf awmfveS af &;xJwiG f touft&G,Ef ek ,f
aom uav;rsm;onf yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJh=uonf?
vrf;ab;wGif vrf;oGm;vrf;vmwk@d . zdeyfrsm;udk
oef@pifajymifvufap&ef wkdufc|wfay;jcif;jzifh
toufarG;0rf;a=umif;ae&aom xkduav;i,f
rsm;rSm olwkd@.&efol zufqpfwyfom;rsm;u
zdeyfwkdufcdkif;ygu wkdufc|wfray;yJ rv_yfr,Suf
+idro
f ufqENjy=uonf? qef@usif tHw=k uonf?
xdktcg zufqpfrsm;rSm zdeyfwkduform; vli,f
uav;rsm;udk qJq}kd urd af rmif; xk;d }uw d uf efausmuf
oGm;=uonf? tvm;wl uav;wokdufonf
zufqpf*smrefwdk@. vufeufcJ,rf;&xm;udk rD;
avmifaygufuGJap&ef zsufqD;=uonf? vrf;acsmf
wdrf;arSmufap&ef vrf;zsufcJh=uonf? touf
ay;I pGef@v$wf pGef@pm;cJh=uonfh tmZmenf csuf
uav;i,f ol&Jaumif;rsm;ygwum;?
88 ta&;awmf y H k } uD ; xJ w G i f tjzL
tpdrf;0wf ausmif;om;uav;rsm;? tjzLtpdrf;
r[kwfaom t&yfxJrS uav;i,frsm;onf rdb
rsm;ESit hf wl/ q&mq&mrrsm;ESit hf wl wku d yf 0JG ifchJ
=uonf? ppftkyfpk/ ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;
a&;wGif toufay;cJ=h uonf? toufi,fi,fEiS hf
ta&;awmfykH wyfom;uav;rsm; jzpfvmcJ=h uowJ?h
ayw&m vrf;r}uD;rsm;ay:wGif/ vrf;oG,frsm;ay:
wGif vlowform; tm%m&Sif aoewfajymif;0
a&SŒwGif twHk;t±Hk; òydvJusqHk;cJhowJh? aemifwGif
wu,fh ewforD;aoG;yHkjyif jzpfvmayawmhrnf?
&ifaoG;&ifEpS f ol&aJ umif;uav;rsm;udk ol&aJ umif;
txdrf;trSwf rSwfwkdif rpdkufxl&ao;? rvGwf
ajrmufao;or# tmZmenfol&Jaumif; urŠnf;
rSww f idk f rpdu
k x
f El idk af o;? vGr;f ol@yef;acGcsz@kd onf
yifv#if tvSrf;a0;uGmaeqJ?
cav;awGudk t"rRapcdik ;f cH&wmu awmfveS af &;wGif yg0ifc=hJ uonfh uav;
i,frsm;ESihf oufpeG @f qzH sm; yg0ifyjkH cif;wlaomfvnf;
csm;pf'pfuif;a&;wJh ckEpS xf uf ESpaf ygif; ol. toufay; yg0ifyrkH mS xl;jcm;r_&o dS nf? tjcm;
w&meD;yg; apmw,fAs? _Adwdef&JΠjzpf&yfrsm;ESifhrwlonfh xl;jcm;csuf[k qkd&ayvdrfh
rnf? b,fvkdrS arhazsmufypfEkdifpGrf; r&SdEdkifonfh/
pufr+vufr+awmfvSefa&; pwif t&G,fESifhrr#onfh b0ay;r_pdwf"mwfudk tav;
xGe;f um;wJh waxmifch Ek pS &f m ckEpS f ðy&qJ/ &ifckefvd_ufvSJpGm OD;!$wfae&qJjzpfonf?
,ckwc%rSmyif atmfvDAmwGpfukd rjrifawmhyJ
rsm;uxJu toufq,fEpS af tmuf armifoufwif. ±kyfyHkv$m;rsm;onf aumif;uif
uav;awG? touf q,fhav;ESpf [if;vif;jyifay:wGif wdrf±kyfrsm;qifouJhodk@ pdwf
rsupf /d pdwef m;xJwiG f wausm+h yD;wausmh ay:vm
atmufcav;awGukd rw&m;ckid ;f ap aecJhayonf?
cJw
h m? wae‹ukd q,fEh pS ef m&D tvkyf
(3)
vkycf ikd ;f wm/ v,f,mpdu k yf sdK;a&;rSm/ “OD;av; 'Dae@ bmcsupf m;cJo h vJ/ a[m
owWKwGi;f awGrmS / puf±akH wG/ csnfr#if 'DrSm tara=umfay;vkdufwJh iyda=umf/ +yD;awmh
qefuwjynf ,lvmcJhw,f? aemufwacgufvJ
txnf puf±akH wGrmS æ qefaum pm;p&mawGyg o,fvmcJt h ;kH r,f? usaemfh
udk aoewfypfenf;/ csdefenf; &Sdor#enf;awG
xdkpOfu toufpGef@v$wfcJhonfh armif oifay;prf;yg OD;av;&m? OD;av;u oifay;r,f
oufwif. toufrSm q,fhwESpf? tar&duef qkd+yD; ckxd oifray;ao;bl;? usaemfwdk@rSm &ef
uav;Zmwfaumif [,f&Day:wm (Harry olESpfrsdK; &Sdw,fr[kwfvm;? wrsdK;u awm0uf/
Potter)tjzpf o±kyfaqmifonfh 'ifeD&,f*suf wrsKd ;u ppfAv kd cf sKyf arG;xm;wJh ppfwyfuppfom;
aumhzf &uf x f u vpf z f (Daniel Jacob awG? tJ'DppfwyfeJ@ awm0ufu usaemfwkd@udk
Radcliffe) uvnf; touf q,fw h ESpo
f m;? 'kuQay;aewmqdkawmh olwkd@udkwkdufzkd@twGuf
touf q,fw h ESpt f &G,f 2001 wGif ±ky&f iS f pwif aoewfta=umif;oifxm;&r,f? OD;av;u usaemfh
±k d u f u l ; cJ h & m ,ck oef ; ºuG , f o l a X;jzpf a e+yD ? udk cav;yJ/ bmrS rvkyf&Jbl;/ owWd r&Sdbl;qkd+yD;
olw@kd EpS Of ;D rSm tajctaecsi;f rwl? [,f&aD y:wm txifao;aeovm; rodb;l ? tJ'v D kd txifao;
u oef;ºu, G of al X;bG@J y&J onf? ol&aJ umif; tmZm &ifawmh cGucf u G vf efatmif rSm;+yoD mrSwaf yawmh”
enfbGJ@r&? aoG;wpufvnf; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;t aqmif;aESmif; aEGO;D umv? awmfveS af &;
wGuf ray;qyfcJh&? armifoufwifrSm vGwfvyf wyfom;rsm; tvSnfhus a&mufvmcdkatmif; ae
a&;twGuf vlxkvGwfajrmufa&;twGuf awmf wwfonfh ,mapmifhwJuav;qDokd@ wnae
vSeaf &;wGif toufay;cJo h nf? jrwfaomaojcif; armifoufwif a&mufvmcJph Of olajymonfh pum;
jzifh wm0efxrf;cJo h l &ifaoG;&ifEpS ?f ok@d aomf touf vH;k rsm;udk &ifxw J iG f xGi;f xkxm;cJyh &kH onf? trSwf
q,fhwESpfuawmh wl=uonf? onmxJwGif awmufy ay:vGifaeqJ? em;xJwGif
115
jyefvnf =um;a,mifaeqJ? xkdpOfu ab;teD;
tem;w0kdufwGif &Sdaeonfh &Jabmfpkd;Ekdifjrifhu
ol@udk aemufajymifoa&mfcJhonfudkvnf; trSwf
xifaeqJ?
“rif;u aemufxyf oHk;av;ESpfqdk&if
igw@dk 'rD mS &Sad e&ifawmif rif;uvmawmhrmS r[kwf
bl;? vlysKd aygujf zpfvmawmh &GmrSm&nf;pm;eJ@ aysmf
aer,fhaumif? &nf;pm;ab;em;rSmyJ uyfaer,fh
aumif/ rif;udk aemufxyfo;kH ESp=f umwJt h xd igw@dk
apmif=h unf&h rSmaygu h mG ? owW&d w dS ,f ZG&J w
dS ,fqw dk m
b,fvadk jymvd@k &rvJ? rif;ucav;yJ &Sad o;w,f?”
“OD;av;u r[kwaf o;ygb;l Asm? usaemfh
udk cav;qkd+yD; txifao;wmyJ? OD;av;touf
q,fESpf/ q,fhwESpfom;avmufu owWd&SdcJhyHk
r&bl;? 'ga=umifh ODav;u udk,fhudk,feJ@ Ed_if;ajym
aewm”
&Jabmf pd;k Edik jf rifrh mS ±kww
f &uf [ku d uf eJ
jzpfoGm;onf? armifoufwif jyefyufonfukd cH
vdkuf&Ijzpfonf? aemufawmh &Jabmfpkd;Ekdifjrifh
aum/ udkausmfpGmjrifh/ ukda0vif;yg aoewf.
tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk &Sif;jyonf? 'gu trf-16
tar&duefvkyf aoewf? 'gu atauaoewf?
a[m'gu wkdufyGJ&cJhwJh &efol@aoewf *sDo&D;?
a[m'gu aoewf'if/ 'gu aoewfajymif;/ 'gu
armif;/ 'gucvkwf/ usnf/ usnfuyf ponfh
ta&;}uD;onfh tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk &Sif;jyonf?
ajymif;&Sif;enf;/ rvkdtyfyJ usnfrxGufatmif
b,fvkd apmifhxdrf;&rvJ/ b,fvkd armif;xkd;/
b,fvkdypfcwf&rvJ æ ponfh tajccH tcsuf
rsm;ud&k iS ;f jyonf? bma=umifh vufeufuikd &f ovJ/
awmfvSefa&;qdkwm bmvJ/ aoewfeJ@ owfjzwf
tEkdifusifh zdESdyfwmudk bma=umifh aoewfeJ@ ckcH
awmfvSef&ovJ/ w&m;wJhppf/ rw&m;wJhppf?
vGwfvyfr_qkdwmbmvJ? qH;k ±H;_ aecJw h hJ 'Dru
dk a&pD
qkdwm bmawGvJ? udka0vif;u &if a oG ; i,f
116
uav;wa,muf oabmayguf em;vnfap&ef/
r±_yaf xG;ap&ef &Si;f vif;ajymjyonf? w&ufukd eJe?J
wywfukd eJe?J ,mwJuav;xJwiG f &efol@ t&dyf
tajcudk apmifh=unfh tuJcwf&if; wckjcif; &Sif;jy
&onf?
“'Dawmh vlxkvGwfajrmufzkd@/ vlxkudk
umuG,fzkd@twGuf aoewfukdif&wm jzpfw,f/
'ga=umifh aoewf[m ta&;}uD;w,f/ aoewf
udik w f hJ vly*k Kd~ vf&ŒJ awmfveS af &; tawG;tac:[m
ydk+yD;ta&;}uD;w,f?”
xko d abmw&m;onf armifoufwifukd
wnf+ird af v;eufapcJo h nf? “cE aW A't& touf
ckepfESpfrS q,fhwESpftxd (7ESpfrS 11ESpftxd)
uav;rsm;. pdwf"gwfzGH@òzd;r_onf wwd,tqifh
ok@d a&mufvmcJ+h y;D jzpfonf? todynmrsm;udk pkpnf;
zd@k twGuf oif=um;r_awG vkyv f m=uonft h &G,?f
,kwedW nf;us awG;ac:pOf;pm;r_rsm;u uav;wkid ;f
Y zGH@òzd;vm=u+yD jzpfonf? jy\emubmvJ/
b,fvkdvJ? xkdjy\em.tajzrsm;/ ajz&Sif;r_rsm;
ajz&Sif;csufrsm;udk &SmazGum t&m&mudk cGJjcrf;
pdwjf zmvmcJo h nfh touft&G,”f [lIyif uav;
pdwyf nm&Sirf sm;/ odyyH` nm&Sirf sm;u pl;prf; awG@&dS
cJh=u+yD; jzpfonf? olwkd@. xdkpl;prf;awG@&Sdr_rsm;udk
[kwfrSefa=umif; armifoufwifu oufaoxlcJh
yHk&onf? ckyJ=unfh? udka0vif;udk olxkwfcJhonfh
ar;cGe;f rsm;u toufav;q,ft&G,f av;q,fh
ig;t&G,f omrefv}l uD;wpfa,muf. ar;cGe;f rsm;
xufyif jrifrh m;aecJo h nf 'Dru dk a&pDqw kd mbmvJ?
vl@tcGifhta&;qdkwmudk b,folawGu owfrSwf
cJhwmvJ? vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ vGwfvyfa&;u twl
wlyJvm;? bmawG jcm;em;ovJ? ponfjzifh?
xdkar;cGef;rsm;ESifh pl;prf;cJh/ cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm
cJ&h m armifoufwiftwGuf tajzwck&vmcJo h nf?
qkyu f ikd rf [
_ I
l qk&d ayvdrrhf nf? ppfwyf/ aoewfEiS hf
zdESdyftEdkifusifhvmygu vlwkdif;onf aoewfjzifh
ckcH&rnf? vGwfvyfcGifh/ vl@tcGifhta&; rSefor#
zdESdyfol. aoewfatmufrSm qHk;±H_;oGm;+yDqkdv#if
awmfveS af &;wku d yf rJG sm;jzifh qH;k ±H;_ r_awGukd jyefvnf
t&,l&rnf? wku d yf JG enf;vrf;rsm;xJu vufeuf
ukdifawmfvSefa&;onf wu,fh vkdtyfcsufw&yf
jzpfonfqo dk nfh oabmw&m;udk armifoufwif
qkyfudkifpGJ+rJoGm;cJhav+yD?
ES p f E S p f u mvxJ w G i f óuH ó ud u f w k d i f ;
armifoufwif odcsifor#udk &Sif;jyajymjycJhonf?
armifoufwif odoifhodtyfonfh rajymrjzpf
ajym&rnfh orkid ;f udv k J &Si;f jy&onf? armifoufwif
ESifhtwl armifoufwif.rdcifyg v,fawm ,m
awmxJokd@ a&mufvmwwfonf? 'kwd,om;
jzpfonfh ckepfESpfom;t&G,f armifoufvGifudk
tdrfwGifxm;cJhum awmawmiftpyf&Sd ,mawm
v,fawmxJo@kd rdcifa':apmcifEiS hf armifoufwif
wd@k om;trdEpS af ,muf a&mufvmaeus? a':apm
cifu touf av;q,fr#om&Srd nf? armifoufwif
.zcif apm*v,fz;dk rSm a&SŒwef;ppfwyf. txrf;
orm; ay:wmqGJjcif;cH&+yD; autif,lESifh wkdufyGJ
jzpfco hJ nfh a&SŒwef;wku d yf wJG iG f vGecf o
hJ nfoh ;kH ESpu
f v,fuiG ;f rsm;wGif u|r;f 0if cifrifc=hJ uonf? awm
aoqHk;cJhonf? ppftkyfpkrSm wjym;wcsyfrS apm
*v,fzdk;twGuf avsmfa=u;ray;cJh? uspf&pfonfh
rdom;pkudkvnf; bmwckrS axmufxm;ulnDr_
ray;cJ?h ppftyk pf k toH;k csco hJ nfh toufaygi;f rsm;
pGmxJwiG f armifoufwif. zcifjzpfol apm*v,fz;dk
. toufwacsmif;vJ ygcJhonf? rkdif;&Sif;ud&d,m
jzpfcJhol?
&JabmfausmfpGmjrifheifh udka0vif;u
'De,fajrw0kdufwGif arG;zGm;}uD;jyif;vmcJhol?
awmcdkolykef jzpfvmpOf ausmif;om;wyfrawmf
wGif yg0ifco hJ nf? autif,Xl mecsKyf rme,fyavm
txd a&mufonf? A[kdwGif &Spfvtxdaexkdif/
ppfta&;twGuf jyifqifaecJph Of udak usmpf mG jrif.
awmif ; qd k c suf t & rk e f ; òrd Œ e,f . ta&S Œ buf
autife, f l tajccHpcef;rsm;qDodk@ a&mufvmcJh
jcif;jzpfonf? ausmif;om;wyfrawmf tiftm;
vnf;yg0ifvm+yD; awmfvSefa&; tajccHpcef; rsm;
udk qufvufwnfaqmuf/ vlxkxJwGif jr‡KyfESH/
vlxkudk ulnDapmifha&Smuf tvkyftaºuG;ðyum
jrpf.ta&SŒbufokd@ a&mufvmcJhonfh &efoludk
ajymufusm;ppf/ v_yf&Sm;ppfjzifh ckcHwkdufcdkuf aecJh
=uonf?
udak 0vif;. ZmwdrmS rke;f òrŒd ? udak usmpf mG
jrifhu jzL;òrdŒ? ,cktajccHpcef;ESifh jzL;òrdŒu q,fh
wrkid rf #a0;onf? jrpf. taemufzufwiG f &So d nf?
onfe,fajrrsm;rSm wa=umxJ/ wa&xJ/ wajrxJ?
Te,fajrrsm;udk pkpnf;oDcsKyx f m;onfh oDóu;d rSm
rke;f acsmif;jzpfonf? armifoufwifw@dk &mG ausmif;pk
onf acsmif;.taemufbufwGif &Sdonf? rkef;.
ta&SŒbufrmS uv,f,mpku d cf if;awG? xkv d ,fuu G f
awmif,muGurf sm;udk awmifuek ;f awmifwef;rsm;
jzifh a0S@0dkuf auG@ywfxm;onf?
armifoufwifwkd@rdom;pkESifh aus;&Gm
v,form;/ awmif,morm;rsm;udk onf,mcif;
0ufrsm;rSm ESrf;cif;/ ajryJcif;/ pyg;cif;rsm;udk
t}urd }f urd t f xyfxyf 0ifa&mufzsuq f ;D cJ=h uonf?
armifoufwifwdk@ om;trdtygt0if tjcm;
v,form; awmif,morm;rsm;. oD;ESHpdkufcif;
rsm;udkyg awmfvSefa&;wyfom; olykefrsm;onf
0kdif;0ef;apmifha&Smuf&onf? tcsdefwkdif; ae@ae@
nn pdkufcif;oD;ESHrsm;udk tcsdefjynfh v,form;
rsm;u rapmifah &SmufEidk =f uojzifh xko d @kd wm0ef,l
apmifha&Smuf ulnDcJh&jcif;jzpfonf? wcsdK@txdem
aom v,form;rsm;rSm pdu k cf if;rsm; ysuq f ;D oGm;
ojzifh pdu k cf ysKd ;c p&dwaf wmif raus=uawmh? xkid f
idk=u&avonf? awm0ufrsm;? wtkyf+yD;wtkyf
h 0ifvmcJhonfh vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk +cHpnf;±dk;umzkd@
vkt d yfvmonf? wcsKd Œv,fuu G f ,muGurf sm;udk
117
+cpH nf;±d;k umay;zk@d vdt
k yfvmonf? xdv k tdk yfcsuu f kd
awmfveS af &;wyfom;rsm;u jznfq h nf;=u&onf?
wyfpw d w f pdwuf &efou l kd apmif=h unf/h useo
awmfvSefa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u opfckwf/ 0g;ckwf/
ES;D zsm=u&onf? +cpH nf;±d;k umay;=u&onf? usm;
vSef[kac:onfh 0g;c|efrsm;/ 0g;cGJjcrf;c|efrsm;ukd +cH
pnf;±d;k wGif wyfqif=u&onf? wcgw&H xd+k cHpnf;
±dk; usm;vSefrsm;udkyif azmufxGufum zsufqD;
pm;aomufcJh=uonf?
“udka0vif;eJ@ udkausmfpGmjrifhwdk@a&æ
usrwk@d ajryJcif;awG awm0ufawG0ifpm;wm uke+f yD
æ vHk;0ysufpD;oGm;+yD bmvkyf&rSef;vJ rodbl;?
t&if;awmif jyef&awmhrSm r[kwfbl;?”
a':apmcifrmS ±du _ o f w
H csuf xGuv
aomfvnf; xdef;csKyfvkdufyHk&onf? òrdodyfxm;
vkdufyHk&onf? om;av; armifoufwiftwGuf
pdwrf aumif;rjzpfapvkI d xde;f xm;vku d yf &kH onf?
“OD;av;wkd@eJ@ usaemfaecJhr,f arar/
ausmif;ydwf&ufqkdawmh om;aecJhvkd@&w,f/ 'Dn
awm0ufawGudk apmifh=unfh+yD; armif;xkwf=unfh
csifw,f? 'Du OD;av;vif;wdk@eJ@ OD;av;jrifhwkd@
OD;av;ausmfpGmjrifhwdk@eJ@twl awm0ufawGudk
apmifh=unfhcsifw,f? tJ'g arar&Gmudk apmapm
jyefomG ;/ ausmif;wuf tcsed rf DS om;jyefvmcJrh ,f”
tm;vH;k bmajym&rSe;f rodawmh? aemuf
awmh ol@tpDtpOfu rSefuefaumif;rGefonfh
twGuf olppD Ofonft h wkid ;f yif awm0ufukd apmifh
=unf=h u&onf? a':apmjrvnf; xkad e@nae apmif;
onfhtcg &GmjyefoGm;cJhonf? armifoufwif.
rsufESmndK0dkif;ay:wGif tòyH;rsm;yGifhoGm;cJhonf?
azG;Oaom oGm;pG,fuav;rsm; ay:oGm;onf
txdyif &,farm vdu _ vf oJS mG ;avonf? usrom;
udk pdwcf svufcs xm;cJah wmhr,f[q k ukd m a':apmcif
onf jrpf. taemufzufurf;od@k ul;oGm;cJah v
onf?
118
(4)
f nfh “awm0ufawGukd rif;udik w f idk f ypf&vdrhf
r,fæ b,fhES,fhvJ/ xdatmifrSefatmif ypfzkd@
twGuf avhusifhxm;&vdrfhr,f/ &efolvkd igwkd@rSm
usnq f rH aygb;l uG/ 'Dawmh usnq f H ig;awmifyh &J r,f/
rif;ajymwJhtwkdif; rif;wkd@igwdk@&JΠ&efolawm0uf/
wefzdk;rsm;pGm qHk;±H_;ysufpD;atmif zsufqD;cJhwJh
&efoludk xda&mufatmif ypfEkdifzkd@ tcsdef,l
avhusifhayawmh”
udak 0vif; pum;qH;k onfEiS hf v,fapmifh
wJuav;. tay:qifhrSae armifoufwifonf
ajrjyifay:od@k tawmifyH jzef@xm;onfh iSuu f av;
f mcJh waumifES,f v$m;ueJ ckefqif;vkdufavonf?
xk@d aemuf vufEpS af csmif;udk ajr‡mufI ckeaf yguI f
a[;a[;nHatmif atmf[pfaysmyf g; aecJah vonf?
acgi;f ay:wGif ajr‡mufwifxm;aom vufEpS zf ufukd
±kyfodrf;vkdufum wJtdrfuav;. tdrfwdkifay:odk@
ol@vufEpS zf ufjzifh txyfxyf vuf0g;apmif; ckwf
aeavonf? wJtrd w f idk o
f nf vlwa,muf. cE<m
udk,frsm; jzpfaecJhygu emw,f[/ awmfawmh[
oufwif&[lI/ wm;jrpfatmf[pf ae&ayvdrrhf nf?
xdkjrifuGif;ESifh ol@v_yf&Sm;r_ t&dyfta&mif rsm;rSm
arh E k d i f b G , f & mr&S d o nf h jrif u G i f ; rsm; jzpf a e
cJhavonf?
xkad e@naeapmif;u awmwef;ESihf awmif
uke;f &S&d mod@k armifoufwifukd ac:oGm;cJ=h uonf?
vHkòcHpdwfcs&onfh awmwef;ajrjyef@wGif &Jabmf
ausmpf mG jrifu h vufeufi,f ppfoifwef;ay;onf?
wkdufyGJwGif óuH&rnfh arSmufenf;/ vSdrfhenf;/ wGm;
wufenf;/ aoewfudk ab;wapmif; udk,fcE<m
ay:wGif wifxm;um '&Gwfwkduf wufenf;/ vSef
pGyfxkd;enf;? aemufqHk;Y aoewfypfenf;wdk@udk
oifay;onf? wnaecif;vHk; aemufae@wae@vHk;
ppfoifwef;xJwiG f ac|;oHw&$&J jJ$ zifh a&mufaecJo h nf?
 nbufrsm;wGif aEGOD;aqmif;aESmif; tpkwu f av;jzifh jrpftaemufzufurf;txd pD;eif;
va&mifr_efr_efxJwGif awm0ufESifh&efoludk apmifh a&muf&v dS mcJo
h nf? xk@d aemuf rke;f acsmif; ta&SŒbuf
=unfah vhvmcJo h nf? udak 0vif;rSm naeapmif;wGif urf;od@k ul;vmcJu h m/ nbufrsm;wGif awmfveS af &;
awmifay: tajccHpcef;odk@ jyefoGm;+yD; &Jabmf wyfom;rsm;ESit hf wl awm0uftyk Ef iS hf &efopl pfwyf
q,fa,mufudk ac:vmcJhonf? xdktiftm;jzifh udk apmifh=unfhcJh=u&onf? ae@bufrsm;wGif
oH;k zG@J cu JG m uif;apmif=h u&onf? &Jabmfausmpf mG jrihEf iS fh atauaoewfonf ol. cspv f pS mG aom a&mif;&if;
pd;k Ekid jf rihwf @kd =um;wGif armifoufwifudk xm;&So d nf? aqG&if; jzpfvmcJo h nf? txyfxyf xdyeG ;f &if;ES;D cGihf
twlwuG owdxm; a&$Œvsm;=uonf? olu, kd wf ikd f &cJo
h nf? aoewfukd t+raJ pmif=h uyfum ol@a=umifh
ol@v,fo@l pu dk cf if;oD;ESEH iS hf tjcm; v,form;wk@d . aoewfusnfraygufap&ef apmifha&Smufwwf cJh
pduk cf if;rsm;udk apmifah &Smuf&ojzihf aysmyf u dk &f i$ v f ef; avonf?
aecJhonf?
“ausmif;ydwfwkdif; OD;av;wkd@eJ@ 'DrSmyJ
vmaeawmhr,fAsm/ usaemfwa,mufxJ rvkyf
vlxv k w G a f jrmufz‹dk
Ekid af yrJh OD;av;wk@d e@J aotwl&iS t f wl vkyv f @dk&wmyJ? vlxu k kd umuG,z f ‹dk
+yD;awmh pGef@pm;&wm usaemfu odyfaysmfw,f?
owWdwkd@ ZGJwdk@jywJhae&m[m 'DppfajrjyifyJaemf
twGuf aoewfui dk &f
OD;av;? pmoifcef;xJrmS r[kwrf cH xajymwmwk@d / wm jzpfw,f/ 'ga-umifh
&Gmtaemuf ocsõif;ukef;udk wa,mufxJ nae
apmif;rSm jzwf&Jwmwkd@/ a¹rGayG; a¹rGa[mufudk
aoewf[m ta&;}uD;
owfcJhwmwkd@awGxuf 'Dvkdae&mrSm owWdawG ZGJ w,f/ aoewfui kd w f hJ
awGu ydkvkdw,fr[kwfvm; OD;av;&,f”
taemufzuf rk;d aumif;uifxw J iG f csw d f
vly*
k Kd~ vf&a
ŒJ wmfve S a f &;
qGJxm;onfh jzLjzLazG;azG; vwHpOfauG;udk ai; tawG;tac:[m yd_k yD;
=unfh&if; “tazhudk owd&w,f OD;av;&,f”[k
avoHoo hJ jhJ zifv
h nf; ajymwwfao;onf? awm0uf
ta&;}uD;w,f?
awG tkycf s+D y;D vmEkid o f nfh v,fuiG ;f pyf/ ,muGi;f pyf
opf&yd rf rJ aJ tmufwiG f vJavsmif;&if; acsmif;ajrmif; wwd,ywfwiG f awmawmifxrJ S tkyzf @JG
aecJ=h uavonf? armifoufwif vl@avmuxJrS um qif;csvmaom awm0ufrsm;ukd va&mif
t+yD;tykdif xGufcGmoGm; aomtcg ol@ta=umif; atmufwGif ypfcwfcJhonf? armifoufwif tm;
jyefvnfajymjyonfh vwHpOfauG;ESihf ,mcif;rsm;u ay;xm;cJo h nfh usnif g;awmifjh zifh olonf nwku d f
usefcJhonf? opf&dyfrJrJrsm; niSuf=uL;&ifhoHrsm; yGw
J iG f oGeuf sw
J u
kd cf u
dk cf o
hJ nf? awm0ufEpS af umif
u usefcJhavonf? &cJhavonf? ,mcif;xJ0ifvmaom awm0uf
&ufowWEpS yf wftwGi;f awm0ufrsm;udk rsm;udk wzGJ@uarmif;xkwf? 0ufacgif;xkd;!‡yf+yD;
nbufwGif uif;tzGJ@zGJ@um apmifh=unfhcJhonf? armif;xkwf? ypfuGif;xJ armif;oGif;/ ypfuGif;xJ
paewe*FaEGwGif armifoufwifonf ol@pufbD; ta&muf w G i f armif o uf w if E S i f h &J a bmf
119
ausmpf mG jrifwh @dktzG@J u csed u
f u
kd yf pfcwfcjhJ cif; jzpfonf?
aoG;tvdr;f vdr;f cE<mud, k u
f kd ayG@csu
D m acsmif;udk
va&mifatmufwGif awmeif;&SmazGcJh&m aoae jzwfvmcJo h nf? tar rapmcifonf ikEd idk t f m;yif
aom awm0ufESpfaumifudk &&SdcJh=uavonf? r&Sad wmh? idI k vnf; r&awmh? om;}uD;udk b,fvdk
&efo@l tajctaet&yf&yfukd axmuf touf&Sifatmif vkyf&yghrvJ? om;toufudk
vSr;f um acsmifusvHkòcHonfh acsmif;urf;yg; wae u,fwifawmfrlygbk&m;? pdwfxJwGif wpmpm
&mwGif awm0ufESpfaumifudk trJzsuf ckwfxGifcJh &Gwq f q
dk ak wmif;&if; rke;f acsmif;ukd jzwfvmcJo h nf?
onf? waumifudk &duQmaxmufyhHonfh &Gmvlxk aygufuGJypfcwfoHrsm;xJwGif om;udkayG@csD o,f
okd@ ay;ydk@cJhonf? waumifukd awmwGif;tajccH ,lvmcJhpOf toufaysmufvGifhrwwf/ ±l;rwwf
pcef;odk@ o,f,lcJh=uonf? cHpm;&avonf? taemufzufurf;ay:ta&muf
abmvHk;yGJwGif tEkdif*kd;ukd oGif;ay;cJh tar[kwcsufac:&if; ol@toufudk E_wfodrf;
onfh a&SŒwef;wdu k pf pfr;_ *d;k oGi;f orm;uav;ES,f
oGm;cJah vonf? om;udk pdwaf Zmjzifh ayG@cso D ,f,l
armifoufwifonf wufºuG jrL;wl; aysmyf g;cJo h nf?
vmcJhaomfvnf; tcsnf;tESD; jzpfcJh&acs+yD;? aoG;
taysmf&$ifqHk; vGwfaysmfcJhonf? 0ufudk tom; tvdr;f vdr;f jzpfaeaom taronfvnf; om;}u;D
zsufaomtcg 0ufwaumif. udk,fwGif;t±kd;pk &ifaoG;.ab;rSmyJ yHkvsufom; vJuscJhonf?
xJwiG f olypfcwfco hJ nfh atauusnzf ;l udk awG@&dS xkad e@u armifoufwif.&Gm/ ausmif;pk
cJhaoma=umifhyifwnf;? tdrfudk jyefa&mufaom odk@ &efolppfwyfu 0ifa&mufvm+yD; acsmif;udk
tcg om;trdoHk;OD; rdom;pkxrif;0dkif;wGif awm jzwful;&efESifh vrf;jy&ef armifoufwiftm;
0ufom;[if;ESifh npmpm;cJh=uonf? xrif;0kdif; a&S@ajy;uif;wyfpdwfu ac:vmcJhonf? t"rR
wGif pdwfxJY cHpm;&onfhtwkdif; armifoufwif rvkdufrae& ac:vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? rkef;acsmif;.
zcifudk wrf;wvdkufrdonf? ta&SŒbuf&Sd pkdufcif;rsm;qDodk@ r=umc% a&muf
“tazhudk odyfowd&w,f tar&,f/ vmwwfonfh armifoufwifonf olykefawG
tazom&Sd&if usaemfypfcJhwJh awm0ufom;udk b,frSm&Sdonf/ aeonfudk od&rnf[k ,Hkxm;
tazu tm;&yg;&pm;rSm/ ighom;u odyfawmfwJh cJhonf? &Gmol}uD;uvJ [kdbufurf;txd vkdufjy
aumifvkd@ xHk;pHtwkdif; ajymtHk;rSmyJaemf tar” ay;±HkyJ[k txyfxyfajymojzifh rjiif;omawmhyJ
v$wfueJ wrf;wvkdufrdonf? tar [efrysuf vkdufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
xrif; qufrpm;Ekdifawmh? xrif;0kdif;wGif qdk@eifh rxifrSwfyJ ausmufawmifay:u prf;
umidak vonf? armifoufwifw@dk nDtpfuv kd nf;
a&tkdifokd@ a=u;pm;ppfom;awG ajcqef@ a&muf
tarESifhtwl ±d_ufI idk=u&avonf? xkdnu vmcJ=h uonf? xkpd rf;a&wGi;f onf &efo@l aowGi;f
rdom;pk. ikdaºuG;±d_ufoHn? rsuf&nfacsmif;rsm; jzpfonf? &JabmfausmfpGmjrifh/ pdk;Ekdifjrifh/ &Jabmf
&Snfvsm;cJhonfhn jzpfcJhavonf? a0vif;wk@d u vGecf o hJ nfw h ywfu armifoufwif
udk aoaocsmcsm rSm=um;xmcJ+h y;D om;? 'D&ufxrJ mS
(5) &efola&mufvmEkdifw,f? 'Dprf;a&wGif;rSm rkdif;
xdrk su&f nfrsm; rcrf;ajcmufrDS xkad EGrmS yJ axmifxm;w,f? tke;f oD;tcGaH wG jzef@csxm;w,f?
armifoufwif usqHk;cJhavonf? taronf tkef;oD;cGJpm;wJh ae&mtjzpf [efaqmifzefwD;
rsuf&nfwkd@jzifhridk? aoG;jzifh idkav+yD? raor&Sif xm;w,f? arSmufxm;wJh tkef;oD;cGHoHk;av;ckudk
120
&efolu ajcaxmufjzifh xdrd/ uefrd,Hkjzifh xkdteD;
wGif&Sdaom &efol[m b,fvkdrSrvGwfawmhbl;?
igw@dk vJ tJ'aD usmufawmif teD;tem;rSm &Sad er,f?
b,fvkdenf;eJ@rS 'Dprf;a&wGif;udk rvm&bl;?
rvmcJeh @J ? &efo[ l m jrpf&ŒJ ta&SŒbuftxd wk;d 0if
vmEkdifw,f[k rSm=um;xm;onfhtwkdif; prf;a&
wGif;txd ,cka&mufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? &Jabmf
ausmfpGmjrihfwdk@ óudwifrSm=um;xm;onhf twdkif;
yif jrufyifrsm;xJwGif tkef;cGHrsm; jzef@usJcsxm;
onfudkawG@vdkuf&onf?
“a[haumif nmraeeJ@ igw@dk ukd owif;
ay;wJhvlu rif;wkd@&GmxJrSm&Sdw,f/ olykefawGeJ@
tquftoG,f&Sdw,f/ olykefawG b,frSm&Sdw,f
qkdwm rif;odw,f? olwkd@b,frSm&SdvJajymprf;/
olwkd@u b,folawGvJ? rif;odw,fvkd@ owif;
&xm; w,f? ajymprf;uGm olw@kd pcef;b,frmS vJ”
“ ---------------”
“ajymavuGm”
“usaemfrodbl;”
“olwkdu b,folawGvJ/ u&ifawG
b,frmS &SdvJ/ ajymaemf æ a[haumif/ rajym&if
awmh rif;udk igwkd@ ypfowf&vdrfhr,f? rif;tar
ighr,m; jzpfoGm;vdrfhr,f?”
“bmAs usaemfrodb;l qkw d m ajym+y;D +y”D
ppfAv dk tf eD;wGif &yfaeaom wyf=uyfu
armifoufwifvnf*kwfudk òAH;qkd±dkufcsvkdufum
vnfyif;udk !‡pfxm;vkdufonf? olwdk@pcef;u
b,frSmvJ? u&ifiayG;awG b,frSm&SdvJajym?
b,folawGvJqdkwm rif;odw,f? ajymprf;/ t
xyfxyfar;um tnpfnrf;qHk; qJqkd}udrf;armif;
avonf? ppfAv dk u f oufwifukd yg;±ku d v
f udk o
f nf?
wyf=uyfu aqmifhuefonf? xdk@aemuf opfudkif;
usdK;jzifh acgif;udk±dkufonf?
“om;a& oufwifa&/ b,frSmvJa[h/
tarvkdufvm+yD”
v,fapmifhwJodk@ rapmcif a&mufvm
onfhwkdif om;udkrawG@&ao;onfhtwGuf toH
ay;vdkuf&jcif;jzpfonf? awmwef;wck. [kdw
zufprf;a&tkdifwGif armifoufwif a&muf&Sdae
ojzifh rdcifu txyfxyfac:aomfvnf; r=um;
awmh? awmifukef;xufwGif ae&m,lxm;aom
&Jabmfausmpf mG jrifwh @kd rmS armifoufwifEiS hf &efol
udk apmifh=unfh tuJcwfae=uonf?
ol@tm; &efolu r&ruar;awmhrnf?
!‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufr_rsm;rSm +yD;qHk;oGm;rSm r[kwfrSef;
armifoufwif odvkdufonf? ppfAkdvfuvJ ol@
wyfudk owday;vkduf+yD? u&ifolykefawG 'DteD;
tem;rSm&Sad e+yD? owdxm;awmh? toifjh yif=u[k
trdef@ay;jcif;ESifhtwl 'Daumifav;udk "g;pmcH
vkyf&r,f? óud;eJ@ wkyfxm;&r,f[k trdef@xyf
ay;onf? oufwif wckcu k kd qH;k jzwfvudk o
f nf?
opPmazmufrvkyfEkdif? OD;av;wkd@tay: opPm&Sd
&r,f? tazhudkowfcJhwJh igwkd@udk'kuQay;aewJh
&efoludk opPmrcHbl;? olaoudk,fao wkdufyGJyJ
[lI jywfom;oGm;avonf?
armifoufwif wyf=uyfvufxJrS tif
tm;jzifh ±ke;f xGuvf ukd o f nf? ajcvSr;f oH;k av;vSr;f
tuGm&Sd tkef;cGHudk wtm; óuH;uefvkdufonf?
&efolig;a,mufonf AHk;qefrsm;ESifhtwl avxJ
wGifajrmufwufoGm;/ zGmvHusJoGm;? armifouf
wifonfvnf; ab;wzufodk@ vGifhpifxGufoGm;
onf? rkdif;uGJoHrsm;ESifhtwl aoewfoHrsm;um;
yJhwif ±kdufcwfxpfòcH; oGm;avonf?
xl ; wif h
Zef e 0g&D 13/ 2009
121
 a': }u;D ar$;. b0ntarSmifu ydI k xlyed ;f arSmifusaecJah vonf? tvif;wp rawG@&onfh
=u,faysmufn? r[l&mn? uHqkd;roGm;&m rkd;vkdufvkd@ &GmcJhavovm;? tdrfwHpuf+rdwfcsif;/
+cHpnf;±dk; csif;qufaeonfh aus;vufb0rsm;xJwGif vuG,fnrsm; a&muf&SdaecJhonf? odk@aomf
a': }u;D ar$; b0nu owdvufvw G f ta=umwufa&m*ga=umifh ydI k yif yde;f ydwrf aJ rSmifvmcJo h nf?
armifwifEG,f rqHk;rD v,ftodrf;cH&onf? oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom v,form;rsm;.
bk;d bGm;ykid f vufiyk v f uf&if; v,f,majrrSeo f r#ukd ppftm%m&Siu f odr;f ,lvu kd o
f nf? v,f,majr
Ekid if yH ikd ðf yvkyaf &;Oya'udk xkwjf yef+y;D odr;f ydu k vf u kd o
f nf? cspw f ;D ukvm;tygt0if ajr&Si}f u;D / ajr&Siif ,f
wkd@xHrS v,f,majrrsm;udk odrf;,lum ajrrJh,mrJhrsm;udk v,f,majrrsm; a0jcrf;&rnfhtpm;
'g;rOD;cs v,fvyk v f mcJo h l qif;&Jv,form;rsm;vufxrJ S v,f,majrrsm;udyk g odr;f ,lvu dk af vonf?
a': }u;D ar$;ESihf OD;}u;D OD;awmausmw f @dk onf 'kw, d urBmppft+y;D wGif ppfa=umifh rxGe, f ufEidk f
bJ ajr±kid ;f jzpfaeonfh udik ;f awm}u;D udk ckwx f iG &f iS ;f vif;cJ&h onf? OD;awmausmf uG,v f eG cf o hJ nfah emuf
xdv k ,fajrrsm;udk a': }u;D ar$;u OD;pD;um xGe, f ufpu kd yf sKd ;cJo
h nfh v,fajr? ,ck Ekid if yH ikd f ðyvkyo f nf[k
qdu k m 'kuw dQ a': }u;D ar$;. v,fq,f{uudk ppftm%m&Sif ppftyk pf u k odr;f ,l vku d jf cif;jzpfonf?
aemufw}udrfwGif O,smOf+cHajrrsm;udkyg xyfrHodrf;ydkufvkdufjyefonf? v,fydkifqkdifcGifh &xm;onfh
v,fydkif&Sifuav;rsm;b0udk ppftm%m&Sifu t+yD;tydkif zsufodrf;ypfvkdufonf?

122
 ppfred @f ppftm%matmufwiG f tode;f
toef;aom v,form;rsm;.b0onf wr
[kwfjcif; ajymif;vJoGm;onf? v,form;rsm;/
v,fykdif&Sifuav;rsm;b0rS oD;pm;v,form;
b0od@k ajymif;oGm;onf? v,form;rSm wufacguf
tH}udwf cH=u&onf? a=uuGJqkd@eifhI rqHk;awmh?
cifyGef; aoqHk;+yD;onfhaemuf v,fq,f{uudk
tm;ud;k tm;xm;cJ&h onfh a': }u;D ar$;onf v,frhJ
,mrJb h 0od@k usa&mufomG ;jcif;ESit hf wl ar#mvf ifh
csuaf &$awmif}uD; òydysucf &hJ av+yD? v,fq,f{u
udk v,ftiSm;csum oD;jcm;csxm;cJI h wvif;csed f
pyg;ay:csed af &mufwidk ;f pyg;wif;ig;q,f &&Sad e&mrS
Ekd@qDbl;ig;bl;yif r&awmh? ajrr&Sd/ ,mr&Sdawmh?
tdrf+cHajruGuf ao;ao;uav;ESifh tdrfao;ao;
wvHk;onfvnf; zvHk&Gmokd@ ajymif;vmcJhonfh
aemuf aiGig;q,fESifh t+yD;tjywf a&mif;cs xGuf
vmcJh+yD;jzpfonf? tudkjzpfol OD;at;aqmif.
EGm;wif;ukyftwGif;&Sd wzuf&yf tdrfuav;xJ
wGif a': }uD;ar$; aexdkif&avonf? ajr,mr&Sd
awmh? vufESifhajcyJ usefcJhouJhokd@ owdvuf
vGwfum tm±Hka=um csdK@,Gif;onfh ta=umwuf
a&m*gu ol@cE<mukd,fwGif usef&pfcJhonf? a&m*g
onftjzpfEiS hf aq;0g;uko tem;,lciG hf ol@rmS r&S?d
v,f±kdif;awGudk aoG;ESifhac|;ESifh ckwfxGif&Sif;vif;
um v,f,m pdu k yf sKd ;cJ&h onft
h wGuf epfema=u;
wjym;rSr&? aq;0g;ukocGihf/ tem;,lcGihfr&?
v,fawG todrf;cH&+yD;onhfaemuf vufvkyf
vufpm; v,fuv l jD zpfvmcJu h m aumufpu dk o
f r
aumuf&dwfor jzpfvmcJhonf? xkd@a=umifhyif
ol@b0u ydkI rJarSmifydef;ydwfcJhjcif; jzpfonf?
wae@? xkdwae@ ae0ifqnf;qmwGif
ol@Zmwd&mG jr,muke;f &Gmuav;qDo@kd a': }u;D ar$;
c&D;ESifaecJhonf? &GmESpf&Gm =um;udka&mufae+yD?
wa,mufa,mufu vSrf;awG@vdkufyHk&onf?
vufqifhurf;owif;u csufjcif;yif &Gmwykdif;vHk;
ysHŒoGm;onf? 'DawmhrS a': }uD;ar$;udk trSDvkduf
=uzkd@ usaemfwkd@ óud;pm;&awmhonf? a&$w0uf
jra&mifw0uf a&$ESifhjr a&m,Suf pyg;cif; v,f
uGif;}uD;? ajrmufavxJwGif pyg;cif;u vd_if;x
aeonf? wa&GŒa&GŒav#mufvSrf;aeonfh a': }uD;
ar$;onf pyg;cif; vd_if;tdrsm;xJwGif ay:vdkuf
ðryfvkduf? ray:w0uf/ ay:w0uf? v,fuGuf
wcsdK@wGif aumuf&if aumufOD; pyg;&dwf+yD;p?
taemufbuf aumif;uifpGef;odk@ edrfh
qif;vmaeonfh ae0ef;eDeD}uD;u ol. a&$r_H
a&$&nfrsm;udk oGefcs/ usJcsaeqJ? qnf;qmonf
cspfrufzG,f&m vSya=umhvGifaeqJ? ta&SŒbuf
rkd;aumif;uifwGif cJom;a&mifu oef;a0vmae
+y?D xkqd nf;qm&dyaf tmufu v,fuiG ;f udk usaemf
wdk@ jzwfvmcJhum a': }uD;ar$;udk trSDvkdufzdk@ óud;
pm;=uonf? xkdr#vSyonfh qnf;qmudk usaemfh
&ifwiG f rcHpm;Ekid af wmh? a': }u;D ar$;. xl;jcm;onfh
trlt&m v_yf&Sm;r_u bmrsm;jzpfvmavrvJ?
bmt"dy`g,fESifh pyg;cif;yifv,fxJ av#mufoGm;
ae&ovJ? ol. arG;&yf&Gmuav;rSmvnf; ol
OD;wnfoGm;aeonfh ae&ma'orSmyJ &Sdaeojzifh
arG;&yf&Gmodk@ jyefoGm;aejcif;vm;? pdwfemusnf;
bG,f&m arG;&yfajrudk b,fawmhrS roGm;bl;[lI
arharhavsmhavsmh ajymcJhor# arharhavsmhavsmh
ESifhyif &Gmuav;udk jyefoGm;aejcif;vm;?
xkdodvdkaZmu qnf;qmudkcHpm;zdk@
wif;cHaeavonf? a': }uD;ar$;.wl udo k ef;armif/
udkwifºuG,fESifh usaemf/? oHk;a,mufom; tajy;
w0ufEiS hf vkud v f mcJ=h uonf? uke;f jrifh v,fuiG ;f
wGif bGm;ueJay:vmvkduf? v,f=um; ±dk;uav;
teD;&Sd AsdKufawmxJwGif ðryfuG,foGm;vkduf?
armifwifºuG,u f ±kww f &uf vSr;f ac:vkud of nf?
“tara&/ tar b,foGm;rvkd@vJ/
c%&yfaetHk;/ usaemfhudkvJ bmrSrajymcJhbl;/
om;udk ajymcJhtHk;rSaygh”
123
 c&D;jyif;av#mufaeojzifh vdu _ af rmarm ol@xifjrifcsufudk ajymvkdufonf? usaemfu
jzpfae&mrS ydkIqdk@oGm;onf? armifwifºuG,fu wc%rSmyJ [uf[ufyufyuf &,fcsvkdufonf?
xyfa=umhum a': }uD;ar$;tm; [pfac:vkdufpOf “a':av;rar$;u OpPmapmifw h [hJ / oduk f
toHu tufuo JG mG ;um ido k uH wdr0f ifomG ;onf? uvmwmwJh? tJ'g ol@odkufeef;udk jyefaewm
“om;udak jymcJrh aS yg/h om;udak jymtH;k rS ayg”h vm;rS rodwm? igw@dk oH;k a,muf OpPmapmifah ewJh
armifwifºu, G . f vdu _ q f @dk io
kd uH usaemfh okdufeef;xJa&mufoGm;vdk@ jyefrxGufEkdif&ifawmh
&ifudk eifhapavonf? rsdK;aemifrsm; &SdaecJh&if vm; oHk;a,mufpvHk; ao+yDomrSwfayawmh”
rsdK;aemifvnf; pdwfv_yf&Sm; cHpm;&rSmyJ[k awG;rd usaemfu&,favonf? aygufwwf
ao;onf? armifwifºuG,fuJhodk@ [pfóuH;ac:iif u,/ r[kwrf [wf 'Àm&DyjkH yifawG[k usaemfu
aeayvdrrhf nf? v,fuefoif;±d;k ay:wGif armifwif jyefajymonf?
ºuG,fu a&SŒu? usaemfu ol@aemufu? usaemfh “tar b,fuo kd mG ;aewmvJ/ bmvkyf
aemufu udkoef;armif? armifwifºuG,fu q,fh rvk@d 'D&mG bufukd vmaewmvJ/ taru bmwckrS
ig;ESpf/ q,fhajcmufESpfom;t&G,f? cE<mudk,fu om;udkrajymcJhbl;/ usaemfhudk om;vkdrS oabm
zGH@òzd;vmp? r#pfpdk@aygufjzpfp? vufarmif;ESifh rxm;yJ/ [kwfw,fr[kwfvm;?”
ajcovH;k wd@k rmS wkwcf idk v f mae+yD? tom;u0gum “om;wkd@ vkdufvm=uw,f[kwfvm;?
toHu atmaeavonf? bma=umifh vkdufvm=uwmvJuG,f? vrf;w0uf
a': }uD;ar$;&Sd&modk@ a&SŒaemufwef;pD a&mufrS igudk,fwkdif ig&Gmbufudk igoGm;aewm
um usaemf w k d @ tajy;a&muf v mcJ h = uonf ? ygvm;qdw k m owdxm;rdw,f? ig&mG udk vGr;f w,f
usaemfwkd@ ol@teD;tem; ra&mufrDrSmbJ olu uG,f? +yD;awmh ighv,fxJu pyg;cif;awG/ pyg;yif
OD;pGmwkef@&yfvkdufonf? armifwifºuG,fu idkoH awGudk vm=unhcf siv f @kd 'Dpyg;cif;awGu igah cgi;f xJ
tufuGJjzifh c%&yfcdkif;Ivnf; jzpfEkdifonf? 'grS a&mufvm+yD; igu h kd qGaJ c:vmcJ=h uwmuG@J ? b,fvkd
r[kwf armifwifºuG,f vSr;f atmf[pfac: ajymae rsm; pyg;awGoD;aervJqdkwm vm=unfhprf;ygvkd@
onfukd r=um;EkdifyJ ol@pdwful;a=umifh &yfoGm; v,fuGif;awG/ pyg;cif;awGu tdrfrufxJrSm ajym
avovm;? a': }u;D ar$;onf ta&SŒbufo@kd ar#mf ae=uwm? vmvm+y;D ajymae=uwmuG@J ? 'ga=umifyh J
ai;=unf&h if; csmueJvn S u hf m taemuf,eG ;f ,Ge;f jzpf&r,f? olw@dk vmac:awmh igu vku d v f m&wm
qDodk@ ai;pdkuf=unfhaejyefonf? ol@Zmwd&Gm. ayghuG,f”
taemuf,Gef;,Gef;wGif okomefocõsKif;&Sdae+yD;/ a': }uD;ar$;u ròyH;r&,fyJ usaemfwkd@
xdkocõsKif;wGif xHk;jzLjzL tkwf*lwvHk;&Sdonf? xkd bufukd vSn=hf unfv h u dk of nf? armifwifºuG,u f
tkwf*ludk vSrf;awG@ae&onf? ol@tarteD;okd@ a&mufonfESifh vufESpfbufudk
a&SŒem;u v,fuGufuefoif;ay:wGif ajrm‡ ufwef;um ol@tarudk odr;f ayG@xm;vku d o
f nf?
rv_yfr,Suf&yfaeaom a': }uD;ar$;ukd awG@ae& “tar bmrSrajymyJ 'DudkxGufvm
ojzifh usaemf pdwfrylawmh? bmrS rpOf;pm;awmh? w,fAsm/ ighom;av;awmh pdwfylaerSmyJvdk@ eJeJ
a': }uD;ar$;rSm tajzrxGufao;onfh ya[Vd av;awmif rpOf;pm;bl;”
ykpm> jzpfaeqJ? wdu k w f udk q f idk q
f idk yf J usaemfh aemuf ol@tarudk pdwyf yl efru _ }u;D rm;a=umif;
ausmbufwGif uyfygvmonfh udkoef;armifu ol@rsuf&nfidk±_dufoHu oufaojyaeavonf?
124
wu,fu trSm;rSm;t,Gif;,Gif;ESifh wcgw&H a': }uD;ar$;onf ol@wl udo
k ef;armifajymouJo h @kd
owdvufvw G f jzpfaecJoh nfukd armifwifºuG,f OpPmapmifhjzpfonf qkdv#ifvnf; jzpfoifhjzpfxkduf
om todq;kH ? tarwckck jzpfomG ;rSjzifh æ qko d nfh onfh OpPmapmifh? ,cktcg xkdokd@yif pOf;pm;cHpm;
ylyefr_u ol@udk tkyfpdk;xm;cJhonf? =unfhaerdonf?
“om;av;&,f/ taru c%qkd+yD;
xGufvmcJhwm? bmrS pdwfrylygeJ@ om;av;&,f” ppfre
d p‹f pftm%m
a': }uD;ar$;u armifwifºuG,fhyg;jyif
ay:rS rsuf&nfpufwkd@udk ol.vufacsmif;rsm;jzifh atmufwi G f
odrf;,lvkdufonf? xkd@aemuf armifwifºuG,fudk tode;f toef;aom
qGaJ c:um usaemfw@dk a&SŒrS xGuo f mG ;ESiahf vonf? v,form;rsm;.b0onf
a&SŒu v,fuu G af wG[m tarwk@d &ŒJ 'g;rOD;cs v,f
awGyJuG,f[k wzGzGwooajymum xGufoGm; wr[kwjf cif;
cJhjcif; jzpfonf? ajymif;vJomG ;onf?
a': }uD;ar$;u OpPmapmifhb0u vmcJh v,form;rsm;/
wmqkdaom udkoef;armifajymonfudk usaemf
,ckxd owd&wHk;? xdkpOfuvnf; udkoef;armif v,fyi dk &
f i
S u f av;rsm;
ajymonfudk &,fcJhbl;onf? ,ckvnf; q&m b0rS
OD;atmifpdef. yef;csDjycef;xJrS yef;csDum;csyfudk oD;pm;v,form;b0od‹ k
pkdufai;cHpm;=unhf&if; pdwftrSwfpufxJwGif
wzswzf swyf &kH yd rf sm;ay:vmum &,fòy;H rdavonf? ajymif;oGm;onf?
wu,fu a': }uD;ar$;rSm wqifhpum; vkyf}uH v,form;rSmwufacguf
'Àm&DyjkH yifxu J OpPmapmifrh [kw?f ol. 'g;rOD;cs tH}udwf cH}u&onf?
v,fq,f{uudkawmh wyfrufcJhonfrSmtrSefyJ?
OpPmv,f,mudk wyfrufpGJvef;onfh OpPmapmifh a-uuGJ qke ‹d ifIh rqH;k awmh?
awmh jzpfEkdifonf? "eb¾m v,f,mrsm;udk
rufarmvGe;f I avmb&ruf}u;D cJo h nfh "e&Siaf jr&Sif a': }u;D ar$;onf a&SŒv,fuu G f ESpu f uG f
}uD;awGonfom wu,fu OpPmapmifh}uD;awG? ausmfwGif ol@ajcvSrf;rsm;udk &yfwef@vdkufonf?
tvkyform; v,form;awGay:u aoG;pkyf t ajrjyifay:odk@ !$wfukdif; auG;usaeaom yef;Ek
jrwfxkwfI csrf;omcsifwkdif; csrf;omae=uonfh a&mifoef;p pyg;ESHpyg;cufrsm;udk ol.vuf0g;
aoG;pkyzf wk af umif OpPmapmif}h u;D awG r[kwv f m;? ay:od@k qq&G&w G ifum =unfah eavonf? ajrmuf
a': }uD;ar$;wdk@ v,form;rsm;onf olwkd@. ac|; jyefavEkat;u uokwu f &uf wku d cf udk v
f udk pf Of
aoG;touf vkyftm;rsm;ESifh &if;cJh=uonfh v,f pyg;cif;u wodro hf rd hf vdi_ ;f tdxoGm;? pyg;&Guzf sm;
,majrrsm;udk ykdifqkdifxm;csif=urSmygyJ? aoG;pkyfcH yGwf&SyfxdcwfoHu wD;wkd;&SJ&SJ &,foGrf;vkduf=u?
&onhf v,form;rsm;onf v,f,majrrsm;ukd a': }uD;ar$;. b,fnm vuf0g;ESpfbufay:wGif
ydkifqkdifxm;=u&rSmyJ? ,if;onf w&m;ygonf? aumufESHwkd@u yGwfoyf a&G@vsm;ae=uonf?
125
vuf0g;udk yg;jyiftjzpf aumufESHaumufcufawG
u erf;±d_ufvGef@vl;aejcif;vnf; jzpfEkdifonf?
“wpfESHudk q,fjynfxGufw,f/ òzd;tufvkd@oD;”
qko d nfh aus;vufy}kH u;D oH uAsmxJu pmom;wcsKd @
udk usaemfhpdwfwGif;wGif &Gwfqkd=unfhrdaeovm;/
E_wfuyJ v$wfueJ &Gwfqdkrdovm;? ,ckusaemf
rrSwfrdEkdifawmh?
“tarud, k w f idk f udik ;f ckw"f g;eJ@ &Si;f cJwh hJ
v,fajrayghuG,f æ? a¹rGa[muf a¹rGayG;uvJ
aygvkdufwm? udkif;ckwf"g;eJ@ odrf;ckwf&rf;vkduf
wke;f a¹rGa[mufacgi;f udk jzwfr&d ufom;jzpfomG ;
w,f? tJ'Da¹rGacgif;u taraqmif;xm;wJh cg;
armufEw _ cf rf;rSm udu k rf vd suo f m; jzpfomG ;w,f
uGJ@? raovkd@aygh? tJ'Dvkdtoufay;+yD; ajr±dkif;
awGudk ckwfxGif pdkufysdK;cJh&wmom;&JŒ? tarhv,f
u w{u pyg;ig;q,f ajy;rvGwfwJhv,fuGJ@?
=unfhprf;ygOD;om;&,f oD;vkdufwm cJaewmyJ?
'gqdk&if pyg;wESHudk pyg;aph wpf&mhESpfq,fxuf
b,feJyghrvJuG,f? om;a& =unfhprf;uG,f”
a': }uD;ar$;u pyg;wESHudk qGwfum
armif w if º uG , f h v uf x J xnf h a y;vd k u f o nf ?
+yD;awmh uefoif;ay: xdik cf svu kd o f nf? v,fuu G f
xJrS pdpk wG af eqJajrudk zJ, h vl u dk o f nf? xkv d ,fajrudk
b,fbufwGifqkyfxm;um aemufxyf nmbuf
vufjzifh oref;ajrudk zJh,lvkdufjyefonf? +yD;rS
rwfwyf&yfum ajrqDcaJ wGudk vuf0g;ay:wifum
ai;pkduf=unfh&if; ajymonf?
“tarhv,fu oJEkef;ajrEkuGJ@/ ajrap;
oufoufr[kwb f ;l ? =unfph rf; aumif;vku d wf ahJ jr/
wu,fh ajrqDajrESpfawG?”
wc%wGif a': }u;D ar$;u ol@vuf0g;ay:
wifxm;aom ajrqDajrcJ&$HŒwHk;udk r,HkEkdifavmuf
atmif ±d_ufum±d_ufum erf;=uLaeavonf?
usaemfh woufeJ@wudk,f b,fwkef;urS rawG@
jrifcbhJ ;l onfh jrifuiG ;f ESihf tjzpftysu?f rnfuo hJ @kd
126
aom te@Htouf&SdavrvJqkd+yD; pl;prf;onfh
teH@cHjcif;rsdK;r[kwf? ajrudkerf;±d_ufjcif; jzpfonf?
csppf mG wyfrufjyif;jyvSpmG erf;jcif;jzpfonf? ol@rmS
onf;ajcudx k ad vmufonf/h rSwOf m%f todw&m;
wkd@udk zsufqD;aeonfh ta=umwufa&m*g &&Sd
xm;ol? 'gyHkrSeftodw&m;ESifh erf;jcif;vm;/ yHkrSef
r[kwfonfh todw&m;ESifh erf;±d_ufjcif;vm;?
xdkpOfu usaemf Tr#avmuf rpOf;pm;cJhonfudk
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm jzwfoef;+yD;onfhaemuf ,ck
puUe@f wc%a&mufvmrS pOf;pm;=unfrh jd cif; jzpf
onf? rnfokd@yifjzpfap ajrudkcspf wyfrufpGm erf;
vdu k o f nfuawmh aocsmavonf? ol@v,fajr
udk tb,fr#cspfonfukd ol@ rsuf&nfpufrsm;u
jyocJhavonf? ajrudkerf;vdkufonf? wc%
t=umwGif a': }u;D ar$;onf idI k ±du_ af ecJah vonf?
a[mAs? usaemfph w d wf iG f xdwv f ef@xl
qef;oGm;jyefonf? a': }uD;ar$;u ajrqDajrcJudk
±d_ufum±d_ufum erf;cJh+yD; ±d_ufI vd_ufum idkcsae
jyef+yaD um? vl.rodpw d w f iG f odak vSmif odr;f qnf;
xm;cJo h r# tdyrf ufwiG f ay:vmwwfonf[k pdwf
ynm&SifawGu ajymbl;onf? wa,mufa,muf
ursm; a': }uD;ar$;udk tdyfaiG@csvkdufouJhodk@ jzpf
oGm;um rodpdwfwGif odrf;,lxm;cJhonfh tod
w&m; cHpm;csurf sm;udk vSpjf yvku d of uJo h @kd jzpfae
onf? a': }uD;ar$;. rodpdwf rsufESmay:rS cHpm;r_
ukd usaemfrh mS ±kwwf &uf zwf±c_ iG hf &vdu k af vonf?
“igu 'DajrudkydkifcJhwm/ ighvifighom;eJ@
a[m'Duighajrudk a[m'DvkdrsdK; OD;xdyfay:wif+yD;
yefxm;cJhwm? tckawmh ighvifvnf;ao+yD? igydkif
wJah jrudv k nf; t"rRv, k uf+y;D ,lxm;vku d =f u+y?D
jA[Rpdk&fw&m; uif;vkduf=uwm? pmemaxmuf
xm;r_ uif;vdkuf=uwm? v,form;awG&JΠvuf
xJu v,fajrawGukd aoewfawG ppfwyfawGe@J
"m;jywkduf,lvkduf=uwmuGJ@/ rw&m;wJholukd
w&m;wJholu ±dkufygvdrfhr,fuGJ@ om;&JŒ”?
 xdkpOfu aemufajymifwwfrnfqkdv#if
a': }u;D ar$;udk &$waf emufaemufjzifh ar$;uvJu, G f v,form;rsm;onf olw‹. dk ac|;
v,form;awG&ŒJ vufxu J v,fawGukd odr;f ,l
wm wkdif;jynftwGuf/ v,form;awG twGuf aoG; touf vkyt f m;rsm;ESihf &if;cJh
ayguh , G /f olw@dk twGuf b,f[w k yf grh vJu, G f ar$; -uonfh v,f,majrrsm;udk ykid q f idk f
&,f[k aemufajymifrSm trSefyJjzpfonf? a': }uD;
ar$;onf ajymajymqdq k Edk iS yhf if ol@vufxrJ S &$ŒH cJajr xm;csif-urSmygyJ? aoG;pkycf &H onhf
qD c J u k d tjym;tcsyf j zpf a tmif v k y f u m ol . v,form;rsm;onf v,f,majrrsm;
OD;acgif; i,fxdyfay:odk@ wifxm;vdkufavonf?
ajrudk OD;xdyf yefqifonfo h abm? ajrudk csppf &m ukd ydik q
f idk x
f m; -u&rSmyJ? ,if;onf
jrwfEkd;p&m yef;yGifhozG,f yefqifvkdufonfh trl w&m;ygonf?
t&mudk jyovkdufjcif;jzpfonf? pdkpGwfaom ajrcJ
ESpfqkyfpmudk yef;uefrsm;uJhodk@ jym;jym;0kdif;0kdif;
vkyfum acgif;ay: wifxm;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf? ajymjyonf? aemuf pyg;wpfESHukd xyf+yD; a&wGuf
usaemfwkd@ oHk;a,mufonf ol@trl =unfhpOf wpf&mwpfq,fhigaph oD;a=umif; ajym
t&m [efyefrsm;udk txl;tqef;jzpfum =unfh jyefonf? a': }uD;ar$;u oD;vkdufwJh pyg;awG[k
aerdonf? jyZmwfqefaeovm;? uAsmwyk'f qkdum pkwfwoyfoyfESifh a&&Gwfaeavonf?
jzpfrsm;aeovm;? usaemfhpdwfwGif xl;qef;aom udb k ;kd axG;u a': }u;D ar$;v,fukd qufvyk af eonf?
tdyfrufwckudk cHpm;ae&onf? a': }uD;ar$;. aus;&Gm ajr,maumfrwD. wef;pD pm&if;Z,m;
rsuEf mS ay:wGirf l rJjh cif;r&S/d òyH;jcif;r&S?d vdi_ ;f r&So
d nfh t& vSnf;ESifhEGm;&Sdoludk OD;pm;ay;um v,fvkyf
a&jyifES,f wnf+idrfvsuf? a': }uD;ar$; ta=um cGifhay;onf? vuf0g;}uD;tkyf ppftm%m&Sif ppf
wufa&m*gxvmrSmudk pdk;&drfaerdonf? pdwfa0 tpdk;&onf ajr&Sif}uD;jzpfonf? ajr&Sif}uD;.
'emonf wpfa,mufuo hJ @kd pdwu f a,mufu,uf vufatmufwiG f v,fvyk o f u
l v,fvyk yf ikd cf iG hf
jzpfoGm;ae+yDvm;? pdwfa0'emonf r[kwfaomf &&Sad vonf? oD;pm;v,form; jzpfciG &hf avonf?
vnf; pdwfxdcdkuf emusifr_/ em;usnf;r_awGu v,fvkyfol v,frydkifqkdifawmhay?
te,fjyefxum t&Sed t f [kejf zifh ±du k cf wfvmygu a': }uD;ar$;twGuf Zmwd&Gmodk@ vGrf;
ta=umwufa&m*gu jyefxvmavrvm;? onft h vGr;f udk ajzav#mEh idk w
f mu eJe?J pdwef musif
“uJ tar oGm;=upd@k aemf? aeu0ifae+y/D p&mawG &oGm;wmu rsm;rsm;vm;rod? wu,f
tvif;a&mif&Sdwkef; &Gmudk jyef=u&atmifaemf? u v,fr, hJ mrJh v,fuv l aD wG/ qif;&Jv,form;
uJvm taroGm;pdk@? ” awG rcsdrqef@ aoG;pkyfcH&/ txktaxmif;cH&/
armifwifºuG,u f ol@tarudk &Gmjyefz@dk aoG;pkyf zdESdyfr_ cH&zefrsm;vGef;I v,form;
pum;pvkdufonf? ol@aemufu armifwifºuG,f? *VHKq&mpHw@dk 'DajruGuaf wGay:rSmyJ "g;qGJ awmfveS f
+yD;awmh usaemfESifh udkoef;armif? vrf;w0uf cJ=h ujcif; jzpfonfr[kwv f m;? om,m0wD/ oH;k q,f/
a&mufawmh armifwifºuG,fu pyg;wESHudk pyg; wkduf}uD;/ OuUH e,fajra'orsm;onf v,form;
aphaygif; wpf&mhESpfq,foD;a=umif; ol@tarudk trmcH a'oawGr[kwfvm;? wc%Y owd&
127

vkud rf o d nf? tjyefc&D;wGif a': }uaD r$;. ta=um
wufa&m*gu +idrfcsufom; aumif;aecJhojzifh
usaemfhrSm usdwfI 0rf;omae&ao;onf? &Gmodk@
jyefa&muf/ a': }uD;ar$;tdrfodk@ vkdufydk@cJh+yD;aemuf
vlpkcGJavonf? aemufwae@ armifwifºuG,fESifh
awG@onfhtcg a': }uD;ar$;,lvmcJhonfh ajrpdkif
ajrcJawGudk b,frSm v$wfypfcJhovJ[k usaemfu
ar;=unfhrdonf?
“taru tJ'o D @l v,fu ajrcJawGukd
yk*wH csyx f wJ nf+h y;D bk&m;pifay: wifxm;vku d wf ,f
tpfudk}uD;a&/ tHh=op&m ygAsm? bk&m;pifa&SŒrSm
óu@H óu@H uav;xkid +f y;D bk&m;&Scd ;kd wmudk awG@&w,f?
ol@Ew _ cf rf;awG v_yw f mudak wG@&w,f? toHrxGuf
bl;? olbmawG t"dXmefðyovJawmh rodbl;Asm
odvm;? rsufaphudk pHkrSdwf+yD; avoHeJ@ &Gwfzwf
awmhwmyJ? +yD;vJ+yD;a&m usaemfhudk ajymw,f?
ol@rsufESm[m =unf+yD; vef;qef;vkd@yJAsm? bm
ajymvJodvm;? v,frJh,mrJh v,form;awG&JŒ
vufxrJ mS v,fawG jyefa&mufvm&rSmaygu h ,G ?f
rw&m;vkyfvkd@ b,f&yghrvJom;&,f? w&m;udk
128
ewfapmifhowJh? w&m;udk aoewf rapmifhbl;uGJ@
om;&JŒ æ wJ@”
armifwifE, G u f rsuv f ;kH ayguaf wGywd f
atmif &,fvu dk af vonf? rawG@b;l róub H ;l onfh
tjzpftysufESifh vlyk*~dKvfrSm armifwifºuG,f.
tarudk,fwdkifjzpfaeI xl;qef;tHh=ozG,f/ =unf
El;zG,f jzpfaeayvdrfhrnf? w}udrfwnf;ESifh a':
}uD;ar$;ta=umif;udk odoGm;+yD? ajrudk cspfjrwfEkd;
vGef;onfh ajrurBmay:u ajrom;trsdK;orD;}uD;
wOD ; yguvm;? touf a oG ; &if ; ES D ; ,l c J h o nf h
ajrqDajrcJudk OD;xdyfxm;um bk&m;pifay: wif
xm; udk;uG,fol? ajrapmifhewf. cspfrdwfaqG?
wu,fvnf; a&S;acwfvo l m;EG,w f @dk onf ajrudk
udk;uG,fcJh=uonf? usaemfwdk@ a': }uD;ar$;wdk@
acwftxd vlwdk@onf 0okE<a&ajrewfukd udk;
uG,fqnf;uyf ylaZmfqJ/ 0wfðy qkawmif;qJ?
a': }uD;ar$;uawmh ajrewfukd ukd;uG,fol [kwf/
r[kwf raocsm? ajrudk t&if;ðyrSDcdkum ajray:
wGif xGef,ufpdkufysdK;vkdufojzifh &&Sdvmonfh
aumufyo J ;D ESu
H vl@b0twGuf pm;p&m/ 0wfp&m
&SdvmcJhonf? ajruyif aep&m aop&mudk ay;a0
jyefonf? xk@d a=umifyh if a': }uD;ar$;u ajrudk xko d @kd
OD ; cd k u f ud k ; uG , f c J h y H k & onf ? ajrud k qef ; ppf
=unfhv#if ajra=umifh vl@tv$mtwef;tpm;rsm;
ay:vmonf? tjrwfxw k of al wG ay:vm? wku d yf JG
aoG;pD;acsmif;awG ay:xGufcJh? ,ckxd r+yD;qHk;Ekdif
awmhay?
usaemf . awG a i;aomt=unf h u
jyefvnf owdxm;rdonfhtcsdefwGif yef;csDum;
ay:wGifr&Sdawmh? yef;csDjycef;. rSefjywif;rsm;ay:
rSmvmxifum v_yf&Sm;aeonfh aejcnfopf&dyf
uGufrsm;qDodk@ a&muf&Sdaeavonf?
armif p d k ; csd e f
c&pf p rwf a e@- 25/ 12/ 200
2008
Ek d i f i H & yf j cm;0wˆ K

“qefa&mif;oGm;wJhae@u”0wˆKESifh pyfvsOf;I
'D0wÎKa&;ol‘az[Gm’&J@ rlvtrnf&if;rSm usef;azh&Sef jzpfygw,f? 1979 ckESpf/
aqmif;ul; &moDyaJG wmf&ŒJ aemufae@rmS [leefjynfe,f/ vDvifc±kid f awmifwef;a'o v,form;
tdrfaxmifpkwckrS qif;oufvmcJholyg? i,f&G,fpOfuwnf;u qif;&JcsdK@iJhpGm tywfwukwf
}udK;pm; ynmoif,lcJhol jzpfygw,f? 1997 ckESpfrSm yDuif;wuUokdvf Oya'aumvdyfwGif
wufa&muf ynmoif,lcGifh &&SdchJw,f? 2001 ckESpfa&mufawmh ol[m r[m0dZ…mbG@J twGuf
usm;ukwfusm;cJ avhvm qnf;yl;aeyg+yD? 2003 ckESpftwGif; w±kwfjynfrSm qm;a&m*g jzpfyGm;
aepOfumvrSm olvJ tJ'Da&m*ga=umifh aq;±Hkwufa&mufukocJh&w,f? tJ'Dvkd wufa&muf
ukoae&if;rSmyJ aq;±Hkay:rSm 3 vt=um =o*kwf 27&ufae@rSm uG,fvGefoGm;cJholyg? touf
xif&mS ;&Spd OfumvrSm ol&ŒJ pum;ajyawG/ 0wÎKawG[m pmapmiftoD;oD;rSm azmfjyjcif;cHc&hJ w,f?
bmomjyefa&m/ ukd,fykdifzefwD;cJhwhJ vuf&mawGyg yHkESdyf xkwfa0cJhzl;w,f?

129
 t,f ' D w m&J @ rS w f c suf
'D0wÎKukd ckvkdrazmfjyEkdifao;cif {+yDv
avmufuxifygw,f?‘qefa&mif;oGm;wJhae@u
qkdwJh 'D0wÎL[m yDuif;wuUokdvf pmay+ydKifyGJ
rSm yxrqk &&SdcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh qkay;yGJ tcrf;
tem;rSmawmh qk&ol wufa&mufq, k w
l m rawG@
&ygbl;? ol@&JΠausmif;aebufoli,fcsif;rsm;u
0rf;enf;vGr;f qGwrf _ azmfjyvku d w
f mukyd J awG@vu dk f
&ygw,f? tcrf;tem;[m qkay;wJh tcrf;tem;
r[kwfawmhbJ ol@tm; 0rf;enf;*k%fjyKwJh tcrf;
tem; jzpfoGm;cJh&w,f? wrk[kwfcsif;yJ yDuif;
wuUov dk &f ŒJ ‘aejcnf’ cef;r}u;D wckv;kH wdwq f w d f
+idrof ufomG ;awmhw,f? tJ'aD wmhrS u|eaf wmfvJ
qk&ol[m vGefcJhwJhwESpfausmfu qm;a&m*g
pGu
J yf+yD; vl@avmu}uD;u xGufcGmoGm;&Sm+yD qkd
wmukd odcGifh&vkdufygw,f? qkay;yGJ tcrf;tem;
[m ol@u0dk rf;enf;*k%jf yKwhJ tcrf;tem; jzpfomG ;
&wJhtxd cHpm;&wJh cHpm;r_rsdK;ukd E_wfjzifhajymjyzkd@
uawmh tvGecf ufygw,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u u|eaf wmf
‘qefa&mif;oGm;wJhae@u’ e@u’qkdwJh 0wÎKukd zwfcsif
pdwf wzGm;zGm;jzpfay:cJh&w,f?
r=umvku d yf gz;l ? pmrl u|eaf wmfv h ufxJ
a&mufvmw,f? 0wÎKukd 0rf;enf;yufvufeJ@
zwf=unfhvkdufrdw,f? pvkdufwmeJ@ w+ydKifeuf
‘az[Gm’u 'g[m 0wÎKr[kwfygbl;? Zmwfvrf;
Zmwfuu G x f u J tao;pdwaf &;om;xm;wmawG
tm;vHk;[m wu,fhtjzpfrSefawGygvkd@ ajymae
awmhw,f? qif;&J'kuQawG &ifqkdifae&wJh tJ'Dvkd
umvawGtwGif;rSmyJ ol[m wjznf;jznf;csif;eJ@
uavmif&iS w f OD; jzpfvmcJ&h olyg? ol[m oabm
xm; ±kd;pif;+yD; at;aq;wnf+idrf±Hkru tpOft+rJ
+yHK;aewwfolyg? ol&ŒJ 0wÎKawG[m *EÎ0if 0wÎK
awGrSmom&SdwhJ cGeftm;rsdK;awG &Sdaew,f?
‘az[Gm’om &Sad eOD;r,fq&dk if apmifph m;
130
zwf±_&r,fh ol@vuf&mawG b,favmufrsm;
xGufvmaetHk;rSmygvdrfh? ?
qef a &mif ; oG m ;wJ h a e@u
a0vD a 0vif ; rk d ; vif ; prS m taru
u|erf ukd tdy&f mrS E_;d vkud w f ,f? “orD;a&æ 'Dae@
aps;ae@av? ararwkd@ qefenf;enf;yg;yg; xrf;
oGm;+yD; a&mif;&atmif? aiGenf;enf;&vkd@&Sd&if
orD;wkd@taztwGuf aq;0,fay;&atmif”wJh?
u|erf vJ tdycf sirf ;l wl;eJ@ rsuv f ;kH ukzd iG +hf y;D
jywif;ayguftjyifukd vSrf;=unfhvkdufw,f? ae
awmif rxGuaf o;bl;? 'gayrJh &Gmom;awGuawmh
aexGuv f mwmukd apmifrh aetm;awmhbJ tdy&f m
u x=u&p+ryJ g? 'ga=umifh vlysi;f awGe@J ywfoufwhJ
qkd±kd;pum; &SdaecJhwmaygh? “rdef;rysif;awGom
aejrifhwJhtxd tdyfpufavh&Sdw,f”wJh? 'gayrJh
u|erf uawmh odyu f dk tdycf sivf eG ;f vk@d tdy&f may:rSm
ayuyfaerdwmyg?
uyfvsut f cef;zufu tazh acsmif;qk;d
oHukd =um;ae&w,f? taruawmh rD;zkdxJrSm
tvkyf±_yfaeyg+yD? xrif;[if;csufae&mu a=umf
wJah vSmw f hJ [if;eH@awGawmif oif;ae+yD? 'ga=umifh
u|efr&JŒtdyfcsifpdwfawG wpwpeJ@ vGifhukefw,f?
u|efr tdyf&mrS xxkdifvkdufw,f? tuôs t0wf
tpm;vJ+yD; tdyf&mukd oyfoyf&yf&yfjzpfatmif
jyifcif;vkdufw,f?
“rr u|eaf wmfvJ rrwk@d e@J twl aps;vku d f
&&if aumif;rSmyJ? rr u|efawmhfukd a&cJacsmif;
0,fau|;av”
armifav;[m tdyf&mxprkd@ qHyifawG
xkd;xkd;axmifaxmife@J u|efrtcef;xJ ajy;0ifvm
w,f?
“,Dayguf rif;oGm;vkd@rjzpfbl;? tdrf
rSmaecJh+yD; a&oGif;&r,f”? uyfvsuftcef;u
tazhtoH[m acsmif;qk;d oHrsm;=um;u ay:vm “vrf;rSm owdxm;oGm;=u? wk@d qefu
w,f? odyfaumif;wm? aps;av#mh+yD; ra&mif;vkdufeJ@”
armifav;[m tvkdruswmeJ@ tazh taz[m tuôsukd+cHKxm;&if; wHcg;0rSm &yfvsuf
tcef;zuf ul;oGm;&if; “taz 'Davmufawmif u rSm=um;aew,f?
&moDOwku ylaewm? tazawmif rae@u tylrd “odygw,fawmf? awmfzh mom tdy&f mxJ
vmwmaerSmaygh? u|efawmhfukd 'Dae@oGm;ckdif;ae vSJrSmom jrefjrefoGm;vSJaeprf;yg”? tar[m
jyef+yD? u|eaf wmf aeylrrd mS ukd ra=umufygb;l ”vk@d txrf;ukd xrf;xm;&if;u cJ&mcJqpfe@J vnfjyef
jiif;aejyefygw,f? vSnfh+yD; “xrif;eJ@[if;u tkd;awGxrJ Sm ae@vnf
“vlawG tyl'%fa=umufovdk aumufyJ usrS‘,Dayguf’ukd c% jyefaE$;ckdif;+yD;rSpm;=u”vkd@
oD;ESaH wGuaum ra=umufb;l wJv h m;? tm;vk;H ukd rSmae&Smw,f?
oGm;+y;D a&v$wrf ay;&if v,fawG ajcmufcef;ukef
vk@d ysdK;yifawG aoukefrSmaygh? tJvkdomqkd&if »»» »»»»
wtdro f m;vH;k iwfayguw f ;dk vdrrhf ,faemf”? taz
[m a'gowcsuaf vmuf xGuv f u dk w
f meJ@ acsmif; oGm;&r,fhaps;u u|efrwkd@tdrfeJ@ w
ykdqkd;vmw,f? armifav;[m u|efrukd &Smxkwf ±kwrf idk f 4 rkid af vmufa0;ygw,f? u|erf eJ@tar[m
ajymifacsmfacsmfvkyfjyum tazhtcef;xJ 0ifoGm; v,fuu G af wG=um;u vrf;usO;f usO;f av;twkid ;f
awmhw,f? tazu a&b,fvkdoGif;&r,f? b,f qefxrf;&if; wem&DavmufeD;eD; av#mufvkduf
v,fuGufukd poGif;&r,f? b,fa&uefu oG,f awmh aps;wef;ukad &mufygw,f? aps;rSm vlawmf
ay;&r,f? wcsdK@ae&mawGrSm olrsm;awGu jzwf awmfawmif pnfaeyg+yD? u|efrwkd@vJ ae&mvGwf
awmufyw d q f @dk +yD; a&ck;d wwfw,f? aoaocsmcsm wae&mukd cyfjrefjrefav;&Sm+yD; txrf;awGukd
*±kpkdufaemfvkd@ rSm=um;oHawG =um;ae&w,f? csvkdufw,f? xrf;ykd;awGukd ajr}uD;ay:cs+yD; zifck
xrif;pm;+y;D wmeJ@ armifav;[m taz xkdifum ESpfa,mufom; jrufOD;xkyfawGeJ@ ,yf
oHk;aeus aygufjym;ukdxrf;+yD; xGufoGm;w,f? cwfaerdw,f? reufapmapm}uD;awmif 'Davmuf
u|erf eJ@taruawmh awmif;awGxJ qefawGxnfh ylaerSawmh ae@vnfq&dk ifawmh odycf EH idk rf mS r[kwyf g
ygw,f? tm;vHk;xnfh+yD; csdef=unfhvkdufawmh w bl;vkd@ pOf;pm;&if; armifav;twGuf u|efrpdwfyl
xrf;u usif;(w±kwfyd\m)80 &Sd+yD;/ aemufw aerdw,f? olu a&oGi;f oGm;ae&wm? uGi;f jyifrmS
xrf;u yd\m 60 &Sdw,f? wae@vHk; aeylavmif cHae&&SmrSm?
“tar u|erf ykad v;wJt h xrf;ukd xrf; u|erf ab;ywfywfvnfudk =unfv h u
dk f
r,f”vkd@ ajymvkdufawmh æ awmh waps;vHk; qefa&mif;wJhvlawG trsm;}uD;
“orD;u ausmif;oly?J yckH;u EkEkav; &Sdaewmukd owdxm;vkdufrdw,f? tm;vHk;[m
&,f? ararhukd av;wmay;” aiGtoHk;vkdvkd@ apmifhqkdif;ae=u&olawGcsnf;rsm;
taruajym&if; cg;av;wcsun f w ¸ u
f m jzpfaea&mhovm;? aps;rSm awG@ae&wJh vlawGukd
ykdav;wJh txrf;ukd xrf;oGm;awmhw,f? =unfhvkdufawmh trsm;pk[m awG@zl;aeovkdvkd
u|efru ayghwht J xrf;av;ukd xrf;+yD; csn;f ygy?J tm;vH;k [m teD;tem; 10 rkid yf wfvnf
tareJ@twl tdrfwHcg;u xGufvm=uw,f? avmufu &yfaqG&yfrsdK;awGcsnf; jzpf=uygw,f?
131
ololigig tm;vHk;uvJ v,fpkdufolawGcsnf;rkd@
b,folursm; qef0,frSmygvdrfh?
tarukd ar;=unfhrdw,f? taru
“qefuek o f nfawG a&mufvm+y;D qefawG odr;f 0,f
oGm;wwfw,f? olw@dk[m um;awGe@J ckvadk us;vuf
aps;awGukdqif;vm+yD; qefawGodrf;0,fw,f?
+yD;awmh +rdK@awGrSm jyefa&mif;=uwmaygh? olwkd@u
aiGawmfawmfrsm;rsm;vJ t&if;tjzpf r,wnf
xm;Ekdif=uwmukd;”vkd@ &Sif;jyw,f?
“olw@dk u bmawGrsm; t&if;wnfxm;
=uvk@d v?J u|erf wk@d vJ qefawG +rdK@ay:o,fomG ;+yD;
a&mif;&&ifaumif;rSmyJ”vk@d u|erf u ajymvku d wf ,f?
wu,fawmh pdwx f rJ mS rcHcsipf wd f ay:
vmvkd@ ajymvkdufrdwhJpum;rSef; rdrdbmom odyg
w,f?
xifwht J wkdif;ygy?J taru “wkd@rSm &Sd
wJqefu enf;enf;av;&,f? um;vJr&Sdbl;?
wu,fvkd@ +rdK@ukdoGm;a&mif;r,fqkd&ifvJ vrf;
p&dwftwGuf t&if;tESD;vJ rvHkavmufygbl;?
t&if nnf;taz aeaumif;wkef;u qefusif;
(100)avmuftxd uk, d w f idk xf rf;oGm;+yD; +rdK@wuf
a&mif;zl;wmyJ? enf;enf;awmh wGufacsukdufwm
aygh? 'gayrJh &ufawmfawmfav;=umrS wacguf
avmufoGm;Ekdifwm” vkd@ &Sif;jyygw,f?
u|erf &ifxJ tvkv d dk wif;usyv f mw,f?
tazhtwGuf rcsdatmif &ifemrdw,f? tdrfuae
+rdK@txdqkd&if rkdif 30 wdwd a0;ygw,f? 'Davmuf
a0;wJh awmifay:vrf;ukd av;vHvSwJh qefawG
xrf;+yD; oGm;a&mif;cJh&wmyg? yifyef;vGef;vS yg
w,f? tJ'DaiGav; enf;enf;avmufykd&zkd@ vlu
ckvkd tyifyef;cH&wmyg? tvGefukd rumrdygbl;?
'gayrJh rwwfomygb;l ? u|erf wk@d trd rf mS
pkdufysKd;a&;uvGJvkd@ wjcm;0ifaiG&p&m bmrSr&Sd
ygbl;? qefra&mif;&if u|efreJ@armifav; ausmif;
wufzkd@aiG b,fu&rSmvJ?
132
'gawGudk pOf;pm;&if; u|erf &ifwxdwf
xdwf ckefvmw,f? tae&cufvmw,f? ab;rSm
&SdaewJh tarhukd=unfhvdkufawmh qHyifawGawmif
uGufwduGuf=um; jzLae&Sm+yD? rJ=uKwf=uKwf
rsufESmay:rSmvJ Z&m&JŒvuQ%mjzpfwhJ wGe@f vyd f
aewJh ta&;ta=umif;awGawmif ay:aeyg+yD?
ezl;ay:rSmvnf; ac|;oD;ac|;aygufawG &$Jvkd@?
rsupf u
d vJ enf;enf; eDae+y;D a&mif&rf;ae &Smw,f?
“tar a&enf;enf; aomufvu dk Of ;D av”
u|efru a&bl;ukd tarhqDxkd;ay;+yD;
jrufOD;xkyfeJ@ ,yfcwfay;aerdw,f?
»»»»»»»
aemufqHk;rSm qefukefonfum;awG
a&mufvmw,f? olwkd@[m ae&mtESH@rSm&SdaewJh
qefvma&mif;=uolawGudk =unf±h t _ uJcufvu dk +f y;D
qef&ŒJ t&nftaoG;ukd aoaocsmcsm avhvm =unfh
±_ae=uw,f? qefxJ vufxkd;E_dufvkduf+yD; qef
wqkyaf vmuf,u l mtao;pdwf tuJcwf=uw,f?
“1 usyf 5 jym;”
qefuek o f nfawGu aps;jzwfvu dk wf ,f?
qefvma&mif;olawGuvnf; aps;edrv hf eG ;f r_tay:
oabmrusvkd@ aps;ac: aps;qpfcsif=uw,f?
“aps;rqpf & bJ wcG e f ; aps;qk d a wmh
ra&mif;csi=f ubl;vm;”
qefuek o f nfawG[m oabmxm; t
vGewf if;rm=uw,f? waps;vHk;uvJ qefa&mif;
olawGe@J ¹ywfoyd af ew,f? qef0,foq l vdk @dk olw@dk
om &Sd=uwmyg? aps;ESdrfzkd@ 'DxuftcGifhomwm
b,f&dS Ekid yf gO;D rvJ? tar[m tJ't D ajctaeawG
ukd tuJcwf=unfh&if; “1 usyf 5 jym; qkdawmh
odyfaps;edrfhvSw,f? +yD;cJhwhJ aps;wkef;uawmif; 1
usyf 10 jym; &ao;wm”vkd@ &Sif;jyw,f?
ajymaewke;f rSmyJ qefuek o
f nf w
a,mufu|erf wk@d bufudk uGu=f unfu h uG =f unfeh @J b,folrS 0,frSmr[kwfwhJ aps;E_ef;yJ? igu 1 usyf
av#mufvmw,f? ol@vufukd qefxJ xkd;oGif; 8 jym;awmif ay;ae+yD? ra&mif;bl;vm;? c%ae
vkduf+yD; qefwqkyfukd E_dufvkdufw,f? qefukd aps;uGo J mG ;vk@d &&dS if 1 usyf 5 jym;eJ@awmif 0,fr,fh
aea&mifxrJ Sm aocsm =unfh±_tuJcwfaew,f? vl r&Sjd zpfaeOD;r,f”vk@d ceJ@ww hJ hJ ajymaejyefw,f?
“'Dqefaumif;vku d wf m? jzLvJjzLw,f? “a&mif;rxGufvJ ukd,fhbmom tdrf
oef@vo J ef@w,f? qefuv GJ J enf;enf;rS rygbl;” jyefxrf;oGm;rSmaygh”? tJ'D ukefonf[m tarhukd
tar[m qefukefonf&ŒJ pum;ukd o pdwfwkdatmif qGay;aeoa,mif?
abmacG@+yD; +yHK;aew,f? b0ifckdufae&Smw,f? “'DvkdqkdvJ tdrfjyefxrf;oGm;&atmif
wu,fyJ u|efrwkd@qef[m aps;rSm apmifah eOD;ayg”h ? ukeo f nf}u;D [m ceJ@ww hJ ahJ jym&if;
a&mif;aeor# qefawGtm;vHk;eJ@ ,SOfvkduf&if vSnfhxGufoGm;w,f?
ykdaumif; aewmukd;? u|erf ab;u em;axmif&if; pdwx f u J
tJ'Dqefukefonf[m qefukdoabm wGu=f unfah erdw,f? 1 usyf 8 jym;eJ@ 1 usyf 10
us+yD; acgif;wndwfndwfeJ@? jym;qkd qef 1 yd\mrS 2 jym;yJuGmwm? u|efrwkd@
“qefuawmh qefaumif;yJ? tckw xrf;vmwmu 150 yd\m? pkpak ygi;f rS aiG 3 usyf
avm 3-4 &uftwGi;f +rdK@ay:rSmvnf; qefaps;u avmuf jy\emyJ? c&D;u ta0;}u;D ? b,fE, S vhf yk f
r+idrfbl;? qefaumif;ayr,fh t0,frvkdufbl;? 1 xrf;jyefvkd@ jzpfyghrvJ? yckef;awGawmif usdef;ae
usyf 5 jym;qkd&if a&mif;rvm;” wkef; &Sdao;wmyJ?
taru acgi;f &rf;vku d wf ,f? “'Davmuf u|efru tarhukd “1 usyf 5 jym;qkdvJ
eJ@q&dk ifawmh aps;uodyef rd v hf eG ;f w,f? +yD;cJw
h hJ aps; 1 usyf 5 jym;aygh? aiG 3 jym;avmuf udpPy?J tazh
u 1 usyf 10 jym;awmif &Sdao;wmyJ? &Sifvnf; ukd aq;0,fay;zkd@ aiGapmifhaewmav”vkd@ at;
ukefypPnf;&JŒt&nftaoG;ukdodrSmyg? 1 jym;wef at;aq;aq; ajymjyvkdufygw,f?
qk&d if 1 jym;wefuek yf J &rSmayg?h tzk;d enf; tk;d uGyJ J “'gawmh b,fjzpfyghrvJat” tar
&rSmayg?h u|erf qefu wjcm;tdru f qefawGxuf [m enf;enf; pdwfwkdoGm;yHkygyJ?
ykad umif;ygw,f”vk@d ajym&if; xyfr&H iS ;f jyaew,f? “3 usyu f aum aiGr[kwb f ;l vm; at”
tJ'v D [l m qefudk tuJcwf=unf±h &_ if; wJh?
c%avmufawmh csw D ek cf swek f jzpfomG ;w,f? tJ'D “ai 3G -4 usyrf uvk@d b,fEpS u f syf jzpf
aemuf “rlvuawmh wcGef;aps;yg? ajymif;zkd@r&Sdyg jzpfayghat? ta&mif;t0,f vkyf=uwmyJ? pdwf
bl;? 'Dqef=unf&h wm aumif;vk@d enf;enf;xyfw;dk apwemaumif;aumif;eJ@ ajym=u qkd=urSaygh? wkd@
ay;r,f? 1 usyf 8 jym;avmufqdk b,fEh , S v hf ”J vk@d u yifyifyef;yef;eJ@ pkdufysdK;vkd@ xGufvmwJhqef?
ar;ygw,f? t&nftaoG;uvJ aumif;ao;? b,fvkdvkyf
taruawmh acgif;&rf;+rJ &rf;aeqJyg? aps;av#mah &mif;Ekid yf grh vJ”vk@d xyfajymaejyefw,f?
“rjzpfygbl;? u|efrwkd@qefu ajymp&mawmif u|efr xyfrajym&ufawmhygbl;? v,f
rvkdbl;? 1 usyf 10 jym;eJ@ a&mif;ae&wmyg? &Sif vkyfw,fqkdwm b,favmuf yifyef;w,fqkdwm
enf;enf;avmuf xyfwkd;ay;ygvm;” u|erf odygw,f? aEG&moDrmS qkd a&oGi;f &ao;w,f?
tJ'uD ek o
f nfu “'Dae@ 1 usyf 10 jym;qkd zsm;em tdy&f mxJvaJ e&ifawmif em;aevk@d rjzpfygb;l ?
133
 armifav;[m 11-12 ESpo f m;avmuf avn‡i;f cHvu dk yf gO;D vm;”? u|erf tarhxH wbufudk
om &Syd gao;w,f? aygujf ym;xrf;oGm;+yD; v,fudk vSrf;ay;&if; “prf;a&av;u odyfat;wm” vkd@
a&oGif;ae&&Sm+yD? aEG&moDqkd&if a&jy\em[m ajymjyrdao;w,f?
acgif;eyrf;}uD;&wJh jy\emqkdwm em;vnfae+yD; tar[m ac|;okw&f if; acgi;f &rf;vku d f
om;yg? tm;vHk;[m ukd,fhv,fudk a&&zkd@ qJ=u w,f? “rjzpfygbl;at? taroGm;aewkef; qef
qkd=u &efjzpf=u&wm renf;ygbl;? 'ghtjyif r=um 0,fvm&if b,fES,fhvkyfrwkef;? nnf;uvJ aps;
c% ±kduf=uESuf=uoHawGvJ =um;&wwfygw,f? a&mif;wwfwm r[kwfygbl;at”
omreftcsdefrSm qufqHa&; aumif;vSwhJ tdrfeD; u|erf enf;enf; &Suo f mG ;ygw,f? u|erf
em;csi;f rsm;awmif ckvadk &oGi;f &wJh ta&;}u;D vSwhJ [m ynmwwfawmh ynmwwfyg? pmoifcef;rSm
tcsed rf sKd ;rSm tciftrif ysuo f mG ;wwfw,f? 'g[m oifcef;pmawGrmS awmfayr,fh 'Dvu dk pd rP sKd ;rSmawmh
tdrfaxmifwck&ŒJ pm;0wfaea&; jzpfaewmukd;? tarhukd b,fvkdrS vkdufrrDyg?
qefukefonfwcsdK@ xyfa&mufvm jyef qef0,fr,fv h l awmfawmfrsm;rsm;awmh
w,f? olwkd@uvJ 1 usyf 5 jym;om ay;wm? 1 &Syd gao;&JŒ? u|erf wk@d qefuvJ wu,fu h dk aumif;
usyf 8 jym;txd ay;olu wa,mufESpfa,muf wmrk@d tm;vH;k u vm=unf=h uw,f? 'gayrJh b,fol
avmufom &Sw d myg? olw@dk u xyfw;dk ray;csi=f u urSawmh 1 usyf 10 jym;txd ray;=uygbl;?
awmhygbl;? taruvJ ra&mif;Ekdifao;ygbl;? aeuvJ acgi;f ay:wnfw h nfh a&mufae
=unfvh u
dk af wmh aps;wef;rSm vlawmif +yD? Akdufqmovkd jzpfvmwmeJ@ tdrfuxnfh,l
wjznf;jznf; }uJoGm;yg+yD? u|efr enf;enf;awmh vmwJh xrif;eJ@[if;ukd tareJ@ twlpm;ygw,f?
pdwfylvmw,f? tarvJ tawmhfukd pdwfylae&Sm tar[m 2 vkyaf vmufpm;+yD; qufrpm;awmhyg?
rSmyJvkd@ awG;aerdw,f? qefa&mif; rxGufrSmukd tarpdwfylae+yDqkdwm
“tar ac|;awG okwfvkdufygOD;” u|erf &dyrf yd gw,f? u|erf vJ pdwyf w l mygy?J 'gayrJh
u|efr tarhukd wbufvSrf;ay;vkduf cHwiG ;f u odyaf umif;vGe;f awmh tarrpm;bJ usef
w,f? 'gayrJh tdrrf mS uwnf;u a&pdrx f m;+y;D ac|; aewmawGud k u|erf pm;ypfvu dk w
f m ajymifyga&m? u|erf
okwfzkd@ txl;wvnf vkyfvmcJhwJh wbuf[m tJ'Dvkd +rdef+rdef&Suf&Suf pm;aewmawGawmh tar
aeyl&edS af =umifh ajcmufawmifae+y?D u|erf vrf;ab;&Sd [m r&,fbJ raeEkid af wmhb;l ? “tvkyf vkyzf @dk us
prf;acsmif;av;xJ ajy;qif;oGm;+yD; wbufukd awmh *±krpkdufbl;? tpm;usawmh pm;vkdufwm”
a&pdrfvkdufw,f? prf;a&av;u at;vkdufwm? “orD; tvkyfrvkyfbl;vkd@ b,folu
u|efr zdeyfc|wf+yD; a&xJu ausmufwkH;rJrJav; ajymwmvJ? orD;vufrcHbl;? tckul+yD; qef
ay: rwfwyf&yfvkdufw,f? +yD;awmh cg;ukef;vkduf a&mif;aewm r[kwfbl;vm;”
+yD; rsufESmukd a&xJpdrfvkdufw,f? wu,fhukd tar[m +yKH ;ae&mu wnf=unfomG ;+y;D
t&om&SdvSyguvm;? oufjyif;wcsuf csvkdufw,f? “a&mif;vkd@xGuf
u|efr prf;acsmif;av;ab;rSm c% rxGufqkdwmawmif rodao;ygbl;at”
tyrf;ajz+y;D wmeJ@ a&pGwx f m;wJh wbufu, dk +l y;D u|efru csufaumif;,l+yD; “a&mif;
aps;wef;bufokd@ jyefvmcJhw,f? rxGufbl;vkd@ xifae&ifvJ enf;enf;av#mh a&mif;
“tar [kdprf;acsmif;av;ab;oGm;+yD; vkdufaygh” vkd@ ajymvdkufawmh æ
134
 “ighpdwfxrJ Sm wGufudef;&Sdygw,fat” ae=uyg+yD? [if;oD;[if;&Gu/f z&Jo;D a&mif;olrsm;
vkd@ taru qkdygw,f? uvJ “aps;odrf;awmhr,f? av#mhaps;&+yD? av#mh
aps; a&mif;ae+yD”vkd@ atmf[pf a&mif;csaeyg+yD?
»»»»» u|efr [kd[kd'D'D=unfhvkdufawmh qef
a&mif;olwcsdK@ r&Sdawmhbl;? trsm;pk[m a&mif;
naea&mufawmh vluykdenf;oGm;+yD? ukefvkd@ jyefoGm;=uwmukd awG@ae&w,f?
aeuawmh cspfcspfawmuf ylaewkef;ygy?J b,fol tarvJ pdwfylae&Sm+yD? pdwfyl+yD;&if;
rsm; aps;xJrSm aeylcHaecsifyghrvJ? u|efr prf; ylaewmrkd@ wukd,fvHk; ac|;epfae&Smw,f?
acsmif;av;qD ajy;+yD; 3-4 }udrf a&pdrfvkduf aemufqHk; qefukefonf wa,muf
ygw,f? 'gawmif aeyl'%f[m rcHEidk af vmufatmif a&mufvm+yD;“'Dqefa&mif;rvm;? 1 usyf 5 jym;
cHpm;ae&qJyg? tarhukd =unfhvkdufawmh t0wf ay;r,f? aps;qpfraeeJ@”
awG[m ac|;a=umifh ausmeJ@uyfaeyg+yD? rJ=uKwf taru “qefukd =unfhtHk;av? odyf
=uKwf tarhrsufESm[m aeylavmif cHae&wm aumif;wm? +yD;cJhwhJaps;wkef;u 1 usyf 10 jym;eJ@
a=umifh eDndKa&mif oef;aeyg+yD? a&mif;cJhwm”vkd@ ajymaeao;w,f?
“tar u|efr =unfhxm;ay;yghr,f? tarhpum;awmif rqHk;ao;bl;? tJ'D
prf;acsmif;av;xJoGm;+yD; a&pdrfvkdufygOD;” qefukefonfu pdwfr&SnfawmhwmeJ@“aps;E_ef;
taru acgif ; &rf ; +rJ &rf ; aeqJ y g? qkdwm wcge@J wcg rwlEkdifbl;av? 1 usyf 10 jym;
“rjzpfygb;l at&,f? tarhrmS tqpftjrpf uku d f eJ@rS a&mif;csifw,fqkd&if tdrfjyefxrf;oGm;+yD;
wJh a&m*g&Sdw,f? 'Davmufat;wJha&xJ pdrfvkd@ apmifhtHk;aygh”vkd@ ajymygawmhw,f?
rjzpfygb;l ? orD;u tyl'%f a=umufwwfwmuk;d ? tH=h op&m aumif;vku d wf m? tar[m
[kæd opfyifatmufomG ; ae&dycf adk e&if aumif;wm pdwfrqkd;wJhtjyif t+yHK;awmifrysufbJ “1 usyf
aygh” 8 jym;eJ@qdk ,lrvm;”vk@d awmif ar;vku d af o;w,f?
“rvkdygbl; tar&,f? orD; aeylrSmukd tJ'v D [ l m ESmacgi;f oHav;eJ@ ‘[if’h vk@d
ra=umufygbl;” wcsuaf jymvku d +f y;D “'Daps;E_e;f eJ@ aps;puwnf;u
“'gjzifhoGm;? orD; a&cJacsmif; pm;acs” a&mif;vkd@r&wm tck aps;uGaJ wmhr,f? b,fol
tar[m ajym&if; tdwx f uJ aiGtaºu 0,frSmwkef;? tdyfrufrsm; rufaeovm;” wJh?
jym;20 ukd xkwfay;ygw,f? tar[m rsufESm csufcsif;ysufoGm;
u|erf a&cJacsmif; tvGe}f uKd uyf gw,f? w,f? E_wfcrf;av;awGawmif wqwfqwfwkef
‘pyspof ;D a&cJacsmif;f ’vk[
d mrsKd ;qk&d if odypf m;vk@d vJ vkd@? 'gayrJh bmrSawmh rajymbl;?
aumif;w,f? aps;vJ r}uD;bl;? wacsmif;rS jym; ab;rSm&SdaewJh u|efrvJ ratmifhEkdif
20 xJ&,f? 'gayr,fh 'Dae@awmh pm;csipf w d f r&Syd gb;l ? awmhvkd@ =um;0ifajymvkdufw,f? “ra&mif;bl;qkd
“tar orD;rpm;ygbl;? a&aomufvJ &ygw,f” ra&mif;bl;aygh? b,fol@ukd apmifhaeOD;rSmvJ?
tylq;kH tcsed &f ŒJ '%fukd cHae&yg+yD? c% ra&mif;awmhbl;qkd&if 'DrSm &yfraeeJ@? odrf;vkduf
avmufqkd&if aps;awmif uGJawmhrSmyg? ukefpHk =upkd@av”
a&mif;aewJh aps;onfawGawmif aps;av#mah &mif; “[J-h uav;r? 'Davmuf a'go}u;D raeeJ@”
135
 “c%ae&if qefawGxrf;+y;D tdrjf yefomG ;zk@d tar[m pdwaf v;aeyg+yD? aemufq;kH rS
tm;enf;enf; csefxm;OD;av”ckeuvlu ceJ@ cE<mukd,fukd qef@vkdufw,f?
wJhwhJ awmif ajymaejyefw,f? “tar av;wJt h xrf;ukd orD; xrf;r,f”
tJ'Dvl xGufoGm;+yD; c%avmuf=um “orD;u ausmif;aewke;f yJ &Sad o;wm?
awmh ratmifhEkdifawmhvkd@ tarhukd tjypfwif yckH;awGuvJ EkEkav;&,fæ”
nnf;wGm;vkdufrdw,f? “aps;tpwkef;u olrsm; tarhpum;rqHk;rD u|efru av;wJh
u 1 usyf 8 jym;ay;awmh ra&mif;bl;? tJ'w D ek ;f u
txrf;ukd xrf;vkdufw,f? tar[m aemufxyf
a&mif;vku d &f if taumif;om;? olrsm;u tckawmh bmrS rajymawmhbJ usefaewJh enf;enf;ayghwhJ
r0,fcsif=uawmhbl;” txrf;ukdxrf;+yD; u|efraemufu vkdufum tdrf
tar[m enf;enf; &SufoGm;yHkygyJ? ukd jyefvmcJhawmhw,f?
'gayrJh trSm;udk 0efrcHvkdwma=umifh “ wjym;wef ae0ifqnf;qm tcsed af wmif a&mufae
[m wjym;wefy&J rSmayg?h qefu qefaumif;av? yg+yD? 0ifvkqJqJ aevHk;}uD;[m aumif;uifrSm
aps;av#mhra&mif;Ekdifbl;? tdrfwHcg;0u txGuf csdwf qGJxm;ovkdygvm;? aumif;uifwckvHk;
wkef;u nnf;wkd@tazu aps;aumif;&atmif ae0ifqnf;qmtcsed jf zpfwt hJ wGuf eD&aJ eygw,f?
a&mif;cJhzkd@ rSmvkdufw,fr[kwfvm;” wJh? u|erf uk, d u hf ,dk u f , dk f jyef=unfv h u
dk af wmh vuf
“tazhuo dk m ajymae? tazu tdrrf mS armif;awGu &Jvkd@? aeavmifxm;vkd@ &Jaewm
zsm;vk@d vJusecf whJ m? 'Dqefudk aiGjzpfatmifvyk +f yD;
vm;? ae0if qnf;qma&mifa=umifh &Jaewmvm;
aq;0,fz@dk ajymvku d w
f m? vlu ta&;}u;D wmvm;? qkdwmukdawmh rodEkdifawmhygbl;?
aiGu ta&;}uD;wmvm;” yckH;ay:u txrf;uvJ av;vkduforS
tar[m bmrS rajymawmhygb;l ? c% tvGefygyJ? u|efrjzifh awmif}uD;wvHk;eJ@rsm;
aeawmh wk;d wk;d av;eJ@ “'Dwcg 1 usyf 5 jym;ay;vJ zdxm;ovm;vkd@awmif cHpm;aerdw,f? 'Dtckduf
a&mif;vkdufawmhr,f”vkd@ ajymae&Sm jyefw,f? twef@uav;twGif;rSmawmh urBmajr}uD;&J@
'gayrJh qef0,fr,ho f u
l r&Sad wmhygb;l ?
ajrqGJtm;ukd wl;wl;cg;cg; rkef;wD;aerdw,f?
qefuek o f nfawG[m 0,fxm;wJh qefawGudk um; 'D‘e,lwef’qdkwhJ vl}uD;uvJ aygufayguf&Sm&Sm
ay:wif+yD; jyefoGm;ukefyg+yD? 'DurBmajr}uD;&JΠqGt J m;ukd bmvk@d awG@vu dk &f wm
wJhwkef;? wu,fhukdygyJ æ
»»»»» rdrdbmom tusdK;oifh ta=umif;oifh
av;awmif pOf;pm;raetm;awmhyJ awmifawG;
aps;awmif uGyJ g+yD? u|efrvJ wae@vHk; ajrmufawG; a&mufwwf&m&m av#muf awG;aerd
tareJ@twl aeavmifom cHvkduf&w,f? qefu w,f? ±kwfw&uf ajcwcsufacsmf+yD; vJawmhrvkd
awmh waphqkdwaphav;rS ra&mif;cJh&ygbl;? jzpfoGm;w,f? u|efrvJ &Sdor# cGeftm;av;awG
“tar oGm;=upk@d ? jyef=uygp@dk ? 'DrmS ai; ukd ukd,fhajcaxmufay:ukd cyfjrefjref pkpnf;vkduf
raeygeJ@awmh” +yD; tvG,fwule@J wnfwnf+idrf+idrf jzpfatmif
u|erf u wbuf/ a&bl;eJ@ xrif;bl;wk@d awmh &yfvu dk Ef ikd yf g&ŒJ ? 'gayrJh yck;H ay:u txrf;[m
ukd aocsmodrf;vkduf+yD; oGm;zkd@avmaqmfygw,f? wcsufapmif;oGm;+yD; qefawmfawmfrsm; zdwfpif
136
jyef@}uJukefawmhw,f? “'DrSmxnfh vkduf&if +yD;wmyJ”
“tkæd b,fvdk vkyv f u dk w f mvJ” tar taru “nnf;wk@d u ausmif;olqadk wmh
[m txrf ; cs+yD ; u|ef r qD a&muf v mw,f ? ^m%faumif;rSmaygh”vkd@ ajymajymqkdqkdeJ@ &,f
yg;pyfuvnf; “‘'Davmufav;wJh[mukd rxrf; vkdufw,f?
ygeJ@vkd@ ajymvsufom;eJ@ wrifoufouf em;r +yD;awmh aqmifah qmifx h idk cf svudk w f ,f?
axmifb;l ? ckawmh qefawGzw d u f ek +f yD r[kwv f m;? zdwaf ewJh qefawGudk vufcyk ef @J usKH ;+yD; jrufO;D xkyf
odyfESajrmp&m aumif;wmyJ? wu,fyJ ypPnf; xJ xnfhygw,f? usHK;vkd@ukefrS jrufOD;xkyfukd qef
OpPmawGukd zsufqD;jypfaewJh ua0rawG” awmif;xJxnfh/ txrf;udkxrf;um tdrfjyefvmcJh
ypP n f ; OpP m awG u k d zsuf q D ; ypf a ewJ h w,f?
ua0rqkdwm tar&JΠvufoHk;pum;yg? u|efreJ@ tdrfa&mufawmh npmxrif;[if;csuf
armifav; wckck rSm;,Gi;f vkyaf qmifr&d if wwGwf &wmrkd@ tar[m tvkyfrsm;ae&jyefyg+yD? u|efr
wGwaf jymaeus? 'gayrJh 'Dae@awmh wrifoufouf u qefa&mif;&if; }uHK&or#tjzpfawG tazhukd
r[kwfwm pGyfpGJ cHvkduf&w,fvkd@ cHpm;aerdw,f? ajymjyaerdw,f? em;axmif+yD;oGm;awmhvJ taz
bma=umifhrSef;awmh rodygbl;? [m tarhudk tjypfrwifygb;l ? “tJ'q D efuek o f nf
“nnf; 'DrSmapmifhae? tartdrfjyef qkdolawG[m odyf,kwfrmwJholawGaygh? +rdK@xrJ Sm
qefaum,lvm+yD; qefawGvSJusif; ,loGm;& qef 1 usif; (w±kwfwyd\m)ukd tm;vHk;yJ 1
atmif? zdwfukefwm trsm;}uD;yJ? ESajrmp&m usyf 50 jym; a&mif;ae=uwm? 'Davmufawmif
aumif;vkdufwmat? jyef,loGm;vkd@&Sd&if =uuf aps;ESrd &f ovm;? aumufyo J ;D ESq
H wdk m pku d yf sKd ;aewJh
au|;&wmaygh”? tar[m u|efr ta=umjruf v,form;awG&@J aoG;ac|;awGe@J t&if;wnf xm;
oGm;ao;vm;? b,femoGm;wkef;qkdwmukdawmh &wm? ukefonfawG[m tvGefukd pdwfaumif;
a,mifv@dk awmif rar;ygb;l ? zdwu f suek wf hJ qefudk r&Sd=uolawGyJaygh”vkd@ &Sif;jyygw,f?
om ESajrmaeawmhw,f? u|ef r u “taz-tazh t wG u f v J
u|efr tarh&J@oabmukd odygw,f? aq;r0,f&ao;bl;? b,fES,fhvkyfrvJ” vkd@ajym
tar[m wav#mufv;kH “yg;pyfu pGmayr,fh pdwf awmh-
xm; El;nhHol”yg? u|efrukd a'gojzpfayr,fh qkdqJ “e*ku d wnf;u aq;0,fz@dk rvkb d ;l ? ESpf
aigufief;wmawG rvkyfygbl;? 'gukdpOf;pm;rdawmh &ufavmuf&&dS if aumif;oGm;rSmygv@dk ajym+yD;om;
r[kwfwmawG pGyfpGJjrnfwGefawmufwD; aewm yJ? tJ'DvkdaiGrsdK;ukd bmvkyfzkd@ oHk;rSmvJ”vkd@ taz
awG arhaysmufukefygw,f? u &Sif;jyygw,f?
“tar toGm;tjyef 6-7 rkdifavmuf
oGm;aetHk;r,fqkd&ifawmh tcsdefu rkd;csKyfae+yD” »»»»»
vkd@ u|efr&Sif;jyygw,f?
“'Dvq dk dk ajr}u;D ay: zdwu f saewJh qefawG rk;d pke;f pke;f csKyaf wmh uk,
d t
f ay:ykid ;f tuôs
b,fvkdvkyfrwkef;” yvmusi;f vsuef @J armifav; jyefvmw,f? tay:
u|efru jzwfxkd;^m%f&$ifolyDyD acgif; tuôsudk vufxrJ mS vH;k +y;D qkyx f m;w,f? a&pkd vuf
ay:u jrufOD;xkyfukd jzwfueJc|wfvkduf+yD; peJ@ aygujf ym;ukad wmh ycke;f ay:rSm xrf;xm;w,f?
137
 u|efru olay;vmwJh tuôsukd qD;}udK
vufcH,l&if; “tuôsr0wfbJ bmvkyfwmvJ?
aeu 'Davmufawmif ylavmifaewm? =unfph rf;
rif;ta&jym;awG aeylavmif rukefbl;vm;”
armifav;[m w[J[&J ,f&if; u|efr
ukd wHcg;0txd qGo J Gm;w,f? “rr u|efawmhfukd
'Dtuôsav; tarrodatmif wdwfwdwfuav;
av#mfay;prf;yg? tJvkd rav#mfvkdufvkd@ tarjrif
ae&if ajymp&m jzpfaetkH;r,f”vkd@ wkd;wkd;av;
ajymygw,f?
u|efr tuôsukd ajz=unfhvkdufrS tuôs
wxnf;vHk; aoG;uGufaoG;pufawG pGef;xif;ae
wmukd awG@vkduf&vkd@ xdwfvef@ wkefv_yfoGm;
rdw,f?
“bmvkyfvmwmvJ? olrsm;eJ@ &efjzpf
vm+yDvm;? b,frSm '%f&m&oGm;ao;wkef;”
“b,frSmrS '%f&mr&ygbl;? ‘[kdifayg’
qkdwJhaumif odyf&GHp&maumif;w,f? olrsm;u
yifyifyef;yef; oG,fvmwJha&ukd u|efawmf rod
atmif olwkd@tcif;xJ jzwf,l tukefoGif;ypf
w,fav? u|efawmf ole@J tusdK;oifh ta=umif;
oifh aqG;aEG;awmh oluawmif pdwq f ;dk vku d af o;?
'geJ@ u|efawmfpdwfqkd;+yD; olukd 3-4 cGef; qJypf
vku d w
f ,f? rar#mv f ifb
h J olu vufo;D eJ@ ajz&Si;f
vkdufawmh u|efawmfh ESmacgif;xdoGm;+yD; ESmacgif;
aoG;awG xGufvmwmaygh? olvJ vef@oGm;+yD;
u|efawmfe@J a&rvk awmhbl;”
ol@ESmacgif;ukd u|efr aoaocsmcsm
=unf-h =unfyh gao;&JŒ? arSmifae+yrD @dk &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;
rawG@&ygbl;? enf;enf;av; eD+yD; a&mifaeovkd
vkad wmh &Syd gw,f? u|erf vJ bmrSp;dk &drrf aeawmhbJ
“[kdifayg[m eife@J wwef;wnf; ausmif;aebuf
r[kwb f ;l vm;? t&ifu eifw@dk 2 a,muf tvGef
cif=uom;yJ? bmvkd@ xkd;=u}udwf=u &efjzpf=u&
wmvJ”vkd@ tjypfwifvkdufw,f?
138
armifav;u “ol@udk u|eaf wmfh ausmif;
aebufvkd@ xifraeeJ@? tapmuwnf;u oleJ@
pum;rajymawmhwm rr? tarhukdawmh rajym
vkdufyge@J aemf? tarod&ifawmh qlrSmrkcsy”J vkd@
ajymaejyefw,f?
ol[m vufESpfzufukd cg;rSm axmuf
vkduf+yD; tar&JŒpdwfqdk;wJhavoHukd twkckd;um
“eif 'g[m tdrfu ypPnf;OpPmawGukd zsufqD;ae
wm ua0r? +*dK[fqkd;0ifaewJh aumifryJ æ vkd@
tjypfwif ajymqkdaewJhyHk vkyfjyw,f?
armifav;u tarhtoHukd twkckd;
ajymqkdaeyHk[m tareJ@ wax&mwnf;rkd@ u|efr
r&,fbJ raeEkdifawmhvkd@ &,fvkdufrdygw,f? ol@
ukv d J toHenf;enf; wk;d vku
d Of ;D ? tar r=um;ap
eJ@aemf”vkd@ owday;vkdufrdw,f?
»»»»»»
npmpm;wJhtcsdefrSm “,dayguf ig a&
wGi;f rSm [if;csupf &mawG oGm;aq;awmh [kid af yg
tareJ@awG@cJhw,f? rif;eJ@ [kdifaygwkd@ &efjzpf=u
w,fvkd@ ighukd olajymjyw,f? rif;bmvkd@ zHk;xm;
wmvJ? wjcm; bmawG jzpfao;ovJ”
tar[m u|efrbufukd jrm;OD;vSnfh
vm+yD; “usif;ayguf-eif[m tpfr}uD;vkyfae+yD;
'Daumif vdrfajymaewmawGukd tm;ay;tm;
ajr‡mufvkyfaew,f”vkd@ a'goeJ@ tjypfwifyg
awmhw,f?
“olu xk;d wmyg? u|eaf wmf ol@ub dk mrS
rvkyfygbl;”vkd@ armifav;u jyef&Sif;jyygw,f?
“jyefvSef ajymaewkef;yJvm;” tar
[m xyfrH pdwfqkd;oGm;+yD; rcsdwifuJ jzpfoGm;±Hk
ru “ypPnf; OpPmawGukd zsufqD;jypfaewJh ua0r
awG? +*dK[fqkd;0ifaewJh aumifawGæ” qkd+yD;
jypfwif±_wfcs wzGzG ajymaeygawmhw,f?
 armifav;[m acgif;iHk@xrif;pm;&if;
u|efrukd ajymifacsmfacsmf vkyfjyaeygw,f? u|efr
&,fcsifvkdufwm? 'gayrJh bmjzpfvkd@rSef; rodyg?
u|erf rsu&f nfawG wvdrv hf rd hf pD;usvmawmhw,f?
»»»»»»»
oGm;vkd@vJ rjzpfygbl;? ikdr,fqkd&ifawmh apmifxJ
ykef;+yD; ikdrSjzpfr,fvkd@ pOf;pm;rdvkdufygw,f?
wu,fawmh u|erf vJoyd yf ifyef;aeyg+y?D
acgif;tHk;ay: acgif;csvkdufwmeJ@ tdyfaysmfoGm;
awmhw,f? tdyv f u
dk wf mrS ESpEf pS +f cdKuf+cdKuf}uD;ukd
tdyfaysmfoGm;cJhwmyg? ?

nbufa&mufawmh taz[m acsmif;ykd

qkd;vmw,f? taru u|efrukd “usif;ayguf-
eufjzef ‘u|rf;yk’aps;ae@? wkd@awmh enf;enf; wif o d e f ; 0if ;
tyifyef;cH&rSmaygh? qefxrf;oGm;+yD; tJ'Daps;ukd
oGm;a&mif;&atmif? 'grS nnf;taztwGuf aq; w±kwfbmomeJ@xkwfa0wJh
0,fzkd@&rSm” vkd@ &Sif;jyaeygw,f? “rsufarSmufacwf”pmayr*~Zif;
“ u|rf;yk-tJ'Daps;[m ta0;}uD;? 10 2004-trSwf(6) yg 0wÎKwkdukd
rkid f ausmaf usmaf vmuf a0;w,f? 'Davmufa0;wJh bmomjyefw,f?
awmifay:c&D;rk@d pOf;pm;vku d wf meJ@ tvkv d dk ausm
csrf; a=umufpdwfawG ay:vmawmhw,f?
“eufjzef nnf;wkd@om;trd enf;enf;
av#mx h rf;oGm;=u? wa,muf usi;f (w±kwyf \ d m)
50 avmufpq D &dk if&yg+y”D vk@d tazu ajymaew,f?
“eufjzefvJ a&mif;rxGufvkd@qkd+yD; jyef
xrf;rvm=ueJ@OD;aemf”?
igajymOD;r,f? “10 rkdifausmfausmf
awmifay:c&D; toGm;tjyef qefawGxrf;oGm; ae
vkd@ ajymp&m jzpfae=uOD;r,f”
“rjzpfygbl;awmf? rjzpfygbl;?”
“eufjzef 1 usyf 8 jym; jzpfjzpf/ 1 usyf
5jym;jzpfjzpf tm;vH;k a&mif;xku d yf gw,fawmf”vk@d
taru ajymaeygw,f?
'Dv=dk um;vku d &f awmh tar&JŒpum;awG
xJrSm cg;onf;r_e@J rwwfomawmhwhJ t"dy`m,f
awG trsm;tjym; ygaew,fqkdwm ay:vGifvS
ygw,f?
u|efrukd,fwkdifvJ &ifxt J cH& cufae
ygw,f? enf;enf;vJ ikdcsifvmygw,f? tar jrif
139
 tcef ; quf 0 wˆ K &S n f

Zmwf o d r f ;

uomòrŒwGif emwm&Snf a&m*gjzpfaeaom ESruav;ukd

usaemf oGm;a&muf =unf±h &_ mrS jyefvmjcif;jzpfygonf? ESruav;[k
usaemf qkdvkduf&aomfvnf; ol@rSm om;orD;awG&Sd+yD; xkdom;orD;
rsm;yif tvkyfawGtukdifawGESifh jzpfae=uyg+yD? usaemfwkd@Zmwd
ausmufqnfòrŒrS ol@vifom;&Sd&m w&yfwaus; uomòrŒok@d cGcJ mG
aeaom ESruav;jzpf&m rnfonfht&G,fa&mufa&muf usaemfh
twGufawmh ESrav;/ usaemfhrdbrsm;twGufawmh orD;av;om
jzpfygonf? rdbrsm;u ESrav;twGuf pkd;&drfojzifh aiGwcsKd@xnfhay;
vkduf+yD; usaemfhukd oGm;t=unfhckdif;=ujcif;yg? usaemfwkd@rdom;pku
ausmufqnfwGif txnfqidk f zGix hf m;=uygonf? aiGtcsr;f om}u;D
r[kwaf omfvnf; rdom;pk oma&;ema&;twGurf l &Sw d mav; xkwo f ;Hk
&ygonf? uomòrŒokd@ usaemfa&mufawmh ESrav;rSm tenf;i,f
oufomae+yD; pm;Ekid af omufEidk /f xEkid o
f mG ;Ekid f tajctae &Sad eyg+yD?

140
ol. av;bufema&m*grSm vkH;0 aysmufuif; ae&m,lxm;ygonf? ol@aowWmawG tuste
oGm;OD;rnfawmh r[kwfyg? ol@vifom;uvnf; oyfoyf&yf&yf ae&mcsxm;onf? 'gavmuf vl
tpkd;&0efxrf;/ om;orD;awGuvnf; tvkyf usyo f nfh oabFmay:rSm olu tuscô sw d yf if csw
d f
tukdifawGESifh jzpf&m csKd@csKd@iJhiJh tajctaeawmh qGx J m;Ekdifonfh tajctaersKd; zefwD;xm;onf?
r[kwyf g? ok@d &m wGif rdom;pk rdbarmifbmG ;bufrS ol wa,mufpm ae&m,lxm;aom ae&mrSm
0wW&m; &Sdonf ESifhtnD ESrav;twGuf aiGwcsKd@ omrefc&D;onf 10 a,mufausmfavmuf ae&m
axmuf y h H ay;xm;cJ h u m wnES p f n td y f + yD ; &Ekdifygonf? csdwfxm;aom ol@tusôukd tao
oabFmjzifh rEWav;okd@ jyefvmcJhygonf? tcsm *±kpkduf=unfhvkdufrdonf? &Jt&m&Sd 0wfpkH
jynfpkd;rkd;-wJh? oabFmemrnfu [def; ygvm;? 'ga=umifh ol 'Dvkd ae&m,lxm;Ekdifwm
ygayh? 'gayrJh b,fpepfeJ@ jynfukd pkd;rkd;rSmvJ? uk;d [k usaemf oabmayguv f u dk o
f nf? ol@ aowWm
b,fpepfe@J oabFmukd rsm;rS m vnf ; oabF m
v$r;f +cKxH m;rSmvJ? vuf rSwy fwHk if ppfonfrmS &Jom;rsm; omru aq;teDjzifh emrnf a&;
awG@rSmawmh oabFm xk;d xm;onf? wifv h iG -f
ay:rSm vlawG ¹ywfodyf ppfom;rsm;vJ ygaeonf? tzsuform; 'kpcef;rSL;wJh?
usyfnyfae+yD; aep&m awG ygryg ppfaq;wm qk y d ?J jynfol ol@EiS hf rsuEf mS csi;f
&S m r&bJ jzpf a e&yg qkdifu oabFm0&Hwm
onf? 'kw, d xyfwiG f awGpD;onfh oabFmay:rSm ppfqifa&; vufuidk w f ef; av;awG
vl a wG u tcif ; awG vkyo f vk d vmvkyaf e=uojzifh c&D;onf ae&mrSm vifr,m; 2
tustecif;+yD; ae&m a,mufESifh uav; 2
vGwfwuGufrS rusef rsm;rS m pd
w u
f od
u atmifh jzpf =u&onf ? a,muf rkd;wkd;rwfwyf
atmif ae&m,l x m; &yfae=uonf? usaemf
ESifh+yD? tv,fxyfwGif ae&m&&ef tajctaer&Sd olwkd@ab;okd@ oGm;&yfvkdufygonf? +yD;rS usaemf
ojzifh usaemf atmufxyfokd@ jyefqif;+yD; =unfhyg ESifhtwl &yfae=uaom vifr,m; rdom;pkukd
onf? ukeaf wGuvnf; wif;=urf;? ukeaf wG vGwf tuJcwf=unfhvkdufonf? olwkd@onf vluom
onfhae&mrSmvnf; vlawGu pdaeatmif ae&m rdk;wkd;rwfwyf &yfae=uaomfvnf; olwkd@ypPnf;
,lxm;=uonf? wcsKŒd u xkid pf &mae&m r&So d jzifh awGuawmh tykHvkduf}uD;yg? t0wftpm;xkyf
rwfwyf&yfI vkdufygae=uonf? usaemfvJ ,m vnf;ygonf? xrif;awmif;vnf;ygonf? xrif;
,Dtm;jzifh &yfp&mae&mav; wae&m ajcukyf awmif;xJwiG f ypPn;f wkv d aD wGvnf; pkaH phaeatmif
tjzpf&v#ifyif rqkd;awmh[k oabmxm;um xnfhxm;onf? aemuf+yD; =uufjcif;? =uufawG
axmifhaphatmif vkduf&Smygonf? usaemfu vl ukd }uKd;ESifhcsnf+yD; tjyifxkwfojzifh =uufawGu
csnf;oufouf bmypPnf;rS txl;taxG ryg oabmF0&Hwm vufwef;ay: wufwt hJ aumifu
ojzifh jzpfovkd vku d I f &ygonf? a[mæ oabFm wuf/ oabFm=urf;jyifrSm awmifyH wzswfzswf
apmifh &Jom;rsm;. tcef;teD;wGirf l ae&mtenf; cgaewJt h aumifu cgEiS ?hf =uufawG. ajcaxmuf
i,facsmifaeonf? ok@d &mwGif tcef;ab;u ae&m rS m csnf x m;aom }uKd ; .wzuf t prsm;uk d
wGif vlwa,mufu tcef;zGJ@ovkd tuste uav; 2 a,mufu cGJukdifxm;onf? oabFm
141
0&Hwm vufwef;ay: wuf&yfaeaom =uufzu
aecif;a=umifawmif atmuftD;tD;tGwf[k wGef
vkdufao;onf? tdrfajymif;vmaom rdom;pk
jzpf[efwlonf? 'g olwkd@rSm&Sdonfh &SdpkrhpJ k ypPnf;
tukex f ifyg&ŒJ ? olw@dk ro
d m;pkrmS qif;&JErG ;f yg;[ef
omru awmqefqeftoGiftjyifrsKdESifh ypPnf;
awGu wkd;vkd@wGJavmif;qkdawmh wcsKdŒc&D;onf
awGu olwkd@ukd=unfh+yD; +yKH;csif=uonf?
a,muFsm;vkyo f ul tom;nKd±rHk u rJ
onfb h ufyg ygaeonf? e*ku d tom;nKd jzpf[ef
wlaomfvnf; aeylrkd;&Gmra&Smif tvkyf=urf;awG
vky&f ojzifh ykrd n dk Kdrnf;oGm;&wm aerSmyg? 'gayrJh
ol@±kyf&nfu tawmfav; a,musfm;yDoonf?
ESmwHay:ay:ESihf tawmfacsmarm ajyjypfonf? ol
.qHyif&Snfrsm;ukdrl acgif;aemufwGif =uuf+rD;vkd
pkpnf;+yD; &mbmuGi;f ESihf csnaf ESmifxm;onf? ol@
tusôu teD&&J ?J &ifbwfwGif tjzLa&mif pmvkH;
ESifh “yk*Ha&muf jrefrm” (xifonf) [laom
pmvkH;±kdufxm;onfh wD&Syfvkdvkd pGyfus,fvkdvkd
tusôyg? vkHcsnfcyfEGrf;EGrf;ukd cyfwkdwkd 0wfxm;
onf? ol@rdef;ruvnf; ±kyfuav;u vSwyw?
'gayrJh t0wftpm;awGu EGrf;vSovkd rsufESm
rSmvnf; bmrS jc,foxm;jcif; r&So d nft h jyif
oeyf;cg;av;yif vl;rxm;?
tuJcwf =unf&h oavmufawmh i,f
i,f&, G &f ,
G f vSwyw 'Dvifr,m;ESpaf ,mufonf
b0c&D;=urf;ukd tjyif;txef ±kef;uefjzwfoef;
ae=u&&Smolrsm; jzpfayvdrfhrnf? uav; ESpf
a,mufu =uufawGESifhaqmhvkduf/ vlawGukd ai;
vkdufESifh? olwkd@rdbrsm;. b0c&D;=urf;ukd olwkd@
tb,frSmv#if em;vnf=uao;rnfenf;? 7 ESpf
om;avmuf&SdOD;rnfh t}uD;aumifu wa,muf
wnf; ol@bmomvlqkd;vkyfvkduf/ ol@bmom
ZmwfvkdufvkyfvkdufESifh pum;ajymZmwfwck cif;
usif;aeonf? ol=unfhxm;&aom AD'D,kd Zmwf
142
um;wum;ukd jyefvnfujy aqmhupm;aejcif;
jzpfayvdrfhrnf? AD'D,kd =unfhzl;rSm aocsmaeaomf
vnf; 'Duav;awG pmrS oifzl;=uyghrvm;? pmrS
jrifzl;=uyghrvm;?
usaemf xkdokd@ tuJcwfai;armaepOf
'kpcef;rSL;qkdaom yk*~Kdvf usaemfwkd@tem; a&muf
vmonf? “a[h-rif;wkd@wjcm;rSm ae&moGm;&Sm
=u”[k cyfxefxef cyfaiguaf iguf ajymvmonf?
t0wftpm; aumif;aumif;rGerf eG f 0wfxm;aom
usaemfhukd OD;wnfrajymbJ olwkd@ukd OD;wnfajym
jcif; jzpfonf?
“&SmwmyJAs? oabFmwpD;vkH; ESH@aebD?
b,frSmrS ae&mr&vkd@ 'Dem;vm&yfae&wm” t
cuftcJrsm;a=umifh pdwfwkdae[ef&Sdaom vli,f
u ra=umufr&GHΠwkH@jyefajymqkdvkdufonf?
“rif;ukd vlvadk jymwm vlvdk em;rvnf
bl;vm;uG? 'Dae&m ay;raecsifvkd@ ajymaewm”
&Jt&m&SdESifh jy\emwufawmhrnfh
tajctaeukd a&Smifv&$J ef usaemfu vli,fav;
.vufukdqGJ,lI“uJ-vmyguG,fæ OD;av;wkd@
tay:qkH;xyfrSm ae&moGm;&Sm=uao;wmaygh?
OD;av;&JΠ'Dt0wftpm;tdwfuav; ighwlrqDrSm
c% xm;cJhr,f? ighwlru 'Duapmifh? OD;av;wkd@
2 a,muf ae&moGm;&SmvkdufOD;r,f”[k qkdum
ol@ukd twif;qGaJ c:vmcJh&onf?
“'DaumifawG &Jqkd+yD; tawmfvlyg; 0
w,f? ol,x l m;wJah e&m =unfOh ;D ? vl 10 a,muf
pmavmuf xkid v f @dk &w,f? 'g &Jq+dk y;D rw&m;vkyf
wm r[kwfbl;vm; OD;av;&JŒ”
vli,fav;u oabFmay:wGif ae&m
vSnfh&Sm&if; a'gyGyGESifh qufajymaeonf?
“olwkd@rw&m;wm OD;av;odygw,f
uG,?f 'gayrJh olw@dk e@J u,
dk u
f oabFmay:rSm quf
&efjzpfaevkd@ rjzpfbl;? aemuf+yD; tJ'Dae&muvJ
oabFmapmifh &Jom;awG&@J tcef;em;rSm jzpfaewm
ukd;? 'gayrJh bmrSrqkdifygbl;? c&D;onfawG pD;cGifh
&Swd ahJ e&myg? 'gayrJh &Jtcef;em;jzpfaeawmh olw@dk 'DaumifawG &Jq_dk yD;
u ta=umif;+yajym&ifvJ &wmyJ? &JawGe@J zuf+y;D
&efjzpfae&if uk, d o f mcHae&vdrrhf ,f? xm;vkdufyg tawmfvy l g; 0 w,f?
awmhuG,f” ol,x l m;wJah e&m }unfh
“usaemf =unfhaewm? tJ'Dvlu c&D;
onfawG b,fov l mvm armif;xkwyf pfaew,f? OD;? vl 10 a,muf
&JawGqkd 'Dtwkdif;csnf;yJ? pdwfxm; tifrwef ykyf pmavmufxid k v f &‹ d k w,f?
w,f? aumif;wJ&h q J vdk @dk usaemfawmh wa,mufrS
rawG@zl;ao;bl;” 'g&Jq_dk yD;rw&m;vkyw f m
'Dvli,fu ol@b0tawG@t}uKHt& r[kwb f ;l vm; OD;av;&JŒ
oljrifxm;onfhtwkdif; ajymaejcif;[k usaemf
em;vnfvkdufygonf?
“vm-vmæ tv,fxyfawmh ae&m “usaemf tv,fxyfrSm ae&m&cJh+yD
r&Ekdifawmhbl; æ OD;wkd@tay:qkH;xyf wuf=unfh OD;av;? usaemfwkd@tod ta':}uD;wa,mufu
=u&atmif?” ol@trsKd;awG vkdufrvmjzpfvkd@ ykdaewJhae&m/
rkd;wdwfpjyKoGm;ojzifh tay:qkH;xyf usaemfw@dk udk ay;wm? OD;av;twGuyf g usaemfw@dk
wGif v[mjyifY xkdifp&m ae&mrsm;&Sdygonf? okd@ jyifxm;+yD? vkdufchJygOD;av;”
&mwGif rkd;&Gmv#ifrl tcufawG@ayvdrfhrnf? trdk; usaemf olESifhtwl vkduf=unfhonf?
tumatmufae&mukd tajcjyKI rkd;r&Gmv#if 'kw, d xyf oabFm0&Hwm vufwef;teD;wGif ol@
tjyifxGufum us,fus,f0ef;0ef; aeEkdifayrnf? ZeD;ESifhuav;rsm; apmifawGukd tcif;vkyfI
trk;d tumav;&So d nfh ae&matmufwiG f xkid af e tuste xkdifae=u+yD? “'g OD;av;twGuf”qkd+yD;
=uolwpkxH usaemfw@dk twGuf ae&mav; tenf; usaemhftwGuf ae&mwae&m olwkd@. apmif
i,fay;&ef usaemfuoGm;+yD; arwWm&yfcHygonf? a[mif;av;wxnf cif;ay;xm;+yD; w±kdwao
olw@dk u c&D;onfcsi;f tvG,w f ul cGijhf yKojzifæ h jyifay;xm;onfukd awG@&.? usaemfvJ tawmf
“uJ-ighwlu rifhrdef;reJ@ uav;awG auseyfomG ;rdonf? vl}uD;olrtay: ±kad or_ pdwf
oGm;ac:/ ypPnf;awG wacgufe@J rEkdif&if 2 acguf "mwf&Sdaom 'Drdom;pkESifh taygif;toif;vkyf
cGJo,f? OD;av;u 'Dae&mrSm ae&m,lxm;ESifh awmhrnf[k pdwq f ;Hk jzwfcg olw@dk cif;ay;xm;aom
r,f”[k usaemfu vli,fav;ukd pDpOfay;vkduf ae&mav;wGif 0ifxkdifvkdufygonf?
&ygonf? “OD;av;emrnfu wifarmfvkd@ ac:
olxu G o f mG ;onf? ok@d &mwGif awmfawmf w,fu@JG ? toufu 58 ESp&f +dS y?D ausmufqnfu?
ESihf jyefay:rvm? bmrsm;jzpfv@dk ygvrd [ hf k usaemfrh mS uomrSm ESrwa,muf&v dS @dk c% tvnfvmwm”
pdww f xifxh ifEh iS hf apmifah e&onf? aemufxyf w ckrS wa,mufESifhwa,muf rdwfquf
atmifah vmuf=umrS olay:vmonf? ok@d &mwGif bm &awmhonf? usaemfu usaemfh emrnfukd t&if
ypPn;f rSvnf;o,frvm? b,fo@lurd k v S nf;ac:rvm? ajymjy+yD; olwkd@emrnfawGukd ar;=unfh&onf?
143
 “usaemfh emrnfu aZmfrif;OD;-yg?
usaemfhrdef;remrnfu =unf=unfpef;?”
“rif;wk@d u tdraf jymif;vm=uwmvm;?
b,fu vm=uwmvJ”
“usaemfwkd@u rEWav;uygyJ? uom
&JŒtxuf tawmfa0;wJh ae&mu &Gm}uD;w&GmrSm
oGm;tvkyfvkyf+yD; tck tdrfjyefvmcJhwm? }uH
}udwfwJhtvkyfoGm;vkyfwm? rukdufygbl;OD;&,f?
bmrS rykdwht J jyif jyefp&dwfawmif tvkyfykdif&Sif
u oabmaumif;vkd@ ay;vkdufwma=umifh jyef
vmEkdifwm”
“uJ-uJ æ +yD;awmhrS pum;qufajym
=u&atmif? tckawmh olrsm;awG xrif;pm;ukef
=u+yD? 'kd@vJ xrif;pm;zkd@ xrif;av;[if;av;
0,f=u&atmif”
“bmrS 0,fraeeJ@OD;av;? usaemfwkd@
rSm xrif;tkd;ygw,f? reufuwnf;u csufvm
cJhwm? xrif;awGvJ trsm;}uD;? OD;av;vJ pm;
avmufygw,f? bmrS 0,fraeygeJ@”
ol@rdef;rukd xrif;jyifckdif;vkdufojzifh
ol@rdef;ru xrif;tkd; [if;tkd;rsm;ukd xkwfonf?
xrif;awGudk pwD;yef;uef cyfa[mif;a[mif;av;
xJrSmxnfh+yD; usaemfESifh ol@a,musfm;twGuf
jyifqifay;onf? olESifh uav;awG aemuf+yD;rS
pm;rnf[kqkdonf? [if;awG =unfhvkdufawmh
tdrfu =uufwaumifukd ±kdufowf+yD; [if;vkyf
xm;[efwal om =uufom;uwcGu/f i±kwo f ;D ESihf
iyd a =umf u wcG u f ? vrf ; rS m pm;zk d @ twG u f
tajcmuftjcrf; a=umfavSmfvm[ef wlonf?
olwkd@reuftapm}uD; vmwkef;uvJ 'Dxrif;awG
pm;vm=urSmyg? 'ga=umifh [if;u odyfrrsm;?
xrif;uawmh rsm;onf? npmus&ifawmh olwkd@
xrif;0,fpm;&awmhrnf?
“uJ-uJæ igw h ul tm;vk;H pm;&atmif
[if;wcsK@d xrif;qkid f oGm;0,fvu dk Of ;D uav;awG
144
twGufvJ rkef@yo J a&pmav;awG 0,fch”J
usaemfu waxmifwef okH;av;&Guf
xkwfay;vkdufonf? vrf;wav#muf xrif;pm;
csdefwkdif; uav; 2- a,mufESifh olwkd@vifr,m;
xrif;[if;0,fz@dk tcuftcJ&rdS eS ;f od&o dS jzifh vrf;
c&D;wGif usaemfupkdufcH+yD; 'gejyKoGm;zkd@ pdwf qkH;
jzwfvu dk &f ygonf? wu,fvnf; olw@dk tcuf
tcJ &Sdonf? usaemfESifh rqkHpnf;jzpfv#if olwkd@
'ghxuf ykdcufayvdrfhrnf? wcgw&Hawmh xrif;
qkdifrS xrif;[if;csufaom vlwa,mufrSm ol@
todjzpfojzifh xrif;[if;av; xnfhay;vkduf
onfukd awG@&onf? 'Dvkd todtu|rf;av; &Sdae
wm awmfao;wmaygh[kawG;+yD; olwkd@b0t
wGuf pdwx f rJ mS oufjyif;wcsuf csvu dk rf yd gonf?
“'Dvkd OD;av;&JŒæ tpwkef;u rEWav;
a*g0defqdyfurf;rSm oJo,fwhpJ ufavSrSm usaemf
tvkyfvkyfaecJhwm? 'Dvkyfief;wckvkH;ukd usaemhf
treJ@ usaemfha,mufzu pDpOfvkyfukdifae=u
wmyg? usaemfuawmh olwkd@qDrSm tvkyform;
aygh? tJ'Dvkyfief;awGukdawmh usaemfu tukef
vkyfwwfygw,f? pufavSvJ armif;wwfw,f?
jyifvJ jyifwwfw,f? pufta=umif;vJ em;vnf
w,f? tvkyf=urf;vJ usaemfu bmrSra&G;ygbl;/
tukefvkyfEkdifygw,f? oJo,f+yD; jyefa&mif; jyef
oGi;f wJvh yk if ef;u uk, d t
hf rt&if;&JŒvkyif ef; qkad wmh
usaemfu atmufajcodr;f tuke0f ifvyk yf gw,f?
bmrStvkyf a&G;raeygb;l ? bmrS tacsmifcadk ewm
r&SdchJbl;? trwkd@u 'gawmh em;vnfygw,f?
jy\emu usaemfu rdef;reJ@ om;
orD;awGe@J qadk wmh tm;vk;H &JŒpm;aomufp&dwu f
odyfrvG,fbl;av? 'Dukefusp&dwfukd ol@qDrSm
tvkyfvkyfw,fqkdawmh tru ay;&wmaygh?
uav;wa,muf u ES p f a ,muf j zpf v mawmh
ukefusp&dwf ay;&wJhaiGawG rsm;w,fqkd+yD; tr
u odyfr=unfjzLawmhbl;? ray;csifawmhbl;?
 usaemfwkd@u bmrS tykdokH;wm r&Sdyg
bl;? usaemfhrdef;ruvJ usaemfhvkd qif;&Jom;ygyJ?
b0wlawGrkd@ nm;cJh=u&wmyg? olu awmol?
olwkd@&GmrSm ol@rdb 2 a,mufvkH; qkH;oGm;awmh
rSDckdp&mr&SdwhJ =unf=unfpef;u a*g0defrSm&SdwhJ ol@
OD;av;0rf;uGq J DrSm vmuyfae&w,f? ol@ OD;av;
u qkdufum;eif;w,f? OD;av;&JΠrdef;ru a*g0def
qdyu f rf;rSm uGr;f ,ma&mif;w,f? olw@dk vJ acsmif
acsmifvnfvnf r&Sd=uwJhtxJ =unf=unfpef;
u 0efxkyf0efykd;wckvkd jzpfaewmayghav? ol@
OD;av;&JŒ rdef;r/ tJæ ta':qkdygawmhav? tJ'D
ta':&JΠuGrf;,mqkdifrSm =unf=unfpef;u uGrf;
,mvma&mif;ay;&if; a*g0defu oJo,fpufavS
rSm tvkyo f rm;av;jzpfwhJ usaemfe@J awG@=u&wm?
=unf=unfpef;u tysKdav;vJjzpf/ ±kyf&nf u
av;uvJ&Sdawmh ol@ta':&J@ uGrf;,mqkdifu
=unf=unfpef;a&mufvmrS ta&mif;wufvm
wmaygh OD;av;&,f?
usaemfhukdyJ=unfh? pufavSrSm tvkyf
vkyf&if; tcsdeftm;&wmeJ@ wòyifwnf; =unf
=unfpef;wk@d uGr;f ,mqkid ef m; a&mufaeawmh wm
yJ? vlysKdb0wkef;uawmh tvkyfuvJ vkyfEkdif/
tuket f usuvJ xl;xl;axGaxGr&Sad wmh usaemfh
tru usaemfhukd =unfjzLwmaygh? =unf=unf
pef;uvJ ol@ukd ykd;olyef;olrsm;ayr,fh aemufqkH;
usawm hqif;&Jom; usaemfe@J yJ &awmhwmyJ? ol@
ukdu qif;&JZmwm ygvmw,fxifyg&ŒJ ? aemuf
wcsufu ol@ukd wplpl waqmifhaqmifh jzpfaewJh
ol@O;D av;&JŒrde;f reJ@ qufraeEkid w
f mvJ ta=umif;
wckaygh? 'Dawmh usaemfwkd@ jrefjref,l vkduf=u
w,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfw@dk i,fi,f&, G &f , G ef @J ckvdk
uav; 2 a,muf&ae=uwm? OD;av;&,fæ
qif;&Jom;awGyJ b,frSm }uD;}uD;us,fus,f wifh
awmif h w if h w ,f r*F v maqmif E k d i f = uygh r vJ ?
t=uifvifr,m;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKzkd@ taygif;
toif; tenf;tyg;zdw/f vufzuf&nfav;wku d /f
rkef@av;au|;/ 'Dvkde@J udpP +yD;vkduf=u&wm? tJ'D
ukeu f sp&dwaf wG tm;vk;H ukad wmh tru ay;cJw h myg?
cke ajymovkd usaemfhrdef;ruvJ qif;
&Jom;qkdawmh oluvJ aewwfpm;wwfygw,f?
ol@twGuf bmwckrS xl;xl;jcm;jcm; 0,fay;zkd@
rylqmygb;l ? bm0wf&rS nm0wf&rS qkw d phJ w
d vf J
r&Sdygbl;? trwkd@vifr,m;a&m/ usaemftyg oJ
wkdufwhJ tvkyform;awG pm;zkd@ xrif;csuf±kHru
olEkdifwJhtvkyfawG tukef 0ifvkyfay;cJhwmygyJ?
jy\emu cav;awG arG;vmrS pwm?
ukd,f0ef&Sduwnf;u aiGu pxGuf+yD? uav;arG;
awmhvJ aiGuukef/ uav; vljzpfvmawmhvJ aiG
uukef? jArRmhbkHu usvmwJhtyfwpif;eJ@ vl@jynf
u tyfwpif; tyfxyd cf si;f qkaH wG@z@dk / xdz@dk cufwm
xuf vl@b0&zkd@u ykdcufw,fvkd@ qkdch=J uayr,fh
usaemfhwkd@tzkd@uawmh &vmwJhvl@b0/ &vmwJh
uav;ukd &SifoefatmifarG;a&;u ykdcufygw,f
Asm? 'Duav;awG&J@ usef;rma&;p&dwf/ aq;zkd;
p&dwf/ au|;arG;p&dwfu ykdcufwm? ykd&Sif;atmif
ajym&&ifawmh odyfukd eufvGef;vSwhJ aiGwGif; qkd
wm}uD;ukd wl;&wmu wjcm;tcufawGxuf
ykdcufw,fvkd@qkd&rSmyg? usaemfu trwkd@qDu
tvkyo f rm;qkad wmh usaemf aiGvw dk idk ;f tvky&f iS f
jzpfwJh trukdyJ tyluyf&awmhwmygyJ? 'Dawmh
uav; wa,mufu 2 a,mufjzpfvmwJh tcg
trwk@d uvJ olw@dk qufraxmufyhH Ekid af wmhb;l qkd
vkd@ treJ@usaemfeJ@ pum;rsm; &efjzpf=uwmyg?
armifESrt&if;ay;r,fh pD;yGm;a&;u armifESr
om;csif;=um;u arwWmukd jzwfawmufvkduf
+yDav? a,mufzuawmh bmrS 0ifrajymygbl;?
tck jyefpOf;pm;=unfv h u
dk af wmh olw@dk rmS vJ om;eJ@
orD;eJ@qadk wmh a&&Snrf mS vltm;vk;H &JŒp&dwaf wGudk
olw@dk ucHz@dk qw dk m w,fawmhrvG,w f m trSeyf gy?J
treJ@&efjzpf+yD; olwkd@qDrSm tvkyf
145
rvkyfe@J qkdvkd@ usaemf wjcm;tvkyfawG xGufvkyf
=unfhygw,f? olrsm;&J@ oJwkdufpufavSawGrSm
pufarmif;vJ vku d vf yk zf ;l w,f? oJawG o,fcsay;
&wJt h vkyv f J vkyzf ;l w,f? ukew f ifuek cf svJ vkyzf ;l
w,f? qkdufum;vJ eif;zl;w,f? b,f tvkyfrS
usaemfw@dk vifr,m;eJ@ uav; 2 a,mufp&dwu f dk
zlvkHatmif rwwfEkdifbl;? OD;av; odaewJhtwkdif;
tckacwf pm;0wfaea&;p&dwfu rkd;xdatmif
jrifhwufaewm r[kwfvm;? ukefaps;E_ef;u rkd;xd
atmif avSum;axmif+y;D wuf+y;D &if; wufaewm
r[kwfvm;? usaemfvJ tpGrf;ukef ±kef;ueful;cyf
ygw,f? {&m0wDjrpf [kdbufurf; 'Dbufurf;
vufypful;wmurS ZGJcwf&if a&mufcsifa&muf
oGm;vdrfhr,f? acwf&ŒJ pD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;
xJ ul;cyfae&wmuawmh tcuftcJ=um;xJ
usaemfwkd@ rGef;vGef;ru rGef;vS+yD? b,fawmhrsm;
epfjrKyfoGm;rvJvkd@ ae@pOfeJ@tr# awG;ylae&+yD?
[kt d vkyf 'Dtvkyf ajymif;vkyaf e&if;u
oli,fcsif;wa,mufu vmac:vkd@ uom&J@
txufu }uHoumcsufwhJ tvkyf±kHrSm tvkyf
vkdufvkyfwmyg? vlav;a,mufwqkdif; }uH}udwf
wJhtvkyf vkyf&w,f? w&uf aiG av;axmif 4
a,mufc, GJ l&w,f? w&uf wa,muf waxmif
pDavmuf &wmaygh? 'gayrJh jy\emu ae@wkdif;
tvkyf&Sdwm r[kwfbl;? tvkyfem;&wJh &ufawG
&Sdao;w,f? tJ'D&ufawGus ykdufqHr&bl;? 'gh
tjyif }uH}udwfw,fqkdwmuvJ tcsdef&moD
ra&G; }uHawGu xGufaewmr[kwfbl;? ol@&moD
}uHay:wJhtcsdefrS vkyf&wm? tmrcHcsuf bmrSr&Sd
wJh ,m,Dtvkyfyg OD;av;&,f?
usaemfholi,fcsif;vkd vlysKdvlvGwfawG
uawmh awmfao;wmaygh? olwkd@wa,mufcsif;
xrif;pm;p&dwfeJ@ aomufp&dwfyJ ukefw,f?
usaemfuawmh rdom;pkav;a,muf pm;p&dwaf um/
usaemf aomufwhpJ &dwfaum b,frSmavmufygh
146
rvJ? 'Dtvkyu f cGet f m;pku d x f w k +f y;D yifyifyef;yef;
vkyf&awmh enf;enf;yg;yg; raomuf&if rjzpfbl;
OD;av;&JŒ? 'DtxJ iSuv f J tjzpfrsm;awmh iSuzf sm;
0ifrd+yDqkdæ +yD;ygava&m? usaemfwkd@tvkyfrSm
usaemfwkd@tqkdif;u r[kwfbJ wjcm;tqkdif;u
vlwa,mufæ olvJ pOf@uidk b f ufu vmvkyw f m
iSufzsm;rd+yD; tJ'DrSmwifqkH;ygava&m? ckxd ol@
tdruf dk ta=umif;r=um; &ao;bl;? pOf@uidk u f vk@d
omodwm? b,f&Gmu vJrod/ rdbemrnfvJ
rod? tvkyf&Sif tm;wJhtcsdefrS oGm;pkHprf;+yD;
ta=umif;=um;ay;&rSm? vkyfpm;ukdifpm;& wm
awGuvJ rvG,fbl;? b0awGuvJ rvG,fbl;?
'gawGjrifawmh usaemfwkd@ vef@+yD; jyefajy;vm=u
wm? jyefp&dwaf wmif r&Sb d ;l ? tvky&f iS u f oabm
vJaumif;/ usaemfwkd@ukdvJ oem;vkd@ jyefp&dwf
xkwfay;vkdufwm? usaemfh tvkyform;cu &&
pm;pm;eJ@ wjym;rS rusefawmhbl;av?
usaemfwkd@rSm usefwmu 'D=uuf av;
aumify?J ckawmh 3 aumifyJ usefawmhwmaygh?
reufuwaumif ±ku d o f wf+y;D csupf m;vdu k +f yaD v?
pm;p&dwo f ufomatmifq+dk y;D =uufarG;xm;wm?
'gav;yJ jzpfw,f?
ckvm;? rsufESmatmufcs+yD; trqDrSm
jyef0if&awmhrSmaygh? armifESrt&if;qkdawmh 'g
avmuf 'kuQa&mufaewm ypfxm;r,frxif
ygbl;? uav;awGp&dwf oufomatmifawmh
uav;awGudk tarhqo D mG ;yk@d z@dk pOf;pm;xm;w,f?
taru awmuyg? ijrm}uD;&Gmuyg? taruvJ
acsmifvnfvSw,f&,fvkd@awmh r[kwfygbl;?
awmrSm v,fav; enf;enf;&Sd/ aqGrsKd;awGuvJ
&Sdawmh awmfao;wmaygh?
uav;awGvm;? b,frSm pmoifzl;ygh
rvJ? 'DaumifawGvm;? 0vkH;}uD; ykwfavmuf
a&;jyawmif 0vk;H rSe;f odrmS r[kwb f ;l ? usaemfw@dk vJ
uav;awG&ŒJ ynma&;a&m/ aemifa&;a&m b,frmS
rpOf;pm;bJ aeyghrvJ OD;av;&,f? pOf;pm;orS
OD;aESmufawG ajcmufcef;oGm;rwwf pOf;pm;ygw,f?
'gayrJh bmtajzrS raocsmbl;? b,ftem*wfrS
ra&&mbl;? 'Duav;awG tarhqD yk@d xm;&ifawmh
tenf;qk;H bke;f }uD;ausmif;pmavmufawmh wwf
rSmyg? tenf;qk;H awmh aopm&Sipf mavmufawmh
wwfrmS yg? 'gx h ufaumif;wJh ynma&; usaemfw@dk
ay;Ekid pf rG ;f r&Sw
d hJ b0yg OD;av;&,f? yg;pyfayguaf wG
au|;Ekid af &;/ xrif;iwf+yD; raoa&;ukyd J renf;}uD;
vk;H yef;ae&wm r[kwv f m;? uav;awG usaemfh
tarqD oGm;yk@d z@dk q&dk ifawmif p&dwpf u ukeOf ;D rSm?
'gvJ trqD awmif;&rSmyJ?
OD;av;u rEWav;a&muf&if ausmuf
qnfukd wef;jyefrSmvm;? atmfæ rEWav;rSm
wntdyOf ;D rSm aygah emf? OD;av;ukd OD;av;t&if;vkd
cifrifrdygw,f? usaemfwkd@ukd ay;au|;wmawGvJ
tm;emp&maumif;ovkd aus;Zl;vJ wifryd gw,f?
'gayrJh usaemhfrSmu rEWav;a&muf&if usaemfh
tdrfrSm wnf;ygvm;vkd@ avmu0wfpum;t&
awmif rac:Ekdifwhb J 0yg OD;av;&,f? bmvkd@vq J kd
awmh ajym&&ifawmh a}uuGpJ &myg OD;av;&,f?
usaemfwkd@rSm tdrf&,fvkd@ukd r&Sdvkd@yg?
b,fvadk e=uovJ [kwv f m;? tdr&f ,f
vk@d r&So d vkd ajr&,fv@dk r&Syd gb;l ? usaemfw@dk aewm
ajray:rSmae=uwm r[kwyf gb;l ? oJay:rSm ae=u
wmyg? OD;av; tH@=ooGm;ovm;?
OD;av; a*g0defqdyfurf;ukd a&mufzl;
w,f r [k w f v m;? tJ ' D a*g0d e f q d y f u rf ; rS m
oabFmqdyf&JΠ[kdbuf'Dbuf atmufem;usus
qDrSm oJaomifjyif}uD;awG &Sdw,fav? qdyfurf;
oJaomifjyifawGyJaygh? tJ'DrSm rkd;ump txnf
tjymawGe@J trdk;rkd;+yD; aqmufxm;wJh wJjymjym
av;awG OD;av;awG@ygvdrfhr,f? OD;av;rawG@bJ
raeygbl;? wJawGu tvkH; av;q,fig;q,frS
r[kww f m? &meJ@cs&D w dS hJ wJawG? axmif*%ef;txd
&Sdrvm;vkd@awmif usaemfxifrdw,f? ta0;u
=unfh&if vSwywav;awmif jzpfaevdrfhr,f?
tJ'g usaemfwkd@ b0wl qif;&Jom;awG ae=uwJh
wJuav;awGygyJ? b,fuvm/ EGm;wif;ukyf
avmuf us,frvJ? tjrifhurS cg;avmuftxdyJ
jrifhwm? 0ufokdufomom wJuav;awGyJ? rkd;
ump tjymeJ@rkd;xm;wmqkdawmh rkd;vkHwmaygh?
aeyl&ifawmh trkd;eJ@ acgif;eJ@uyfaewmqkdawmh
aer&atmif ylw,f? vlxkdif&if trkd;eJ@acgif;eJ@u
xdvrk wwf? wkid af wG bmawG b,fxrl vJ? 0g;vk;H
ukd wJwkdiftjzpf okH;xm;&wmaygh? 0g;eJ@uGyfyspf
vkyf tdyfwht J drfu tdyf? wcsKd@uawmh 'Dtwkdif;
zsm=urf;cif;+yD; ae=uwmyJ? tdyf±kHavmuf ouf
oufyg? xrif;csufawmh tjyifbufu oJjyifrSm
}uHzef+yD; csuf=u&wm?
usaemfwkd@vkd qif;&JolawGu usaemf
wkd@avmufwif &Sdwmr[kwfbl;? tJ'D 0ufokduf
omomwJav;xJrSm qif;qif;&J&J aeae=u&wJh
b0wlawG axmife@J cs&D w dS ,f? wJwwJ Zmwfvrf;
wyk'fqkd&if rwlwJhwJawGu rwlwJh b0Zmwf
vrf;awG &maxmifcsD &Sad e=urSmyg? usaemfb h 0u
tn$ e f ; oabmavmuf o myg? usaemf h x uf
trsm;}uD;qkd;wJh &ifeifha}uuGpJ &m taumif;qkH;
qkwd hJ b0awG &Sad e=uygw,f? 'gu a*g0ed f oJaomif
jyif&J@ tjctaeyJ &Sdao;w,faemf? aemuf+yD;
OD;av; jrifae&wmu oabFmay:u b0awG&ŒJ
taetxm;? Armwjynf v k H ; tajctaeqk d
ajymraeeJ@awmh?
'DwJawGukdvm;? b,frSm tpkd;&u
}uKdufyghrvJ? vmzsufckdif;wmvJ c%c%? olwkd@
udk,fwkdif vmzsufwmvJ t}udrf}udrf? zsuf+yD;
wmeJ@ jyefaqmuf=uwmyJ? 'Dem;ajym/ [kdem;
aqmuf=uwmyJ? aep&mrS r&Sdwm? usaemfwkd@
b0u ajy;p&mvJ ajrr&Sdqkdwmxuf ykdqkd;w,f?
aep&mvJ ajrr&Sd? wJxkd;p&m ajrr&Sd? usaemfwkd@
147
wawG wJx;dk xm;wJh oJjyifawmifrS a&&maocsm
wm r[kwfbl;? tpkd;&u b,ftcsdefvmzsufOD;
rvJvkd@ wxifhxifhe@J apmifhae&wm? wJxkd;&wm
odyaf wmh rukeyf gb;l OD;av;&,f? rk;d ump0,f&wm
u tukefrsm;wmyg? aiG waomif;ig;axmif
avmufq&dk if 'Dvdk wJav;rsK;d wvk;H &ygw,f? 'Dvdk
wJaqmufz@dk aiGwaomif;ig;axmifawmif usaemfh
wk@d xJ r&Sw
d o hJ al wG trsm;}u;D ? ckqdk usaemfu h =dk unf?h
vufxJ aiGwaomif; ig;axmifr&Sdovkd tdyfp&m
wJwvkH;awmifr&Sdbl;? a*g0defjyefa&mufrS trqD
u aiGacs;+y;D wJav;wvk;H tjrefaqmuf&OD;rSm?
'Dvkd wJuav;rsKd; wvkH; aqmufEkdif
a&;twGuf ukd,fcE<mukd a&mif;pm;vkduf&wJh
jr&ifw@dk vdk rde;f uav;awG a*g0ed w f pJ rk mS renf;wJh
ta&twGuef @J &Sw d ,f OD;av;a&? usaemfu 0wˆK
awGzwf/ ±kyf&SifZmwfvrf;awG tawmfrsm;rsm;
=unfhchJzl;olqkdawmh 0wˆKqefqef ±kyf&Sifqefqef
ajymvkduf&OD;r,f? olwkd@ESvkH;om; ysufaºu&wJh
t=umif;awG/ olw@dk rsu&f nfpu ajymwJyh jHk yifav;
awGta=umif; OD;av;=um;odcsiw f ,f qk&d ifawmh
a*g0defqdyfurf;ukd wacgufavmuf tvnfvmcJh
OD;ayghOD;av;&JŒ? a}uuGJp&mb0av;awG &ifeifh
p&m Zmwfa=umif;av;awGukd OD;av; rsuf&nf
vnfvmwJhtxd =um;&ygaphr,f? ckeajymwJh
jr&ifvm;? wJtwGuf ol@u, dk cf E<muk, d u f dk &if;ES;D
vku d &f wJh jr&ifav;uawmh 'Dwx J rJ mS rae&&Smbl;
OD;av;a&? ol@rdom;pkukdyJ 'DwJav;ukd ay;cJh+yD;
oluawmh 'gxufarSmifwhJ tarSmifxkxJ wdk;0if
oGm;vkduf+yD?
a*g0defa&mufoGm;w,f qkd&ifawmh
a*g0defatmufbuf oJaomifjyifay:u &meJ@csD
&SdaewJh trkd;jymjymwJuav;awGukd =unfhjzpf
atmif =unfhoGm;vkdufyg? rarhe@J aemf OD;av;? 'g
Armjynf r S m om awG @ Ek d i f w J h b0av;awG y g
OD;av;a&Œ?
148
· · · · ·
nOfhykdif;wGif {&m0wDay: &GmoGef;aom
rkd;u ykdrkdonf;xefvmygonf? rkd;omru avu
vnf; tawmfjyif;jyif; wkdufvmonf? oabFm
ay: ab;tpGef;em;u vkdufvmonfh c&D;onf
awGrSm rkd;yufonfh'%fa=umifh &$J&$Jpkdukefovkd
avwkdufjyif;ojzifhvnf; t0wfawGvGifhojzifh
renf;xdef;ae=u&onf? {&m0wD. v_dif;vkH;rsm;
uvnf; ykdrkd+yD; rmefzD+cdrf;ajcmufvmojzifh okH;
xyfoabFm}uD;rSm [kdbuf'Dbuf vl;ovkd jzpf
vmaeonf? 'Davmuf oabFm}uD; onfvkdvl;
vm+yDqkdv#if tajctaeu odyfr[ef? 'Dtajc
taeukd tawG@t}uKH&Sdaom oabFmom;rsm;u
avuG,faom axmifhcsKd; qdyfurf;auG@ wae&m
wGif oabFmukduyfum rkd;ckdavckdzkd@ jyifonf?
jynfpkd;rkd;onf urf;teD;ukd ckwfoGm;
+yD; oabFmqvkdufrD;rsm;jzifh urf;uyfvkd@aumif;
rnfhae&mukd &Smonf? awmfawmfESifh qkduf&rnfh
ae&m &Smr&bJ pufoH vloHawG qlnHaeatmif
tvkyfrsm;ae=u+yD; jynfpkd;rkd;uvnf; urf;em;
wGif w0Jvnfvnf jzpfaeonf? aemufqkH;wGif
urf;uyfrnfh ae&maumif;ukd awG@omG ;+y;D oabFm
ay:rS tvkyform;awGu urf;ukd qif;oGm;=u
onfukd qvkdufrD;a&mifatmufrSm c&D;onfawG
u jrifae=u&onf? qvkdufrD;a&mifatmufwGif
tvkyform;awGu wkdifawGpkduf=u/ }udK;awGESifh
wkyf=u? qdyfurf;rSm oabFmukd ausmufcs &yf
em;zkd@ tpGrf;ukef }uKd;yrf;ae=uonf? okd@&mwGif
ajrraumif;ojzifh pkdufaomwkdifrsm;u rckdif?
oabFmuvnf; rk;d '%fav'%fudk tumtuG,f
r&EkdifbJ [kdbufvl; 'Dbufvl; jzpfaejyefonf?
'Dae&mr&bl;? oabFm rkd;ckdavckdzkd@
aemufwae&m xyf&Sm&r,f? atmufbuf w
ae&mtxd qufoGm;&r,f-[k tvkyform;csif;
atmf[pfajymaeoHawG c&D;onfawG =um;ae&
onf? tvkyo f rm;awG oabFmay: jyefwufvm+y;D
oabFmu urf;rScGmum jrpfa=umtwkid ;f quf
vuf ckwaf rmif;vmonf? ok@d &mwGif ,drf;,kdifae
aom trl;orm;ykHpHrsKd;/ [kdxkd;'Dvl;ESifh?
rkd;u ykdrkdonf;xefvmovkd avu
vnf; ykdrkd cufxefvmonf? oabFm tajctae
u c% wnfwnf+idr+f idr&f v dS u
dk ?f awmf=um [kv d ;l
'Dvl;jzpfvkduf? oabFmtv,fykdif;u pD;eif;vm
jcif;r[kwfaom c&D;onfrsm;tm;vkH; rkd;a& &$&J $J
pkdae+yD? tm;vkH; ikwfwkwfxkdifae=uonf? b,f
olrS rtdyfEkdif=u? aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;u w
a,mufESifhwa,muf zufxm;=uonf? vl}uD;
a&m vlvwfyidk ;f awGyg oHAak '<&w G =f u/ w&m;pmawG
&Gwf=uESifh? touf}uD;olrsm;u ykwD;emempdyf
ae=uonf? bk&m;-bk&m;[k r=umc% w=u&Sm
onf? rdef;uav;wcsKd@qkdv#if rsufESmrsm; ZD;&Guf
avmufom&Sd+yD; rsufvkH;uav;awG uv,f
uv,fESifh jzpfae=uonf?
oabFmay:u c&D;onfawG. tajc
taeu oem;p&myg? oabFmay:yg usaemfrkef;
aom olwcsKd@rSwyg; c&D;onfawGukd usaemf cspf
cifygonf? c&D;onftrsm;pkonf jynfolvlxk
t0ef;t0kdif;twGif;rS vlom;awG jzpfygonf?
c&D;pOftwGif; olwkd@txJrS tedrfhqkH;qkdaom ol
wcsKd@ESifh usaemf pum;pjrnf ajym=unfhcho J nf?
qif;&JraJG waom olw@dk b0ta=umif; =um;&onf?
vrf;aysmufae=uolrsm; ukdawG@&onf? tHc&J if;
ZGrJ mefrav#mhwwfaom vlawGvnf;ygonf? &if
eifhp&m ul;cyf&if; epfjrKyfoGm;olawG ta=umif;
ukdvnf; olwkd@uwqifh azmufonfcs=uonf?
olw@dk b0awG EGr;f aeovkd olw@kd ajymaom pum;
oHuvnf; rSdefazsmhaeonf? tvif;a&mifvkdae
onf? tm;ukd; vkdaeonf? tm;vkH;uawmh
acwf a &pD ; a=umif ; xJ r S m r&S L Ek d i f r u,f E k d i f b J
jynfp;dk rk;d oabFmvkd v_id ;f av=um; ,ufuef ,uf
rk ;d awG avawGu jyif;oxuf jyif;vm+yD?
v_id f;awGuvnf; }uD;oxuf }uD;vm+yD?
usaemfyifv#if c&D;onfuk d ai;arm+yD;
awG;awm ae&mrS tawG;puk d
jzwfvk u d f+yD; oabFm tajctaeuk d
tuJcwf =unfv h ku
d &f onf?
uef jzpfaeolawGu rsm;ygonf? jynfp;dk rk;d oabFm
c&D;onftjzpf olwkd@ v_dif;awGavawG=um;xJu
vGwaf jrmufcsif vGwaf jrmufomG ;rnf? ok@d &mwGif
ppftm%m&Sifpepf acwfqkd;acwfusyf a&pD;
a=umif;xJurl olwkd@ r±kef;uef/ rul;cyf/ wkdufyJG
r0ifbEJ iS ahf wmh b,fenf;eJ@rS rvGwaf jrmufEidk yf g?
usaemf olwkd@ukd tm;ay;csifygonf? olwkd@ukd v_H@
aqmfcsiyf gonf? 'Dru dk a&pD&rS cifAsm;wk@d b0 0ajym
om,mr,f[k ajymcsiyf gonf? wku d yf JG vrf;a=umif;
ukd a[majymjyvkdonf? okd@&mwGif ,cktcsdefY
usaemfhwGif 'DtajctaersKd; r&Sdyg? tajctae
ray;yg? usaemfukd,fwkdifukdu twkduftcH 'Drkd
ua&pD EkdifiHa&;orm;wOD;taeESifh wdrf;a&Smif
ae&onhfb0 r[kwfygvm;?
rkd;awGavawGu jyif;oxuf jyif;vm
+yD? v_dif;awGuvnf; }uD;oxuf }uD;vm+yD?
usaemfyifv#if c&D;onfukd ai;arm+yD; awG;awm
ae&mrS tawG;pukd jzwfvkduf+yD; oabFm tajc
taeukd tuJcwf=unfhvkduf&onf?
wcsuf v_ycf eJ jzpfomG ;onf? tarh-[k
atmfoHawGESifhtwl ae&mtESH@rS bk&m;-bk&m;
[lI bk&m;woHawG ay:xGufvmavonf?
· · · · · · · · ·
aznG e f @ aqG ( jrawmif )
9-10-2008
149
 ord k i f ; jzwf o ef ; jcif ; xJ u ±k y f y H k v $ m

150
 (1) twGif;rSmawmh oeyfzuf aq;ayghvdyfukdcJ&if;
&Jabmf}uD;wa,muf[m +yHK;+yHK;}uD; =unfhaeyg
atmifygap oajyyef;eJ@ a&csr;f ukd avmif; æ w,f? tJ'jD rifuiG ;f ukd u|eaf wmf 'Dae@txd owd&
atmifygap oajyyef;eJ@ a&csrf;ukd avmif; æ ae+yD; u|efawmfhrsufpdxJu azsmufr&yg? tJ'D
ææææææææææææææææ auseyfyDwdt+yHK;eJ@ yG=J unfhaeoluawmh &Jabmf
qkid ;f q&m}u;D bouf&n S f acgi;f aqmifwhJ }uD;(OD;)aeEkdifyg?
Armqkdif;0kdif;ab;rSm &JabmfawG[m txufyg
oDcsif;ukd0kdif;+yD; vkdufqkday;aeygw,f? bufu (2)
a&mif;taeeJ@ teDa&mifatmufcH tv,fwnfh
wnfhrSm a&$0ga&mif=u,ftwGif; a&$0ga&mif wl u|efawmf vGefchw J hJ tESpf 30 avmuf
wHpOfe@J ygwt D vH/ teDa&mif atmufct H v,frmS u teDa&mif=u,fyGifhawG wvufvufxaewJh
a&$0ga&mif =u,fwyGifh0if;vufaewJh jynfol@wyf yefqef;XmecsKyfukd a&mufygw,f? yefqef;ukd
rawmftvHawmfudk csw d qf x
JG m;ygw,f? Zmwfpif a&mufa&mufcsi;f xH;k pHtwkid ;f &Jabmfopf a&muf
ukd tjcm;Zmwf0ifydwfum;rsm;/ ykÀuG,frsm;/ vm&if 0kdif;0kdif;vnfaewmrkd@ u|efawmfht&if
uwWDygteDa&mif jynfzHk;um;}uD;wkd@ukd wyfqif a&mufaewJh &Jabmfrsm;eJ@ awG@q&kH if;eD;cGihf &ygw,f?
xm;+yD; cef@nm;pGm jyifqifxm;ygw,f? tJ'D tJ'Daemuf wyfaygif;pkvkyfief;twGuf vm;[l
Zmwfpifay:rSm touf 40 ausmft&G,f trsdK; wyfz@JG &&dS m em;avmh&mG / tufpt f ufpaf t Akv d rf LS ;
orD;&JabmfwOD;[m ckepfaxGtuxJu yxrqH;k aqxiftzG@J &&dS m urf;a&Smuf (au'gausmif;ae&m)
xGuf&wJh tysdKawmftuukd jrL;jrL;ºuºu vSvS okd@ oGm;a&muf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh&ygw,f?
yy uaeygw,f? wmhvDxefac: vlwaxmif wyfaygif;pk vkyfief;rsm;+yD;wJhaemuf u|efawmfh
avmufqHhwhJ tpnf;ta0;cef;r}uD;ukd u|efawmf rdcif,lepfjzpfwJh A[kd,lepfukd jyefvmygw,f?
wk@d yefqef;teDa&mifumvrsm;wke;f u ygwaD e@e@J tJ'w D ek ;f u ygw&D ŒJ 79vrf;pOfrsm;t+y;D rk@d
vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;ae@rsm; 'grSr[kwf &Jabmfrsm;ukd vkyif ef;wm0ef cGaJ 0aewJu h mv jzpf
xl;jcm;wJhae@awGrSm Zmwf±Hk}uD;tjzpf toHk;jyK+yD; ygw,f? 'ga=umifh A[dk,lepfrS u|efawmf &Jabmf
uyGJawG usif;yavh&Sdygw,f? tckvnf; tJ'Dvkd wcsdK@eJ@twl ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o XmecsKyfodk@
usif;ycJhwJh usaemfwkd@&J@ uyGJwckrSmjzpfygw,f? wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&ygw,f? ppfa'oXmecsKyf
yG=J unfah ewJh &JabmfawGu =unfah e&if;u aysm&f i$ f a&mufwt hJ cg 79 vrf;pOfrsm; yHEk ydS xf wk af 0Ekid af &;
jrL;ºuvm+yD; ‘a':+yHK; ar;wcsufavmuf xkd; twGuf &JabmfwOD;eJ@twl bmomjyefeJ@ yHkESdyf
vkdufygOD; æ ’ ‘tefwD+yHK;a& ar;wcsufavmuf wkdufokd@ pmpDvkyfief; wm0efrsm;ukd oGm;a&muf
xkd;vkdufygOD;AsdK@ æ ’eJ@ 0kdif;+yD; =obmay;&if; vkyfukdifzkd@ wm0efay;tyfcH&jyefygw,f? 79 vrf;
awmif;qkdaeygw,f? awmif;qkdaewJhtwkdif; pOfrsm; ±kdufESdyf+yD;aemuf ta&S@ajrmuf ppfa'
a':+yKH ;ok@d r[kwf tefw+D yKH ;vk@d &JabmfawGac:aewJh ou rdrpd pfa'otwGi;f wm0efxrf;aqmifaewJh
uaeol &Jabmf(a':)+yKH ;=unfu ar;wqwfqwf ygwD0ifau'g}uD;rsm;tm; vrf;pOftopfukd csjy
xdk;&if; tm;yg;w& uaeygawmhw,f? twnfjyKEkdifa&;twGuf uGefz&ifhw&yf usif;y
Zmwfpifatmufu yGJ=unfhy&dowf ygw,f? uGezf &ifo h @dk ppfa'oeJ@qidk w
f hJ c±kid t
f qif/h
151
wyfr[meJ@ Xme}uD;tqifah u'grsm; wufa&muf
&ygw,f? ppfa'oXmecsKyfrS u|efawmfwkd@ au'g
wokduf tJ'DuGefz&ifhukd xl;jcm;csuft& avhvm
olrsm;tjzpf wufa&mufcGifh &cJhygw,f?
uGefz&ifhusif;yaepOftwGif; ta&S@
ajrmufppfa'o&JΠwku d yf o JG rkid ;f rSm t}u;D qH;k jzpfwhJ
rqvppftpk;d &&JŒ ‘rif; &efatmifx;dk ppf’ 0ifvm
vkd@ uGefz&ifhukd tvsiftjref tqHk;owfvkduf&
ygw,f? u|efawmf tJ'Dxkd;ppftwGif;rSm ppfa'o
'kEidk if aH &;rSL; &Jabmfoef;vGix f eG ;f OD;aqmifwhJ vlxk
vkyfief;tvkyftzGJ@rSm yg0ifcJh&+yD; 0awmifc±kdif/
yef,ef;+rdK@e,ftwGif; vSnfhvnfpnf;±Hk; 0g'jzef@
csda&;tvkyfrsm;ukd vkyfaqmif&ygw,f?
tJ'Dxkd;ppfumvtwGif;rSmyJ tv,f
ykid ;f AsL±kad cgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfwhJ &Jabmfjrrif;eJ@tzG@J
oHviG jf zwfu;l +y;D &Sr;f jynf tv,fyidk ;f a'ojzpfwJh
awmif}uD;ywf0ef;usif ajymufusm;a'ook@d qif;
oGm;&ef jyifqifvsuf&Sdygw,f? yef,ef;+rdK@e,f
twGi;f &efo@l ov l #Kd vy_ &f mS ;r_rsm;uvnf; ±_yaf xG;
vsuf&Sdaewma=umifh &Jabmfjrrif;tzG@J qif;oGm;
wmeJ@ owif;aygufawmhr,fh taetxm; &Sdae
ygw,f? 'ga=umifh &Jabmfjrrif;tzG@J udk owif; vH+k cKH
a&;twGuf wm0ef,lEkdifzkd@twGuf u|efawmfwkd@
tvkyftzG@J u vrf;opfwvrf; ckwfxGif&Sif;vif;
azmufvkdufygw,f? tJ'Dvkd vrf;opfazmuf+yD;
&Jabmfjrrif;tzGJ@ukd yef,ef;uGif;+yD; vrf;opf
twkid ;f ac:aqmif+yD; oHviG jf rpfzufudk csO;f uyfa&;
ukd aqmif&Gufvkdufygw,f?
wcsdefwnf;rSmvnf; &Jabmfjrrif;wkd@
vrf;c&D;acsmarma&;twGuf aumif;vif; aumif;
vef;wkdufuGufukd wyfr 48 EkdifiHa&;rSL; &Jabmf
pkd;odrf;/ A[kdppfaumfr&SiftzGJ@0if &JabmfOD;wif
(Akv d cf sKyfausmaf Zm)/ &Jabmfoef;vGex f eG ;f wk@d yl;wGJ
acgif;aqmif taumiftxnf azmfvkdufygw,f?
tJ'Dwkdufyt GJ wGuf A[kdrS 120 rr tajrmuftzG@J
152
yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? wku d yf +JG yD;awmh tJ'D tajrmuftzG@J
ukdvnf; owif;vHk+cHKa&;twGuf u|efawmfwkd@
vlxkvkyfief;tzG@J u vrf;opfxGif+yD; wae&mukd
yk@d ay;cJ&h ygw,f? tJ'yD @dk ay;a&;wm0efudk u|eaf wmf
xrf;aqmifcGifh}uHKygw,f? 120 rrtajrmuftzG@J
ukd vrf;jyac:aqmifpOftwGi;f u|eaf wmf yefqef;
rSm r&if;ES;D cJzh ;l ao;wJh &JabmfwcsKd @e@J qHak wG@ &if;ES;D
cGifh}uHKvkduf&ygw,f?
'Dvedk @J &Jabmf}u;D OD;aeEkid u f dk vGwaf jrmuf
a&;tajccHa'otwGif; ppfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd
vkyfaqmif&if; pwifqHkpnf; &if;ESD;cGifh&cJhw,fvkd@
u|efawmf trSwfxifxif &Sdaeygw,f? ol[m
u|eaf wmf yefqef;a&mufpu ra&mufvmao;bJ
u|efawmfyefqef;a&muf+yD; vwcsdK@avmuf&SdrS
aemifrmS ajrmufyidk ;f AsL±kXd mecGv J @dk ac:wJh rH*k b
l ufrS
yefqef;ok@d a&muf&v dS m&wmvk@d od&ygw,f? ol[m
awmfvSefa&; tajccHa'ojzpfwhJ rkef*lokd@ 1976
ckEpS f tapmykid ;f uwnf;u ygwD ajratmuftvkyf
wcsdK@ukd vkyfukdifae&mrS awmckd a&muf&Sdvmol
jzpfygw,f?
(3)
&JabmfaeEkdifqkdwm aumvif;0ef;okd
a'obufu awmifeD&Gmom; v,form; tdrf
axmifpkwpku qif;oufvmwJh ukdwifaiG qkdwhJ
olyg? nDtpfukd armifESpfr 5 a,mufteuf
wwd,ajrmuf om;&wemwOD;jzpfygw,f? rdcif
jzpfo[ l m ol 7 ESpo f m; t&G,af vmufu qH;k oGm;
cJv
h @dk olw@dkwawG[m rdwqk;d b0 a&mufc&hJ w,fw?hJ
15 ESpft&G,frSmawmh zcifyg qHk;oGm;&vkd@ ole@J
ol@atmufunDav;eJ@ ESrav;wkd@[m rdbrJh jzpf
oGm;um cku d ;dk &mrJb
h 0ok@d a&mufomG ;&awmhw,f?
'Dvkde@J olwkd@nDtpfukd ESpfa,muf[m aumvif;
rSm tdrfaxmifusaewJh tpfrxHa&mufoGm;+yD;/
ESrav;uawmh &GmrSm tdraf xmifusaewJh tpfr
xHusecf w hJ ,f? aemifrmS awmh ukw d ifaiG[m ppfxJ
a&mufoGm;cJh&w,f? 'Dvkde@J ol[m &Srf;aoewf
ukdifwyf&if; (1) rSm wyfom;tjzpf tr_xrf;cJh
&mu wyf&if;&JŒaemufwef;tajcpku d &f m ae&meJ@
eD;wJh anmifav;yifbufu r+yHK;=unfqkdol
trsdK;orD;wOD;eJ@ tdrfaxmifuschJygw,f? olwkd@
ZeD;armifESH[m om;orD; 6 a,muf xGef;um;
cJhygw,f?
v,f o rm;b0uvmwJ h ppf o m;
ukw d ifaiG[m ±k;d ±k;d om;om; }udK;}udK;pm;pm; tr_
xrf;awmh wyf=uyf}u;D tqifx h d a&mufcyhJ gw,f?
'Dvkd ±kd;om;}udK;pm;wJh wyf=uyfukdwifaiG[m
trSew f &m;ukd jrwfE;dk oljzpfwt hJ wkid ;f rSerf eS u
f ef
uef aqmif&u G wf wfawmh ol@wyfwiG ;f u txuf
t&m&Sad wGe@J t&m&Su d awmfawG&ŒJ +idKjiifr_ cHvm
&ygw,f? 'gayrJh ukdwifaiG[m pdwfrysufygbl;?
ol j rwf E k d ; wJ h trS e f w &m;twk d i f ; quf v uf
aqmif&Guf+rJaqmif&Gufaeygw,f? 'Dvkde@J ol@ukd
cspfcifwhJ t&m&SdwOD;u rif;awmh 'Dtwkdif;eJ@qkd
roifah wmhb;l ? 'ga=umifh wyfajymif;a&;ukd wifay
awmhqkd+yD; tJ'Dwyf&if; t&m&SdawGeJ@ t&m&Sd
uawmfawG&ŒJ +idKjiifra_ wGuae vGwu f if;atmif
zefwD;ay;vkdufygw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ ol[m rdwÎDvm
avhusiahf &; trSwf (3) ¡vu& (3)¢ ukd avhusihf
a&;wyf=uyf}uD;tjzpf ajymif;ay;jcif;cHvkduf& yg
w,f? tJ'DrSmvnf; ol =um=umaevkd@ roifh
awmhygb;l ? olu trSew f &m;ukd vkv d m;ol? ±k;d ±k;d
om;om;vkyfvkdol? 'DvkdvlrsdK;[m rqv a=u;
pm;wyf w G i f ; rS m =um=umaevk d @ rjzpf y gbl ; ?
'ga=umifo h [ l m 60 ckEpS rf sm; aESmif;ykid ;f avmufrmS
yifpif,lvkduf+yD; wyfu xGufvkdufygw,f? wyf
uxGuaf wmh ol@ZeD;&JΠZmwdjzpfwhJ anmifav;yif
bufrSm tajccsaexkdif vkyfukdifpm;aomuf
ygw,f?
olwkd@rdom;pkrSm vkyfukdifpm;aomufzkd@
v,f&,fvkd@ r,fr,f&&r&Sdawmh tif;vkyfom;
tjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfukdif&ygw,f? ZeD;vkyfolu
vnf; acgi;f &GuAf swx f ;dk vkyu f idk &f &Smygw,f? om;
orD; 6 a,mufqkdawmh vife@J r,m; ESpfa,muf
twl cufcufccJ J ±ke;f uefvy_ &f mS ;Ekid rf S xrif;eyfreS f
±Hkyg? 'Dvkdtif;vkyfom;tjzpf vkyfukdifae&if;u
1970 ckESpf tapmykdif;avmufrSm ol[m yJcl;±kd;r
bufu ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&J@ ajratmuf
pnf;±Hk;ol &Jabmfwa,mufe@J awGqHkpnf;±Hk;&if;u
Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD&J@ ajratmuftzGJ@0if
&Jabmf jzpfvmygw,f?
ajratmuftzGJ@0ifjzpfvmawmh awmf
vSeaf &;qkwd m pwifem;vnfvmw,f? uk, d yhf wf0ef;
usifukd =unfhvkdufawmhvnf; ±kd;±kd;om;om;
qif;qif;&J&J vkyfudkifae=uayr,fh 0rf;r0/ cg;rvS?
wbufrSmvnf; awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;qdkwm vkyf
oifhvkyfxkdufwJh vkyfief;jzpfw,fqkdwm aumif;
aumif;oabmayguf em;vnfvmaeawmh Arm
jynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD a cgif ; aqmif w J h jynf o l @
'Drkdua&pD vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;xJ qif;r,f
vkd@ qHk;jzwfcsufcsvkdufawmhw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ 1976
ckESpf&J@ tapmykdif;vrsm;twGif;rSm ol[m Arm
jynfuGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifwJh vufeufukdif
awmfveS af &;twGi;f ukd ykid ;f jzwfcsu&f &dS edS @J qif;vm
ygawmhw,f?
(4)
vuf e uf u k d i f awmf v S e f a &;twG i f ;
,Hk=unfcsufawGukd &ifrSmykduf+yD; vGefchw J hJ ESpf 30
avmufu u|efawmf qif;vmcJhvkd@ A[kdXmecsKyf
&Sd&m yefqef;ukd a&mufvmygw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ oleJ@
u|efawmf vGwfajrmufa&;tajccHa'otwGif;
ppfa&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyf&if; wae&mrSm qHkqnf;
153
&if;ESD;cJh&w,f? 1981 rSmawmh ol[m *k%fa&mif
ajymifwJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JΠygwD0ifjzpf
vm+yD; ol@ukd A[kdyHkESdyfvkyfief;wm0efcHtjzpf tyf
ESif;ay;vkdufwmukd owd&aerdygw,f? wu,f
awmh 'DyEkH ydS vf yk if ef;[m &JabmfaeEkid v f dk v,form;/
ppfom;b0ukd jzwfoef;vmolwa,muftzkd@
‘bke;f }uD;eJ@ bD;’vk@d ajymr,fq&dk ifawmif ajymvk@d
&r,fxifygw,f? b,fvkdrS rtyfpyfygbl;?
u|efawmfwkd@ygwD[m awmfvSefa&;
ygwDw&yfyg? v,form;ppfyGJukd OD;aqmifqifE$J
aewJhygwDyg? awmfvSefa&;twGif; trsm;pk[m
v,form;awGjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh vkyfief;
wm0efawGe@J ywfoufv@dk “wku d &f if;oif/ oif&if;
wkduf” “vkyf&if;oif/ oif&if;vkyf”qkdwhJ ay:vpD
csrSwfxm;ygw,f? oD;jcm; oifwef;ay;aecsdef
r&Sdygbl;? 'ga=umifh rdrdwm0efay;r,fh au'g[m
ay;vkdufwJhwm0efukd vkyfrvm;/ rvkyfbl;vm;
qkdwJh qHk;jzwfcsufpdwf"mwfukdom tav;xm;
=unfyh gw,f? ay;vku d wf whJ m0efudk vkyrf ,fqw dk hJ
ykdif;jzwfcsufom&Sd&if vkyf&if;wwfajrmuf u|rf;
usifvmvdrfhr,fvkd@ ,Hk=unfwJhtwGuf tJ'Dvkd
au'grsdK;ukd ygwD[m &J&w J m0efay;avh&Sdygw,f?
'Dpdwf"mwft& ygwD[m A[kdbmomjyefe@J yHkESdyf
XmerSau'grsm;ukd wjcm;wm0efrsm; ay;tyf
vkduf+yD; &JabmfaeEkdiftm; A[kdyHkESdyfwkduftwGuf
wm0efcHtjzpf &J&JtyfESif;+yD; rlv&SdcJhwJh&Jabmf
wcsdK@e@J twl vkyfief;rsm;ukd qufvuf armif;ESif
vkdufygw,f? (aemifrSmawmh &JabmfaeEkdifu
yefqef;u xGufvm&wJhtay: wufwacguf
acgufe@J ckvkdajymzl;ygw,f? “u|efawmfAsm yHkESdyf
vkyfief;awGukd wu,fh u k d u|rf ;usif y k d if E k d if r S
vkyfief;}uD; xm;ypfcJh+yD; xGufvm&vkd@ pdwf
raumif;jzpfvkdufwmAsm”wJh? ygwDu &nfrSef;cJh
ovk d yH k E S d y f v k y f i ef ; u|rf ; usif o l au'g jzpf c J h
ygw,f?)
154
olyHkESdyfwkdufrSm wm0efxrf;aqmif
aewJu h mvtwGi;f vDeif&ŒJ ‘vuf0*J % dk ;f oli,fem’
pmtkyftygt0if vDeif&JΠaqmif;yg; 3 apmif/
&efol@wyf+zdKcGJa&;pmapmif/ 85 wwd,t}udrf
jynfvHk;u|wf uGef*&ufjyefwrf;pmtkyf/ jynfol@
tm%m trSwf (2) (3)/ 'Drkdua&pDpwJh pmtkyf
rsm;ukd A[kdyHkESdyfwkdufu ±kdufESdyfcJhwmukd owd&
aerdw,f?
ol[m wbufrSm yHkESdyfwkdufvkyfief;
rsm;ukd vkyaf qmif&if; yefqef;umuG,af &;twGuf
yef q ef ; txl ; +rd K @e,f e J @ twl yef ; qef ; txl ;
+rdK@e,ftwGif;rSm jynfol@ppfrsm;avhusifha&;eJ@
jynfo@l ppfvyk if ef;ukv d nf; yl;wGx J rf;aqmifc&hJ ol
jzpfygw,f?
tJ'DumvrSm ol@ZeD; &Jabmf+yHK;=unf
[m A[ku d ek o
f ,G af &;rSm wm0ef,al eoljzpfawmh
A[kdukefoG,fa&;u trJom;a&mif;a&; vkyfief;
rSm tcuf}uHKae&wJh &JabmfaZmfxGef; (&Jabmf
cifarmifjzL/ awmif}uD;/ usqHk;) tm; oGm;a&muf
ul n D w J h t vk y f r sm;uk d v nf ; ul n D a ecJ h w muk d
owd& aerdygw,f?
tJ'u D mvawGu u|eaf wmfw@dk &Jabmf
trsm;pk[m tdrfaxmifrusao;olrsm; jzpfyg
w,f? A[kdukefoG,fa&;Xme[m naecif; vrf;
av#mufxGuf&if; &Jabmftrsm;pk pum;vufqHk
us&mae&m jzpfygw,f? &Jabmf+yHK;=unf[m A[kd
ukefoG,fa&;rSm wm0efxrf;aqmifaeol jzpfyg
w,f? 'ga=umifh naetvkyftm;csdefqkd &Jabmf
aeEkid vf nf; ol@ZeD;&JΠukeo f ,
G af &;Xmeukd a&muf
vmwwfwmrk@d u|eaf wmfw@kd wawG qHq k nf;rd&if;
wOD;eJ@wOD; ykdrkd &if;ESD;cGifh&cJh=uw,fqkd&if rrSm;
ygbl;?
wu,fawmh u|efawmfwkd@ yefqef;
umvrSm awmfveS af &;wyfz@JG twGi;f &JabmfaeEkid f
[m orD; 4 a,mufvHk;tm; ygwDxH tyfESH
vkdufwJhtwGuf ygwDuwm0efcGJa0ay;wJhtwkdif; tapmykid ;f umvawGrmS &JabmfawG[m tifrwef
orD;tm;vHk;[m XmetoD;oD;rSm wm0efxrf; wufºucJh=uayr,fh aemifrSm vufawG@twGif;
aqmifaeovkd olwkd@ZeD;armifESH[mvnf; Xme tajctae tajymif;tvJrsm;atmufrSm wcsdK@
toD;oD;rSm wufwufºuºu wm0efxrf;aqmif awmfawmfrsm;rsm; tawG;tac: ±_yaf xG;r_&ŒJ ±ku d f
cJholjzpfygw,f? ti,f om;ESpfa,mufuawmh cwfr_ukdcH=u&+yD; xkHxkdif;vm=uygw,f? awmf
yefqef;tv,fwef;ausmif;rSm pmoifcGifh&+yD; vSefa&;vufawG@&J@ prf;oyfr_atmufrSm wcsdK@
rdbeJ@twl aexkdifcGifh&ygw,f? rdbeJ@qdkayr,fh oHcw J ifrcHEidk cf =hJ u/ ygweD @J awmfveS af &; taumif;
tazu Xmewck/ taru Xmewckjzpfvkd@ om; jrif0g'ukd rpkdufxlEkdif=uawmhbJ ab;xkdifbkajym
awG[m bcifvkyfol&J@ olawG jzpfukefyg awmh
Xmeu ukd,f'l;ukd,fc|ef w,f? 'gayrJh awmfveS f
twGuf vkyfief;w&yf a&; &xm;}uD;uawmh
tjzpf v k y f a ewJ h bJ ol@bmom ckwaf rmif;+rJ
ausmif;/ EG m ;ausmif ; ck w f a rmif ; aeygw,f ?
arG;jrLa&;tvkyrf sm;vky&f if; 'Dvedk @J Armjynf twGi;f
ausmif ; wuf a ecJ h = u rSm ‘&Spfav;vHk; ta&;
wmjzpfygw,f? aemif awmfy’kH qkw d hJ 'Dru
dk a&pD
rSmvnf; olw@dk [m Xme ta&;awmfyHk}uD; ay:
toD;oD;okd@ wm0eft aygufvmcJhygw,f?
& cGJa0ay;vkdufwmrkd@ ygwD [ m 'D r k d u
rdom;pktm;vHk; awmf a&pDta&;awmfykH vlxk
vS e f a &;wyf z G J @ twG i f ; wkdufyGJrsm;ukd ppfa&;
wm0eftoD;oD; xrf; wkdufyGJrsm;eJ@ aygif;pyf
aqmifchJwhJ rdom;pk t a&; wku d yf rJG sm; qifEaJ$ e
aeeJ@ u|eaf wmfw@dk *k%f csed rf mS 'Drudk a&pD ta&;
,l p &mtjzpf owd & awmfyHkukd ppftkyfpku
aerdygw,f? ppfwyfeJ@t=urf;zuf
85 wwd,t}udrf uGef*&uf+yD;wJh ESdyfuGyf tm%modrf;um e0w wufvmygw,f?
aemuf tajctae&JΠawmif;qkdr_atmufrSm A[kd 'Dtcg ta&; awmfyHktwGif;u vli,ftrsdK;orD;
0g'jzef@csad &;vkyif ef;jzpfwhJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD trsdK;om;/ ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;/ &[ef;
A[kdaumfrwD&J@tmabmfjzpfwJh ‘jynfol@toH’ oHCmrsm;[m vufawG@u jyÏmef;ay;vkdufvkd@
[m 0ajrmufc±kdifukd ajymif;oGm;cJh&ygw,f? vufeufuidk w f u dk yf t
JG wGi;f qif;vmygw,f? tJ'D
'ga=umifh A[ko d ak woeXmeeJ@ yHEk ydS w
f u
kd vf yk if ef; vuf e uf u k d i f t if t m;pk r sm;eJ @ aygif ; pyf E k d i f z k d @
om yefqef;rSmuse&f pfawmh ol[m tJ'XD meawG&ŒJ u|efawmfwkd@ ‘&Spfav;vHk; wyfr[m’ qkdwmukd
uvmyfpnf;aumfrwD0if jzpfvmcJhygw,f? zG@J pnf;+yD; tajccHa'outxGurf mS e,fpyfa'o
u|efawmfwkd@&JΠyefqef;umvrsm;rSm vlrsdK;pkrsm;u tm%modrf;r_ukd cHvkduf&ygw,f?
155
wqufwnf; e,fpyfa'o ta&;tcif;qdkwm w,f? 'Dvkde@J a&Swef;a&muf ygwD0ifau'gwyfz@GJ
ay:aygufvm+yD; uGefjrLepfygwDukd vlrsdK;pkrsm;u wck ay:xGufvmygw,f? trSwf (9) wyfzGJ@vkd@
armif;xkwfwhJ ta&;tcif; jzpfay:vmygw,f? trnfay;cJhygw,f? tJ'DygwD0if au'gwyfzGJ@ukd
'Dtcg ygwDA[kd[m ta&SŒajrmuf e,f a&cJawmifa'o (101 ppfa'o/ uefykdifwDrSm)
pyfa'o/ ta&SŒykid ;f e,fpyfa'orsm;u qkwcf mG +yD; ygwDaumfrwDw&yf zG@J pnf;a&;twGuf wyfz@JG 0if
ajrmufykdif;a&cJawmifa'o (101 ppfa'o) ukd xkw&yfvHk;u v#dK@0SufrJay;pepfeJ@ a&G;vkdufyg
ajymif;a&$@tajcjyK&ygw,f? &Jabmfrsm;twGif; w,f? &JabmfaeEkid [ f m tJ'yD gwaD umfrwD&ŒJ t&H
vnf; awmfvSefa&;vufawG@u prf;oyfppfaq; ygwDaumfrwD0if jzpfvmygw,f? 'ghtjyif tJ'D
cHvkduf&+yD; ygwDA[kdaemufokd@ pumwif &Jabmf wyfz@GJ e@J 'Drkdu&ufwpf jynfcspfwyfrawmf trSwf
rsm;avmufom ygvmEkid yf gawmhw,f? 'Dpumwif (8) wyfzG@J (&Spfav;vHk;ta&;tcif; +yD;aemuf rdrd
&Jabmfrsm;qkdolawGxJrSm &JabmfaeEkdif/ &Jabmf ajratmufrS pnf±;kH xm;olrsm; ta&mifay:aevk@d
+yHK;=unf rdom;pk0if &Jabmfrsm;[m tm;vHk;ygwD vufeufukdifwkdufyGJtwGif; qif;vmolrsm;ukd
A[ked @J twl xuf=uyfruGm vku d v
f mwmukv d nf;
zG@J pnf;xm;wJhwyfz@GJ ) wkd@tm; ppfa&;avhusifha&;
'Dae@txd &JabmfaeEkid t f wGuf *k%, f pl &mtjzpf
wm0efukd xrf;aqmif&ef ygwDu tyfESif;vkdufwhJ
usef&pfcJhygw,f? twGuf ol[m tJ'DwyfzGJ@ 2 ckvHk;&J@ ppfa&;
'ga=umifx h ifygw,f? &JabmfaeEkid [ f m
oifwef;rSL;jzpfvmygw,f? tJ'v D dk ppfavhusiahf &;
ygwDeJ@awmfvSefa&;b0twGif; ol@rdom;pkrsm; wm0efukd ,lvkdufayr,fh wu,fawmh trSwf
jzwfoef;vkdufygr_e@J ywfouf+yD; ckvkd ajym=um;cJh (9) wyfzG@J twGif;rSm ol[m touft&G,ftm;
zl;ygw,f? “u|efawmftygt0if u|efawmfh jzifh t}uD;qHk;jzpfygw,f? ol[m u|efawmfwkd@ukd
tdrfaxmifpk[m twef;ynmukd rlvwef;ukef tJ'DwyfzGJ@twGif;rSmyg0ifwJh oHk@yef;rS ul;ajymif;
atmif roifEkdifchJygbl;? 'gayrJh odjrifr_a&csdeft& vmwJh &JabmfESpfa,mufeJ@ aocsmn‡dE_dif;+yD;
ajym&if tjyifavmurSm txufwef;atmifwhJ ppfa&;oifwef;rsm;ukd vkyfygw,f? u|efawmfwkd@
olawGxuf tyHk}uD;omygw,f? 'g[m ygwD&J@ wawG[m touf 40 ausmfrS ppfoifwef; wuf
aus;Zl;yg? wcsdK@uajym=ur,f? ukd,favhvmvkd@ &olawGjzpf=uawmh odyfawmh rvG,fvSygbl;?
uk, d &f wm? [kwyf gw,f? 'gayrJh tjyifavmurSm u|ef a wmf w OD ; csif ; tzk d @ ajym&if t
'grsKd ; r&Ekid yf gb;l ? ywf0ef;usif r&Sv
d @dk yg? 'Dywf0ef;
awmftcuf}uHKygw,f? 'Dppfoifwef;wuf&if;
usifrsdK;[m uGefjrLepfygwDrSm&SdwhJ ywf0ef;usifrsdK; 48 -49 umvu ygwDwyfrsm;ukd avhusifhwJh
jzpfygw,f”wJh? tcg v,form;rsm;jzpfawmh b,f-nm cGJzkd@
cufvkd@ ‘aumuf±kd;ajcaxmuf-jrufajcaxmuf’
(5) qkd+yD; trdef@ay;um b,fnmcsDwuf avhusifhch&J
zl;w,fqkdwm ukdowd&+yD; rdrdbmom pdwfxJ
e,fpyfta&;tcif;jzpfyGm;+yD;wJhaemuf }ud w f & ,f c sif y gw,f ? u|ef a wmf [ m i,f p Of
ygwD[m rdrdygwD0ifrsm;ukd jynfwGif;rSm ygwD ausmif;om;b0uvnf; ausmif;wGif; um,
tajccsEikd af &;twGuf tajccHa'owck azmfxw k f oifwef;qdw k mrsKd ;ukv
d nf; r}uHKbl;olr@dk b,fnm
Ekdifa&; vHk;yef;wkdufckdufoGm;zkd@ v_H@aqmfvkduf yg csDwuf avhusifh&wmawmif tcuftcJ&Sdol
156
jzpfygw,f? ppfoifwef;ukd renf;vkduf,l& yg
w,f? wyftaES;av#muf avhusifhwmrsdK;qkd&if
q&m&JabmfaeEkid u f u|eaf wmfuh dk tJ'g[m cufcJ
wJh av#mufenf;rsdK;rkd@ rvkyfckdif;yg? u|efawmf
uvnf; tJ'Davmufxd ppfa&;eJ@ywfoufvkd@
tvSrf;a0;ol jzpfygw,f?
ppfa&;oifwef;rSm wyfcsDwufpcef;cs
jcif;/ wyfpdwf/ wyfpkwkdufyGJ/ ncsDwufjcif; pwJh
ppfa&;ynmrsm;ukd rem;rae tyif;yef;cH avhusihf
ay;ygw,f? tm;vHk;ukd jyif;jyif;xefxef avhusifh
ay;cJhygw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ u|efawmfwkd@wawG awmf
vSef;a&;ppfonfrsm;tjzpf ygwDxJrSm yxrqHk;
t}udrf ppfa&;oifwef;wufcGifh&cJh+yD; ppfynm
A[kokwawG vufawG@&vkdufygw,f? 'ga=umifh
&JabmfaeEkdif[m u|efawmfhb0xJu yxrqHk;
ppfa&;oifwef;q&mjzpfovkd u|eaf wmfu, dk w
f idk f
uvnf; touf 60 a&mufae+yDrkd@ aemifvnf;
ppfoifwef;wufcGifh }uHKawmhrSmr[kwfvkd@ yxr
qHk;eJ@ aemufqHk; wOD;wnf;aomq&mjzpfvkd@
b,fawmhrS q&mhukd arhEkdifp&mta=umif; r&Sd
awmhyg?
tJ'Dwm0eftjyif ol[m trSwf (9)
wyfzGJ@&J@ vlxkpnf;±Hk;a&;vkyfief;wyfzGJ@rSm tzGJ@
0iftjzpf u|efawmfeJ@twl wyfzGJ@wckwnf;rSm
wm0efxrf;aqmifciG &hf ygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk tJ'D
tvkyftzGJ@[m trsdK;orD;trsm;pkeJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;
wmjzpfygw,f? u|efawmfwkd@ wyfzGJ@wkdif;[m
aexkdifpm;aomufa&;ukd ukd,fwkdif tvSnfhus
wm0ef,l csujf yKwf&wmjzpfygw,f? [if;aumif;
csufcGifh}uHKwkdif; u|efawmfwkd@ wyfz@JG av;twGuf
&JabmfaeEkdif wm0ef,lcsufjyKwf au|;cJhwmukd
u|eaf wmf owd&aerdygw,f? ol[m u|eaf wmfw@dk
wyfzGJ@twGif; tcsuftjyKwf u|rf;usifolwOD;
jzpfw,fqkdwm ole@J wyfz@GJ wckwnf;aerS odcGifh
&vkdufygw,f?
'gayrJ h u|ef a wmf w k d @ 'D t rS w f (9)
wyfzG@J [m a&cJawmifa'orS ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;
a=umifh jynfwGif;okd@qif;cGifh r&vkdufyg? ygwD[m
tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; ajratmufygwDtjzpf vHk;vHk;
usa&mufoGm;&ygw,f? trSwf (9) wyfzGJ@0if
&Jabmfrsm;ukdvnf; ajratmufau'grsm;tjzpf
&yfwnfoGm;=u&ef jzef@cGJypfvkdufygw,f?
'D u mvtwG i f ; rS m qk d A D , uf j ynf
axmifpk +ydKuGJoGm;wJh tvGef}uD;rm;wJh ta&;
tcif;}uD;w&yf u|efawmfwkd@wawG }uHKawG@&jyef
ygw,f? jynfwGif;rSm rdrdwkd@ygwD ta&;edrfhwJh
taetxm; }uHK&ovkd/ urBmhuGefjrLepf v_yf&Sm;
r_twGif;rSm qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk +ydKuGrJ _e@J twl
ta&S@Oa&my taoG;ta&mif ajymif;oGm;wJh
jzpf & yf a wG ay:ayguf v m+yD ; urB m h u G e f j rLepf
v_yf&Sm;r_[m 'Da&edrfhtaetxm;okd@ usa&muf
oGm;jyefygw,f? 'Dta&;tcif;u u|efawmfwkd@
wawG&ŒJ ,Hk=unfcsufukd xyfrH ppfaq;vkdufjyef
ygw,f?
wyf z G J @ 0if r sm;uk d jzef @ cG J v k d u f w J h t cg
u|efawmf[m 101 ppfa'o/ yef0grSm usef&pfchJ
&+yD; trSwf (9) wyfzGJ@0if trsm;pk[m wjcm;
ae&mokd@ a&muf&SdoGm;&ygawmhw,f? 'DvkdeJ@
&JabmfaeEkdiftyg0if trSwf (9) wyfzG@J 0if &Jabmf
trsm;pkeJ@ u|efawmf ,m,DuGJoGm;jyefygw,f?
aemifrmS a&cJawmifa'orSm qufvufaexkid &f ef
roifhawmhwht J wGuf u|efawmfvnf; tJ'Dae&m
uaexGufcGmvm+yD; w±kwfjynfokd@ 0ifvkduf&yg
w,f? tapmykdif;umvwkef;uawmh w±kwfjynf
twGif;rSm wa,mufwae&mqDrkd@ odyfawG@qHkcGifh
r}uHKEkdifcJhyg? 'gayrJh aemufykdif;rSmawmh oma&;
ema&;udpPvkd vlr_a&;udpPrsm; tygt0if t
a=umif;udpt P rsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh wa,mufe@J wa,muf
rvGo J mra&Smifom qHkawG@jzpf=uygw,f? qHkawG@
jzpfwJhtcgrSm a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm; ajymjzpf
157
ovkd rsufarSmufa&;&mawGukd ajymjzpfchJygw,f?
'DtawmtwGif; u|efawmfwkd@ rsuf
arSmuft&if;&Sifpepfe@J qkd&S,fvpfpepfta=umif;
okawoevkyx f m;wJh pmwrf;ESpaf pmifudk w±kwf
bmomrS bmomjyef+yD; vufa&;eJ@u;l ,l avhvm
a&;vkyf=uygw,f? 'Dtcg 'Dpmwrf;ESpfapmifukd
ol@twGuf ukd,fykdifvkyfay;zkd@ awmif;qkdvkd@ vkyf
ay;jzpfchzJ l;ygw,f? wcgrSmawmh ol@om;t}uD;ukd
avhvmckdif;csifvkd@ tdef*,f&ŒJ “pdwful;,OfrS ody`H
enf;usqkd&S,fvpf0g'”qkdwhJ usrf;ukd &Smay;ckdif;
vkd@ &SmazG+yD; oGm;ay;zl;ygw,f?
ol[m ygwD&JŒajratmufau'gtjzpf
&yfwnfae&wJh b0tay:rSm tawmftm;rvkd
tm;r&jzpfygw,f? rdrdukd,fwkdif ygwDvkyfief;awG
ukd yg0ifvkyfaqmifray;Ekdifawmh pdwftm;i,frd
w,fvkd@ t}udrf}udrfajymaeawmh ol@orD; t}uD;
qHk;rav; (q&m0ef&Jabmfrav;u) “taz æ
&JabmfcifnKd w@dk / q&mr}u;D wk@d vnf; 'Dvydk J touf
}uD;awmh bmrS rvkyEf idk yf gb;l ? olw@dk bmom zwf
p&m&Sdwmav;awGukd zwfae/ avhvmaewmyJ?
tJ'g olwdk@wm0efy?J tazvnf; touf}uD;+yD;yJ
ukd,fzwfEdkifwm zwf? tJ'g tazhwm0efyJ”vkd@
tm;ay; ESpfodrfhzl;wmukd =um;rdzl;ygw,f?
trSefygyJ? u|efawmfwkd@tm;vHk;[m
tajctaeukd tm;rvkd tm;r&jzpfrdygw,f?
rdrd&ŒJ i,f&G,fwhJb0rSm ygwDu ajratmufb0
a&mufomG ;&awmh uk, d u
f bmrS rvkyEf idk af wmhb/J
Armjynf ta&;tcif;awGudk jynfyuae vufyu dk f
=unfhae&ovkd jzpfae&awmh tajctaeukda&m
uk,d u hf ,
dk uf ,dk yf g r=umc% a'go jzpfrad vh &S=d u
ygw,f?
(6)
aemufyidk ;f rSm &JabmfaeEkid f use;f rma&;
158
raumif;awmhbl;qkdwm =um;od&vkd@ wacguf
oGm;a&mufar;jzpfygw,f? ol@usef;rma&;[m
t"dutm;jzifh ausmufuyfraumif;wJh a&m*gyg?
tJ'Duae aoG;wkd;a&m*gyg jzpfvmygw,f? ol@
rdom;pk0if tm;vHk;uvnf; ol@usef;rma&;eJ@
ywfoufvkd@ tvGef *±kpkdufygw,f? “oltckvdk
u|efrwkd@ rdom;pkukd awmfvSefa&;xJ ac:vmvkd@
u|efrwkd@wawG ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;em;vnf+yD; ckvkd
rGejf rwfwhJ awmfveS af &;orm;awG jzpfvmcJw h mrk@d
ol@aus;Zl;}uD;ygw,f? u|efrwkd@ tdrfaxmifOD;pD;
wa,muf t aeeJ @ a&m u|ef r wk d @ aus;Zl ; &S i f
wa,muftaeeJ@a&m u|erf wk@d &o dS r# b,favmuf
yJuek u f ek f ol@use;f rma&;twGuf yHak tm+yD; ukrmS
yg”vkd@ ajymjy=uygw,f? wu,fvnf; ajymwJh
twk d i f ; ol @ rd o m;pk 0 if r sm;[m &J a bmf a eEk d i f
usef;rma&;twGuf vkdavao;r&Sdatmif jznfh
pGrf;ay;cJh=uygw,f? w±kwfjynf aq;±Hk}uD;wcku
r&Ekdifawmhygbl;vkd@ ajymwJhtcsdefrSm rdrdwkd@bm
om ArmAdaE<maq;wrsdK;eJ@ xdef;xm;+yD; &Ekdifor#
&JabmfaeEkdif toufqufvuf&Sifoefaea&;ukd
}udK;pm; tm;xkwfcJhygw,f?
b,fvkdyJ }udK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhayr,fh
uH=urRm[m &JabmfaeEkdifeJ@ ol@rdom;pktwGuf
rsufESmomray;cJhygbl;? uH=urRm&J@ rsufESmom
ray;r_atmufrSm &JabmfaeEkdif[m ol,Hk=unfwhJ
ygwDeJ@ awmfvSefa&;/ awmfvSefa&;&Jabmfrsm;/
oltav;xm; arG;jrLcJhwJh ol@ZeD;ol@om;orD;/
ol @ ajr;rsm;uk d 2007 rwf v 18 &uf a e@rS m
xm0& cGJcGmoGm;cJhyg+yD?
ol@&JΠaemufqHk;c&D;ukd tcGifhoifhvdk@
tokb±_ trSwfw& oGm;a&mufchJygw,f?
tajctae ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh
ol@t±k;d jymcswahJ e&mtxdvu dk +f yD;/ t±k;d jymrsm;ukd
ol@qENt& a&$vjD rpfrS ar#mcs&mrSm vku d yf gEidk jf cif;
r&SdcJhygbl;?
 'gayrJh ol@&ufvnfqGrf;w&m;emukd
awmh ol@rdom;pkrsm;/ &Jabmfrsm;/ rdwfaqGrsm;eJ@
twl u|eaf wmfw@dk twlaewJh &Jabmfrsm;uk, d pf m;
u|efawmfhZeD; wufa&mufEkdifcJhygw,f?
&JabmfaeEkdif[m u|efawmfwkd@tyg;u
xm0pOfcGcJ Gm oGm;cJhav+yD æ æ
&JabmfaeEkdif[m rdrdwkdif;jynf/ rdrd
vlrsdK;eJ@ awmfvSefa&;tay: tvGefcspfcifjrwfEkd;
oljzpfwmrk@d ol@t±k;d jymrsm;eJ@ ol@0n
d mOf[m {&m
0wDjrpf±kd;wav#mufrSm Armjynf jynfolrsm;eJ@
twl r+yD;qHk;ao;wJh 'Drkdua&pD ta&;awmfyHk
twG u f quf v uf wk d u f y G J 0 if a evd r f h r ,f v k d @
,Hk=unfaerdygw,f?
(7)
&JabmfaeEkid f use;f rma&;raumif;awmh
vkd@ ol@tdrfukd aemufqHk;wacguf u|efawmf oGm;
ar;jzpfcJhygw,f? oleJ@ u|efawmf a&S;a[mif;
aESmif;jzpfrsm;ukad jym&if; ol@b0ta=umif;awGudk
a&mufoGm;+yD; tao;pdwfajymjyzl;ygw,f? u|ef
awmfu &Jabmf(OD;)aeEkdif/ cifAsm;b0[m odyf
pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;w,f? 'Dta=umif;awG
a&;xm;ygvm;Asmvkd@ ajymxm;cJhzl;ygw,f? tck
ol@b0Zmwfa=umif;awGukd ola&;rxm;ypfEkdifcJh
ayr,fh ol@ajr;rsm;twGuf ol@b0wpdwfwykdif;
ukdajymjy+yD; Armjynfopf wnfaqmufa&;ukd
ol@ajr;rsm; yg0ifxrf;aqmifoGm;zkd@ trSmpum;
yg;&pfcJhwJh “ajr;rsm;okd@ æ” æ”qdkwJh pmwrf;av;
wapmif a&;xm;&pfwmukd zwf±_cGifh &ygw,f?
tJ'DawmhrS &JabmfaeEkdif[m ol@ZeD;/
ol@om;orD;awGudk ole@J twl awmfveS af &;vkyzf @dk
pnf;±Hk;Ekdifch±J Hkru ol@vufxufrSm r+yD;qHk;ao;wJh
awmfveS af &;wm0efrsm;ukd qufvufxrf;aqmif
a&;twGuf ol@ajr;rsm;tm; tckvkd trSmpum;
xm;&pfcJhw,f? “ajr;wkd@[m Armjynf uGefjrL
epfygwD0ifrsm;jzpf=uwJh rdbESpfyg;u arG;zGm;
cJh=uwmyg? ygwDuvnf; twwfEkdifqHk; aEG;
axG ; r_ e J @ jyKpk y sd K ;axmif a y;cJ h y gw,f ? æ æ
om;om;/ rD ; rD ; wk d @ vnf ; oif x m;wJ h ynm
awGukd ArmjynfawmfvSefa&;eJ@ Armjynf jynf
olawGtwGufyJ toHk;cswm jzpfapcsifw,f?
'g tbkd;&JŒ qENyg” wJh? awmfvSefa&; wm0ef
rsm;uk d rd r d e J @ rd r d o m;orD ; rsm;vuf x uf r S m
r+yD;&if rdr&d ŒJ ajr;rsm;vufxufrmS qufvufvyk f
oGm;Ekdifa&;twGuf rsdK;qufrsm;tay: ol@&ŒJ t
av;xm;r_udk *k%, f zl ,
G &f m od&cdS iG hf &vku
d yf gw,f?
&Ja bmf a eEk d i f t ygt0if tmZmenf
taxmiftaomif;&JΠr+yD;qHk;ao;wJh awmfvSef
a&;wm0ef r sm;uk d xrf ; aqmif E k d i f a &;twG u f
rsdK;qufopfrsm;ukd ta&;w,l arG;jrLay;Ekdif
=uygap?
usef&pfolrsm;uvnf; tmZmenfwkd@
&JΠtrSmpum;rsm;ukd wefzdk;xm;oGm;Ekdifygap?
tmZmenf taxmif t aomif ; &J @
awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwf t"Gef@&Snfygap?
&Jabmf+idrf;armif
2008/ atmufwkdbm 27?
159
 awmfvSefa&;pmayr*~Zif;
trSwf (21) Edk0ifbm2009

opPmr*~Zif;ukd xkwfa0-uonfh
opPmtiftm;pk tzGJŒ0ifrsm;

1? a':uk u D r 16? ud k r sKd ; rif ; aomif ;

2? uk d x G e f ; xG e f ; OD ; 17? uk d a t;rif ; uk d
3? ud k t k e f ; ausmf ò zd ; 18? uk d r if ; rif ; atmif
4? rrÍLaomif ; 19? uk d p d k ; oD [
5? uk d r d k ; ausmf w d k ; 20? uk d r if ; rif ;
6? rEG , f e D 0 if ; xd e f 21? uk d o ef ; xd k u f
7? rrd k ; ES i f ; xG e f ; 22? ud k 0 if ; [ef
8? r&D & D r m 23? roif ; oif ; rm
9? ud k a usmf a usmf O D ; 24? ratrd a qG
10? ud k a rmif a rmif w if 25? ra&$ 0 gvd _ i f
11? uk d a usmf p d k ; 0if ; 26? uk d o ef @ xG Ë f a Zmf
12? rat;pd k ; pd k ; xG e f ; 27? ud k a tmif 0 if ; xG e f ;
13? ud k O uU m ausmf 28? uk d c if a rmif a xG ;
14? rOrR m ausmf
15? ud k 0 if ; jrif h O D ;

160
 awmfvSefa&;pmayr*~Zif;
trSwf (21) Edk0ifbm/2009

EdkifiHwum jzef hcsda&;wm0efcHrsm; opP m awmf v S e f a &;pmaywk d u f r S

xk w f a 0+yD ; pmtk y f r sm ;
U Soe Chain
soeapril93@gmail.com (1) *gr%d.
4636; S.Lasayette, St; “,rrif; O,smOfokd@ tv,fa&mufjcif;”
Fort Wayne; IN - 46806 (2) yef;ig;yGifh tvuFm (uAsmpmtkyf)
U.S.A
(3) ndKxuf (vrf;opfOD;) .
Phone; 260-745-7458
“rcspfrESpfoufolwkd@. rD;awmif”
xdkif; = jrefrme,fpyf jzef‹csda&; (4) 0if;wifhxGef;.
“6 wkdufrSm avmufukdufwmcHzl;
Thitsar ovm;ESifh tjcm;0wÎKwkdrsm;”
Phone; 089-641-1187 (5) armifpGrf;&nf.
“bmvJ[Jh armifpGrf;&nf”
(aqmif;yg;aygif;csKyf)
opP m awmf v S e f a &; pmayr*~ Z if ;
(6) armifpkd;csdef.
tif w meuf 0 uf q d k u f w G i f
“orkdif;jzwfoef;jcif;xJu ±kyfyHkv$m”
opPmr*~Zif;ESihf xkwfa0+yD;pmtkyfrsm;u sm;ukk d (±kyfyHkv$maygif;csKyf)
2009-Ed k 0 if b mvrS
(7) armifpdk;csdef.
pwif a z:jyoG m ;rnf ?
“aoG;yifv,fESihf tjcm;0wˆKwdkrsm;”
www.thitsarrevolutionmagazine.com (xGuf+yD) jzef@csdaeqJ
uk d zG i h f = unh f y g&ef æ

qufvufxkwfa0rnfh
pmtkyfrsm; _idr;f csrf;ol.
“ bmomjyefuAsm w&m”
armif v S 0 if ; (jrif ; +cH ) (xG u f + yD ) jzef @ csd a eqJ
“+rd K @awmf c ef ; rxuf u
awmf v S e f a &;tvH a wmf ”

161
162